lexical access: generation & selection
DESCRIPTION
Lexical Access: Generation & Selection. Today’s Main Topic. Listeners as active participants in comprehension process Model system: word recognition. Outline. Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access Active Search Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access Autonomy & Interaction. Outline. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lexical Access:Generation & Selection
![Page 2: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Today’s Main Topic
• Listeners as active participants in comprehension process
• Model system: word recognition
![Page 3: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
1. Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access
2. Active Search
3. Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access
4. Autonomy & Interaction
![Page 4: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Outline
1. Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access
2. Active Search
3. Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access
4. Autonomy & Interaction
![Page 5: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How do we recognize words?
![Page 6: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The mental lexicon
sport figure
sing door carry
turf turtle gold turk turkey
turn
water turbo turquoise
turnip turmoil
![Page 7: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How do we recognize words?
• The Simplest Theory
– Take a string of letters/phonemes/syllables, match to word in the mental lexicon
– (That’s roughly how word processors work)
• …is it plausible?
![Page 8: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Word Recognition is Fast
• Intuitively immediate - words are recognized before end of word is reached
• Speech shadowing at very brief time-lags, ~250ms (Marslen-Wilson 1973, 1975)
![Page 9: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Lexical Access is Robust
• Succeeds in connected speech
• Succeeds in fast speech
• Survives masking effects of morphological affixation and phonological processes
• Deleted or substituted segments
• Speech embedded in noise
![Page 10: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
But…
• Speed and robustness depends on words in context
sentence --> word context effects
• In isolation, word recognition is slower and a good deal more fragile, susceptible to error
• …but still does not require perfect matching
![Page 11: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Questions
• How does lexical access proceed out of context?
• Why is lexical access fast and robust in context?
• When does context affect lexical access?
– does it affect early generation (lookup) processes?
– does it affect later selection processes?
![Page 12: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Additional Context Effects
• Word context affects phoneme identification…
word --> phoneme context effects
![Page 13: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Phoneme Restoration
• The _eel had a broken axleThe _eel on the orange was hard to cut(Warren 1970)
• Phoneme restoration effects are stronger(i) in words than non-words(ii) later in words(iii) in strongly biasing contexts
![Page 14: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Phoneme Monitoring
• press the button as soon as you hear a ‘b’
• “in the yard was a large group of twittering birds”
“cat, dog, horse, rabbit …”
• Monitoring is facilitated by context
![Page 15: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Perceptual Boundaries
![Page 16: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Perceptual Boundaries
DA TA
![Page 17: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Perceptual Boundaries
DASK TASK
(Ganong 1980)
![Page 18: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Perceptual Boundaries
DASK TASK
(Ganong 1980)
![Page 19: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Perceptual Boundaries
DASH TASH
(Ganong 1980)
![Page 20: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Perceptual Boundaries
DASH TASH
(Ganong 1980)
![Page 21: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Classic Experimental Paradigms
![Page 22: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Accessing the Mental Dictionary
![Page 23: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Reaction Time Paradigms
• Lexical Decision
• Priming
![Page 24: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Looking for Words
• List 1sicklecathartictorridgregariousoxymoronatrophy
• List 2parabolaperiodontistpreternaturalpariahpersimmonporous
![Page 25: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Looking for Words
• List 1sicklecathartictorridgregariousoxymoronatrophy
• List 2parabolaperiodontistpreternaturalpariahpersimmonporous
Speed of look-up reflects organization of dictionary
![Page 26: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Looking for Words
+
![Page 27: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Looking for Words
DASH
![Page 28: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Looking for Words
+
![Page 29: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Looking for Words
RASK
![Page 30: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Looking for Words
+
![Page 31: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Looking for Words
CURLY
![Page 32: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Looking for Words
+
![Page 33: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Looking for Words
PURCE
![Page 34: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Looking for Words
+
![Page 35: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Looking for Words
WINDOW
![Page 36: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Looking for Words
+
![Page 37: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Looking for Words
DULIP
![Page 38: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Looking for Words
+
![Page 39: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Looking for Words
LURID
![Page 40: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency Category (Frequent -- Infrequent)
Behavioral Data: Reaction Time
Categories (n/Million):
1: 7002: 1403: 30 4: 6 5: 1 6: .2
![Page 41: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Looking for Words
+
![Page 42: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Looking for Words
PRESSULE
![Page 43: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Looking for Words
+
![Page 44: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Looking for Words
DOCTOR
![Page 45: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Looking for Words
+
![Page 46: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Looking for Words
NURSE
![Page 47: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Looking for Words
• Semantically Related Word Pairsdoctor nursehand fingerspeak talksound volumebook volume
![Page 48: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Looking for Words
• In a lexical decision task, responses are faster when a word is preceded by a semantically related word
• DOCTOR primes NURSE
• Implies semantic organization of dictionary
![Page 49: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Outline
1. Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access
2. Active Search
3. Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access
4. Autonomy & Interaction
![Page 50: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Active Recognition
• System actively seeks matches to input - does not wait for complete match
![Page 51: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Cost of Active Search…
• Many inappropriate words activated
• Inappropriate choices must be rejected
• Two Stages of Lexical Accessactivation vs. competitionrecognition vs. selectionproposal vs. disposal
![Page 52: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Cohort
S
song
story
sparrow
saunter
slow
secret
sentry
etc.
![Page 53: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Cohort
SP
spice
spoke
spare
spin
splendid
spelling
spread
etc.
![Page 54: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Cohort
SPI
spit
spigot
spill
spiffy
spinaker
spirit
spin
etc.
![Page 55: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Cohort
SPIN
spin
spinach
spinster
spinaker
spindle
![Page 56: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Cohort
SPINA spinach
![Page 57: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Cohort
SPINA spinach
word uniqueness point
![Page 58: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Cohort
SPINAspinach
spinet
spineret
![Page 59: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Evidence for Cohort Activation
KAPITEIN KAPITAAL
(Marslen-Wilson, Zwitserlood)
![Page 60: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Evidence for Cohort Activation
KAPITEIN KAPITAAL
KAPIT…
(Marslen-Wilson, Zwitserlood)
![Page 61: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Evidence for Cohort Activation
KAPITEIN KAPITAAL
KAPIT…
BOOT
GELD
(Marslen-Wilson, Zwitserlood)
![Page 62: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Evidence for Cohort Activation
KAPITEIN KAPITAAL
KAPIT…
BOOT
GELD
(Marslen-Wilson, Zwitserlood)
![Page 63: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Evidence for Cohort Activation
KAPITEIN KAPITAAL
KAPIT…
BOOT
GELD
KAPITEIN
BOOT
GELD
(Marslen-Wilson, Zwitserlood)
![Page 64: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Cohort Model
• Partial words display priming properties of multiple completions: motivates multiple, continuous access
• Marslen-Wilson’s claims
– Activation of candidates is autonomous, based on cohort only
– Selection is non-autonomous, can use contextual info.
• How to capture facilitatory effect of context…
![Page 65: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Gating Measures
• Presentation of successive parts of words
– S
– SP
– SPI
– SPIN
– SPINA…
• Average recognition times
– Out of context: 300-350ms
– In context: 200ms(Grosjean 1980, etc.)
![Page 66: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Word Monitoring
• Listening to sentences - monitoring for specific words
– Mean RT ~240ms
– Identification estimate ~200ms
• Listening to same words in isolation
– Identification estimate ~300ms
(Brown, Marslen-Wilson, & Tyler)
![Page 67: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Cross-Modal Priming
![Page 68: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Cross-Modal Priming
The guests drank vodka, sherry and port at the reception
(Swinney 1979, Seidenberg et al. 1979)
![Page 69: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Cross-Modal Priming
The guests drank vodka, sherry and port at the reception
WINE
SHIP
(Swinney 1979, Seidenberg et al. 1979)
![Page 70: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Cross-Modal Priming
The guests drank vodka, sherry and port at the reception
WINE
SHIP
(Swinney 1979, Seidenberg et al. 1979)
![Page 71: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Cross-Modal Priming
The guests drank vodka, sherry and port at the reception
WINE
SHIP
(Swinney 1979, Seidenberg et al. 1979)
![Page 72: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Cross-Modal Priming
The guests drank vodka, sherry and port at the reception
WINE
SHIP
(Swinney 1979, Seidenberg et al. 1979)
![Page 73: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Cross-modal Priming
• Early: multiple access
• Late: single access
…i.e., delayed effect of context
![Page 74: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
CMLP - Qualifications
• Multiple access observed– when both meanings have roughly even frequency
– when context favors the lower frequency meaning
• Selective access observed– when strongly dominant meaning is favored by context
(see Simspon 1994 for review)
![Page 75: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Why multiple/selective access?
• How could context prevent a non-supported meaning from being accessed at all?
(Note: this is different from the question of how the unsupported meaning is suppressed once activated)
• Possible answer: selective access can only occur in situations where context is so strong that it pre-activates the target word/meaning
![Page 76: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Cohort Model
• Partial words display priming properties of multiple completions: motivates multiple, continuous access
• Marslen-Wilson’s claims
– Activation of candidates is autonomous, based on cohort only
– Selection is non-autonomous, can use contextual info.
• How to capture facilitatory effect of context…
![Page 77: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Cohort
SPINA spinach
![Page 78: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Cohort
SPIN
spin
spinach
spinster
spinaker
spindle
![Page 79: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Speed of Integration
• If context can only be used to choose among candidates generated by cohort…
– context can choose among candidates prior to uniqueness point
– but selection must be really quick, in order to confer an advantage over bottom-up information
![Page 80: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
• Summary of cohort story• Single/multiple access (Simpson)
– Context & dominant/subordinate frequency (Rayner & Frazier)– Types of context (Tabossi)
• Electrophysiological Evidence– M350, distinguishing access from selection/competition– Suggestions about N1, etc.
• Eye-tracking– continuous activation - TRACE– frequency - Dahan et al.
• Priority for category or morphological information, decomposition– Vannest & Boland
![Page 81: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Refining the Story
• Frequency in context– eye-tracking in reading
– eye-tracking and object recognition
• Electrophysiological measures of multiple access
• When can context affect generation?– strongly supporting contexts
– ERP evidence
![Page 82: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Evidence for Cohort Activation
CAPTAIN CAPTIVE
CAPT…
SHIP
GUARD
CAPTAIN
SHIP
GUARD
(Marslen-Wilson, Zwitserlood)
![Page 83: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Frequency in Reading
• Rayner & Frazier (1989): Eye-tracking in reading
– measuring fixation durations in fluent reading
– ambiguous words read more slowly than unambiguous, when frequencies are balanced, and context is unbiased
– unbalanced words: reading profile like unambiguous words
– when prior context biases one meaning• dominant-biased: no slowdown due to ambiguity
• subordinate-biased: slowdown due to ambiguity
• contextual bias can offset the effect of frequency bias
– how can context boost the accessibility of a subordinate meaning?
![Page 84: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Frequency in Object Recognition
X
bench
bed
bell
lobster
“Pick up the be..” (Dahan, Magnuson, & Tanenhaus, 2001)
![Page 85: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Frequency in Object Recognition
• Timing estimates
– Saccadic eye-movements take 150-180ms to program
– Word recognition times estimated as eye-movement times minus ~200ms
![Page 86: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Frequency in Object Recognition
(Dahan, Magnuson, & Tanenhaus, 2001)
![Page 87: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Frequency in Object Recognition
(Dahan, Magnuson, & Tanenhaus, 2001)
![Page 88: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Frequency in Object Recognition
(Dahan, Magnuson, & Tanenhaus, 2001)
![Page 89: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Evidence for Cohort Activation
CAPTAIN CAPTIVE
CAPT…
SHIP
GUARD
CAPTAIN
SHIP
GUARD
(Marslen-Wilson, Zwitserlood)
![Page 90: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Matches to other parts of words
• Word-ending matches don’t prime
– honing [honey] bij [bee]woning [apartment]foning [--]
![Page 91: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Disagreements
– Continuous activation, not limited to cohort, as in TRACE model (McClelland & Elman, 1986)
– Predicts activation of non-cohort members, e.g. shigarette, bleasant
![Page 92: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Non-Cohort Competitors
(Allopenna, Magnuson, & Tanenhaus, 1998)
“Pick up the…”
beaker
beetle (onset)speaker (non-onset)carriage (distractor)
![Page 93: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Non-Cohort Competitors
(Allopenna, Magnuson, & Tanenhaus, 1998)
“Pick up the…”
beaker
beetle (onset)speaker (non-onset)carriage (distractor)
![Page 94: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Outline
1. Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access
2. Active Search
3. Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access
4. Autonomy & Interaction
![Page 95: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
M350
(based on research by Alec Marantz, Liina Pylkkänen, Martin Hackl & others)
![Page 96: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Lexical access involves
1. Activation of lexical representations• including activation of representations
matching the input, and• lateral inhibition between activated
representations
2. Followed by selection or decision• involving competition among activated
representations that are similar in form
![Page 97: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
The mental lexicon
sport figure
sing door carry
turf turtle gold turk turkey
turn
water turbo turquoise
turnip turmoil
![Page 98: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
The mental lexicon
sport figure
sing door carry
turf turtle gold turk turkey
turn
water turbo turquoise
turnip turmoil TURN
![Page 99: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Automatic activation
TURN
sport figure
sing door carry
turf turtle gold
turk turkey
water turn
turbo turquoiseturnip turmoil
![Page 100: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Lateral inhibition
TURN
sport figure
sing door carry
turf turtle gold
turk turkey
water turn turbo turquoise
turnip turmoil
![Page 101: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
What is lexical access?
time
leve
l of
activ
atio
n
resting level
TURN
Stimulus: TURN
TURNIP
TURFTURTLE
Activation Competition Selection/Recognition
(e.g. Luce et al. 1990, Norris 1994)
![Page 102: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
RESPONSE TO A VISUAL WORD Sagittal view
A P
M350
M350
0 200 300 400 Time [msec]
![Page 103: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
MEG response components elicited by visually presented words in the lexical decision task
RMS analysis of component field patterns.
![Page 104: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency Category (Frequent -- Infrequent)
Behavioral Data: Reaction Time
Categories (n/Million):
1: 7002: 1403: 30 4: 6 5: 1 6: .2
![Page 105: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency Category (Frequent -- Infrequent)
Latency of m350 Component
Categories (n/Million):
1: 7002: 1403: 30 4: 6 5: 1 6: .2
![Page 106: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Neighbors & Competitors
• Phonotactic probability– sound combinations that are likely in English– e.g. ride vs. gush
• Neighborhood density– number of words with similar sounds– ride, bide, sighed, rile, raid, guide, died, tried,
hide, bride, rise, read, road, rhyme, etc.– gush, lush, rush, gut, gull …
![Page 107: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
RT
Behavioral evidence for dual effects
• Same/different task (“low-level”) RTs to nonwords with a high phonotactic probability are speeded up.
• Lexical decision task (“high-level”)RTs to nonwords with a high phonotactic probability are slowed down!
High probability: MIDE
YUSH RT
RT MIDE
YUSH RT
Low probability:
High probability:
Low probability:
Sublexicalfrequency effect
(Vitevich and Luce 1997,1999)
Competition effect
![Page 108: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Stimuli
High probability Low probability
Word BELL, LINE PAGE, DISH
Nonword MIDE, PAKE JIZE, YUSH
• Materials of Vitevich and Luce 1999 converted into orthographic stimuli.
• Four categories of 70 stimuli:
• High and low density words frequency matched.
(Pylkkänen, Stringfellow, Marantz, Brain and Language, in press)
![Page 109: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Effect of probability/density (words)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
M170 M250 M350 RT
HighProbWord LowProbWord
n.s.
n.s.
**
*
(Pylkkänen, Stringfellow, Marantz, Brain and Language, in press)
![Page 110: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Effect of probability/density (nonwords)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
M170 M250 M350 RT
HighProbNonword LowProbNonword
n.s.n.s.
*
**
(Pylkkänen, Stringfellow, Marantz, Brain and Language, in press)
![Page 111: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
M350 = 1st component sensitive to lexical factors but not affected by competition
time
leve
l of
activ
atio
n
resting level
TURN
TURNIP
TURFTURTLE
Activation Competition Selection/RecognitionM350
Stimulus: TURN
![Page 112: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Outline
1. Speed & Robustness of Lexical Access
2. Active Search
3. Evidence for Stages of Lexical Access
4. Autonomy & Interaction
![Page 113: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Autonomy
• “…a system [is] autonomous by being encapsulated, by not having access to facts that other systems know about” (Fodor 1983)
• “Autonomy would imply that processing operations at a given level proceed in the same way irrespective of whatever counsel might be deducible from the higher-level considerations” (Boland & Cutler)
![Page 114: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Model Implied So Far
• Stage 1: activation based upon cohortsno effect of context at this stage
• Stage 2:selection affected by context
![Page 115: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Boland & Cutler
• The debate over interaction/autonomy in lexical access focuses on the generation (activation) stage
• There is broad agreement that context affects lexical choices once multiple candidates have been generated
![Page 116: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Cross-Modal Priming
The guests drank vodka, sherry and port at the reception
WINE
SHIP
(Swinney 1979, Seidenberg et al. 1979)
![Page 117: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Cross-Modal Priming
The guests drank vodka, sherry and port at the reception
WINE
SHIP
(Swinney 1979, Seidenberg et al. 1979)
![Page 118: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Cross-Modal Priming
• How could context prevent a contextually unsupported meaning from being accessed?
![Page 119: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Cross-Modal Priming
• Conflicting results over effect of context on multiple access
• Tabossi (1998)
– The violent hurricane did not damage the ships which were in the port, one of the best equipped along the coast.
– Contexts are highly constraining, prime a specific feature of the target meaning.
![Page 120: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Active Comprehension
• Distinction between activation and selection applies equally to syntactic comprehension
• Is active comprehension a fully general property of language understanding?
![Page 121: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
N400
Negative polarity peaking at around 400 ms central scalp distribution
![Page 122: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
(Kutas & Federmaier 2000)
![Page 123: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
(Kutas & Federmaier 2000)
‘baseball’ is not at all plausible here, yet it elicits a smaller N400 - why?
![Page 124: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
![Page 125: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Input to left hem. visual system must have privileged access to information about predictions.
![Page 126: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Implications
• If Kutas & Federmaier’s results are robust, this implies that
– lexical priming can cause apparentearly context effects
– this implies ‘very active search’
– hemispheres are not alike in this regard
![Page 127: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Conclusion…
• Word recognition is fast and robust because of use of context
• Speed/robustness is achieved by– active generation of candidates from incomplete input
– selection among candidates, based upon context
• Activation ˜ autonomousSelection ˜interactive
![Page 128: Lexical Access: Generation & Selection](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56813fee550346895daaf405/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Next…
• Syntax
– most issues seen here also apply to syntactic processes
– generation stage is much more complex, since syntactic processing is more than just a lookup/activation process.