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    Academie van Bouwkunst, Rotterdam RDM wharf, 8 October 2010

    Prof.Andy van den Dobbelsteen , PhD MSc

    TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Building Technology

    Sustainable Architecture & UrbanismOntwerpen aan energiestromen 1

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    building physics

    fundamentals

    climate design

    climate design

    & sustainability

    application

    building

    services

    technology

    Introducing Climate Design

    Three know ledge fields

    building physics

    building services

    design integration

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    Sustainable development aims at equity and equil ibrium.

    We use resources many times more than poor regions in the world.

    There is not enough space to spread our way of living. Can this be called sustainability/ volhoubaarheid? (South African)

    What a sustainable world we live in

    Ecological Footprint of all countries in the world [worldmapper.org]

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    Pressure = Population x Welfare x Metabolism

    1990 1 = 1 x 1 x 1

    2040 = 2 x 5 x 1/20

    This means a factor of 20 improvement, required for sustainability.

    How do you assess this with buildings?

    Quantifying sustainability [Speth, 1989 & Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 1990,based on Commoner, 1972]

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    Case study of offices

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    Were behind schedule

    (around 2000 'sustainable offices' achieved a factor of 1.4 to 4.0)

    1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

    5

    1

    10

    15

    20

    level needed

    in 2000: 4.8

    target in

    2040: 20

    current level:

    1.2 - 1.4

    factor

    year

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    No. 1: the Bussum Water Tower (factor 10)

    Transformation of the old w ater tower,new office attached

    CHP on frying oil, w ind turbine, solar panels

    Wastew ater treated in constructed wetland

    Sober, environmentally sound materials

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    Plan & design w ithin different constraints

    Climate change

    Water and heat problems

    Scarcity of resources

    Depletion of fossil fuels

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    Wet Wet Wet

    Threefold water surge

    Sea level rise

    More precipitation

    Increased fresh water supply from the mountains

    Does CO2 reduction help to avoid this soon? No. The Great Change has commenced

    Wed better take care that we can cope

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    Andy van den Dobbelsteen Recent studies on sustainability Aula TU Delft, 9th of September 2008

    The 1.3 meter plan(Moordrecht)

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    Andy van den Dobbelsteen Recent studies on sustainability Aula TU Delft, 9th of September 2008

    Dwelling types selected from 18 variants

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    Landscape, urban plan, annual event

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    Temperature and mortality [Huynen et al., 2001]

    Urban heat island effect

    Heat absorption by black tar roofs, building mass and pavement

    Little green, little water

    No urban pattern for cooling

    Heat from vehicles, buildings,industry and (increasingly)air-conditioners

    London 2050: + 9oC

    More people w il l die

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    Climate change w ill cause a greater demand for cooling,

    And mechanical cooling costs 3 to 10 times more energy than heating.

    Climate problem is solvable. But energy?

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    Our own natural gas fields wil l be emptied w ithin 25 years.

    Import from other regions has

    has some considerations:

    ecological

    political

    economical

    ethical

    And even then

    we wil l be donew ith fossils and nuclearw ithin 75 years.

    [KEMA/Hoogakker, 2010]

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    The process of fossil energy depletionw ill have a radical impact on society.

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    So we need to become independent from fossil fuels

    and meanwhile use them only to make the transition

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    GroningenFossil Free

    Climate-robust Free of fossil energy

    (oil, gas, coal and waste heatfrom these sources)

    How is this possible?

    For instance:

    50% energy saving

    Use ofgeothermal heat

    Wind turbines along the coast

    250 km2 ofphotovoltaics

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    Energy-neutral island of Sams, Denmark

    On- and off-shore wind turbines

    Solar heat plant

    Straw furnace

    Islanders investments

    Preserved cultural-historical identity

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    Sustainable directions for energy

    Avoid the energy demand

    Seize local potentials

    Use renewable energy

    Use energy more effectively (low-ex)

    Smart & bioclimatic design

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    Smart & bioclimatic design

    A des ign app roachthat dep loys loca l charac te r i s t i c sin te l l i gen t l yin to the sus ta inab le des igno f bu i l d ings and u rban p l ans

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    Local characteristics

    Climatic features

    climate type

    seasonal changes

    variety of the weather

    diurnal differences

    Natural circumstances

    geomorphology

    hydrology

    ecology

    natural landscape

    soil and underground

    Man-made interventions

    cultural-technical landscape

    historical and technical elements

    the built surroundings

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    Climate types

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    The sun, our primary energy source

    Where is the sun at 12 AM in summer?

    13:40

    12:40

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    An incremental approach

    Bottom-line starting-points

    Study of local circumstances

    Synthesis into boundary conditions

    Smart planning and design

    S bl h d h k

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    Sustainable architecture: Rudy Uytenhaak

    [Dutch chancellery, Canberra, Australia]

    S i bl hi P l d R i

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    Sustainable architecture: Paul de Ruiter

    Zuidkas, Amsterdam [Architectenbureau Paul de Ruiter]

    S t i bl hit t S ARCH

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    Sustainable architecture: SeARCH

    Villa Fals, Switzerland [Bjarne Mastenbroek]

    S t i bl hit t J K i ti

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    Sustainable architecture: Jn Kristinsson

    Zuidkas, Amsterdam [Architectenbureau Paul de Ruiter]

    Villa Flora, Venlo [Kristinsson Architects & Engineers]

    Fi t k i th b i

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    First: know ing the basics

    Households

    Dwelling (modern)

    Heat: 1000 m3 gas = 8.8 MWhth Electricity: 3500 kWh = 3.5 MWhel Total: 12,3 MWh (all-electric)

    Mobility Car: 20.000 km, 8 l/100 km, so 1600 l diesel/petrol = 14 MWh

    With an electro engine 4 x as efficient 3.5 MWh needed

    Total in an all-electric society:

    15.8 MWh

    Offices

    Total approximately 100 kWh/m2 GFA

    E i

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    Energy a piece

    Realistic annual yield of a unit of:

    2MW wind turbine 3857 MWh 244 hhtot Turby 5 MWh 0.316 hhtot

    Manure, per cow 1.5 MWh 0.095 hhtot

    Waste water, per hh 0.300 MWh 0.019 hhtot

    Waste, elektric total, per hh 0.326 MWh 0.021 hhtot Waste, just thermal, per hh 0.059 MWh 0.007 hhth!

    E

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    Energy = space

    Annua l yield of a hectare (10,000 m2) of land or roof w ith:

    Solar collectors (thermal), just heat 3500 MWh 636 hhth! Solar cells (PV), elektric total 960 MWh 61 hhtot

    Wind, 2MW turbines 275 MWh 17 hhtot Wind, Turby 60 MWh 4 hhtot

    Bio-fuel, algae (theoretical maximum) 1780 MWh 113 hhtot Bio-fuel, sugarbeets 330 MWh 21 hhtot Bio-fuel, rapeseed 110 MWh 7 hhtot

    Biomass, forest maintenance 189 MWh 12 hhtot

    Biomass, cuttings from woods 47 MWh 3 hhtot Biomassa, cuttings from wetlands 46 MWh 3 hhtot

    We need every square meter of surface when the fossils are gone!

    Groningen

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    GroningenFossil Free

    Climate-robust Free of fossil energy

    (oil, gas, coal and waste heatfrom these sources)

    How is this possible?

    For instance:

    50% energy saving

    Use ofgeothermal heat

    Wind turbines along the coast 250 km2 ofphotovoltaics

    O l th f t ll d f

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    Only three roofs types allowed from now

    The Energy Roof

    Generator of heat and power

    Rain water collector

    Reflector of solar radiation and active cooler

    The Green Roof:

    Rain water buffer and improver of micro-climates

    Moderator of temperatures, passive cooler and humidificator

    Park landscape for people

    The Greenhouse Roof:

    Generator of heat and power

    Rain water collector

    Passive cooler

    CO2 buffer and urban agriculture

    Winter garden and domestic restaurant

    The potent ial of the G eenho se Ho se

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    The potent ial of the Greenhouse House

    Energetic balance: 1 ha of modern greenhouse to 7 -8 ha of dwell ings

    In 1 building this implies 1 layer of greenhouse on 4 flat stories

    Energy potential mapping

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    Energy potential mapping

    basic information

    energy sources

    energy potentials

    interventions

    fuel

    electricity and

    electricity storage

    heat, cold and

    heat/cold storage

    CO2 capture

    sunbuildings

    and industry

    nature and

    agriculturewaterwind soil

    infra-

    structure

    energy-based plan

    climate underground land use topography energy system

    Energy potentials of Groningen

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    Energy potentials of Groningen

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    De Groene Compagnie

    New proposal

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    I: Het Groene

    Pioniersveld

    II: De Noorder-

    compagnieIII: De Energie-

    compagnie

    IV: autarkische

    kleine wijken

    New proposal

    Heat map for central Rotterdam

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    Heat map for central Rotterdam

    The exergy of energy

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    The exergy of energy

    [Cullen & Allwood, 2010]

    waste heatrgy into the air and water

    Our current

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    industry

    storage

    horticulture

    hotel and

    catering

    offices

    dwellings

    agriculture

    power

    plant

    waste heat

    primaryener

    electr

    icity

    CURRENT SYSTEMwaste

    into the environment

    Our currentenergy system

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    Demand patterns of different functions

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    Demand patterns of different functions

    Tuning the supply and demand

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    Tuning the supply and demand

    REAP (Rotterdam Energy Approach & Planning)

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    REAP (Rotterdam Energy Approach & Planning)

    TU

    Delft,GWRotterdam,dS+VRotterd

    am,DJSA

    building

    generate

    sustainably

    provide clean

    & efficient

    utilise

    waste flows

    reduce the

    demand

    city

    district

    neighbour-

    hood

    cluster

    generate energy

    clean & efficient

    with fossil

    resources on the

    building scale

    re-use

    waste flows

    on the building

    scale

    avoid energy

    demand by

    architectural

    measures Xgenerate

    sustainable

    energy

    on the

    neighbourhood

    level

    connect tocommunal

    energy grid

    generate energy

    clean & efficient

    with fossil

    resources centrally

    generatesustainable

    energy centrally

    generate

    sustainable

    energy

    on the district level

    exchange &

    balance or

    cascade energyon the district

    scale

    exchange &

    balance or

    cascade energy

    on the

    neighbourhoodscale

    generate

    sustainable

    energy

    on the

    neighbourhoodlevel

    X

    City: from intensive care to intelligent organism

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    [image: Eric Verdult]

    City: from intensive care to intelligent organism

    E-novation

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    E novation

    In 15 years, 90% of the building stock w ill be equal to now .

    With the same (energetic) rubbish we produced in the 1950s-1980s

    We can build sustainably, yes.

    How ever, if this refers to 10% of the market, why bother?

    Renovating the existing building stockis the most effective w e can do.

    Not just for the sake of sustainability, but more so for the dwellers.

    The w orst buildings are inhabited by the poorest.

    They w ill have to pay enormous energy bil ls. Soon!

    The revolution needed is called E-novation, energy renovation innovation.

    It is about transforming the city, neighbourhood, building and technology .

    BK City Delft

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    BK City, Delft

    W ith the ar r iva l o f A rch i tec tu rethe Ju l iana l aan b u i l d ingf ina l l y got i t s Chem is t r y

    Thats BK City

    BK City Slim catalogue of possibi l it ies

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    BK City Slim catalogue of possibi l it ies

    The standard solution

    (Wrap-up: post-insulation, replacing windows, upgrading building services)

    A technical approach

    (Mass: LTH/HTC floors and walls, heat recovery, heat pumps, heat/cold storage)

    Local approach

    (Box in box: cabins in large spaces, local heating/cooling, wrap up internally)

    Innovations

    (Breathing Windows, heat-radiating furniture, greenhouse over the building)

    No savings sustainable generation

    (PV and wind turbines here or elsewhere, green power, geothermal heat)

    The message of urgency

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    The message of urgency

    We are strongly dependent on non-sustainable energy.

    Expected: an energy crisis w ith great impact on society.

    The coming 15 years w ill be decisive for the energy transition.

    Children younger than 15 years are too late for a significant role.

    Pioneers of above 65 are beyond power.

    Most baby-boomers currently in power hardly do anything.

    It is our generation that has to do it.

    ARE YOU IN?

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    Andy van den Dobbelsteen