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Fengshui Forest Ecology in Southeastern China: Preliminary Results from Tree-Ring and Stream Sampling Jesse Minor 1 , Alex Danza 2 , Jade Mermini 2 , Christopher Coggins 2 (Principal InvesIgator), Zheng Huaizhou 3 , Fang Keyan, 3 Li-hua Ying, Aris EQing, Lisa Burke, Nora Cooper, DesIny Riviello, Patricia Sendao, Obadiah Wright, Sam Zeitlin 1 School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona 2 Geography and Asian Studies, Bard College at Simon’s Rock 3 College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University IntroducIon This mul)disciplinary project incorporates mixed-methods research designed to understand a complicated socio-ecological system • Village-level ethnography • Stream quality and aqua)c ecology • Forest stand assessments Research ObjecIves • What are the ra)onales offered by villagers, foresters, and conserva)onists for the crea)on, maintenance, and altera)on of fengshui forests? • What are some of the measureable ecological outcomes promoted by fengshui forests? • What are the effects on water quality and stream systems from these forests? • What is the total distribu)on of fengshui forests by county across 14 provinces in southern China? Ongoing Research QuesIons Over the next two summers, a mul)disciplinary team will sample sites in 14 Provinces in SE China iden)fied via a survey of forestry officials. An expanded stand-level survey will incorporate tree-ring sampling and analysis, which will answer ques)ons about • Climate sensi)vity of fengshui forests • Growth responses to stand-level disturbances and human management • Age structure of stands on abandoned rice terraces • Age-height rela)onships • Streamflow reconstruc)ons LeQ: Sampling loca)ons in Fujian and Jiangxi Provinces. Nine forest stands were sampled in summer 2014. Right: Shuitou (water source) forest, Wailing village, Jiangxi Province. This forest also serves as a shuiwei (water exit) forest for Liling village, barely visible above the forest. Fengshui forests typically share space with terraced agriculture and villages, and are situated on par)cular geomorphic or topographic features. Stand Features Fengshui forests are important centers of ecologically diversity, but stand-level diversity varies highly across sites. 17 species represen)ng 12 genera were iden)fied in these stands. The fengshui forests sampled in summer 2014 range in size from 0.1 ha to over 7 ha. Of the nine fengshui forests sampled in summer 2014, two (22%) contained a single species of overstory tree. Three (33%) contained five or more dominant overstory species. Four (44%) contained three species of overstory trees. Average tree height is 26.5 m. Average tree diameter is 99.9 cm, and ranges from 40.2 cm to 178.9 cm. Forest Survey Methods • Diameter and height of overstory trees • Area of forest patch • Wildlife signs/sounds/sigh)ngs • Evidence of disturbance • Rela)onship of forest to adjacent streams • Dendrochronology Jesse Minor photo Jesse Minor photo Relevant Sources Coggins, Chris. 2003. The Tiger and the Pangolin: Nature, Culture, and Conserva>on in China. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press. [Chapter 8 is believed to be the first piece in English that focuses exclusively on fengshui forests). Coggins, Chris. 2013. “When the Land is Excellent: Village Fengshui Forests and the Nature of Lineage, Polity, and Vitality in Southern China” in James Miller, Dan Smyer Yu and Peter van der Veer (eds.), 2013, Religion and Ecological Sustainability in China. New York: Routledge. Coggins, Chris, Joelle Chevrier, Maeve Dwyer, Lindsey Longway, Michael Xu, Peter Tiso, and Zhen Li. “Village Fengshui Forests of Southern China – Culture History and Conserva)on Status” ASIANetwork Exchange. Volume 19, No. 2, 2012. [This piece includes tabular data on trees (species, frequency, diameters, etc.)]. Jesse Minor photo Jesse Minor photo Christopher Coggins photo Acknowledgements Funding was provided to Bard College at Simon’s Rock and Bard College by a grant from the Henry Luce Founda)on’s Luce Ini)a)ve on Asian Studies and the Environment (LIASE) program and by the University of Arizona’s Graduate College. Preliminary Results: Water Quality Water quality samples indicate that fengshui forests improve local water quality compared to planta)on forests. At watershed scales, even small forest features can clean streams and diminish agricultural pollutants. Preliminary Results: Tree-Rings Cores from overstory Cryptomeria fortunei sampled in a streambed loca)on at 531 m eleva)on in a wind-gap (shan-ao) forest near Guizhuping village, Fujian are suitable for tree- ring analyses. Average mean sensi)vity is 0.291 with good interseries correla)on (0.407). Water quality samples are taken with a 2013 YSI Pro Plus handheld meter in 1 st -4 th order streams. Samples are collected above and below fengshui forests and planta)on forests, and below villages and terraced agricultural crop areas. Data courtesy of Aris Ering, Bard High School- Early College, Queens. Image at ler courtesy of Chris Coggins. Water Quality Sampling Design Above: Streams flowing past fengshui forests are associated with decreased nitrate levels compared to planta)on forests, which show an increase in nitrates. Specific Conductance, a proxy for overall stream nutrients, increases in associa)on with both forest types. Fengshui forests appear to have a posi)ve effect on local water quality. Below: Sampled streams demonstrate similar characteris)cs. (*=es)mated value) Jesse Minor photo Cryptomeria fortunei, Fujian Province Fang Keyen photo Tree-ring chronologies from overstory broadleaf and coniferous fengshui forest trees can be used to reconstruct clima)c condi)ons and to examine management and stand-level ecological effects. Annualized climate data are too coarse to awempt climate reconstruc)ons and return weak correla)ons with tree growth. Correla)ons between tree-ring chronologies and growing-season climate data are expected to yield much stronger results. Climate analysis will also iden)fy factors limi)ng annual ring forma)on in fengshui forests in southeastern China. Trees in Fujian’s mountains show a dis)nct dormant period corresponding to the winter season. Most tree growth occurs at )mes of year with the highest temperatures and highest antecedent precipita)on (March-June). The growing season likely extends through September. Sampled trees show a weak posi)ve correla)on with annualized mean maximum monthly temperature (22%), a weak nega)ve correla)on with maximum growing season temperatures (-21%), and a weak nega)ve correla)on with mean monthly precipita)on (-21%) measured in Longyan, Fujian. The growing season is es)mated to be March-August for this analysis. Correspondence between tree growth and temperature is likely because warmer years prompt more rapid tree growth when sufficient water is present. Too much water decreases tree growth in this loca)on, and high growing season temperatures can also limit tree growth. The nega)ve correla)on between tree growth and maximum growing season temperature is likely because high monthly maximum temperatures during the growing season produce water stress. These correla)ons are too weak for climate reconstruc)ons, but can be improved with access to bewer climate )me series. Jesse Minor photo Source: World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal

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Page 1: LIASE Student Research Conference Poster

FengshuiForestEcologyinSoutheasternChina:PreliminaryResultsfromTree-RingandStreamSamplingJesseMinor1,AlexDanza2,JadeMermini2,ChristopherCoggins2(PrincipalInvesIgator),ZhengHuaizhou3,FangKeyan,3Li-huaYing,ArisEQing,LisaBurke,NoraCooper,DesInyRiviello,PatriciaSendao,ObadiahWright,SamZeitlin

1SchoolofGeographyandDevelopment,UniversityofArizona2GeographyandAsianStudies,BardCollegeatSimon’sRock3CollegeofGeographicalSciences,FujianNormalUniversity

IntroducIonThismul)disciplinaryprojectincorporatesmixed-methodsresearchdesignedtounderstandacomplicatedsocio-ecologicalsystem•  Village-levelethnography•  Streamqualityandaqua)cecology•  Foreststandassessments

ResearchObjecIves•  Whatarethera)onalesofferedby

villagers,foresters,andconserva)onistsforthecrea)on,maintenance,andaltera)onoffengshuiforests?

•  Whataresomeofthemeasureableecologicaloutcomespromotedbyfengshuiforests?

•  Whataretheeffectsonwaterqualityandstreamsystemsfromtheseforests?

•  Whatisthetotaldistribu)onoffengshuiforestsbycountyacross14provincesinsouthernChina?

OngoingResearchQuesIonsOverthenexttwosummers,amul)disciplinaryteamwillsamplesitesin14ProvincesinSEChinaiden)fiedviaasurveyofforestryofficials.Anexpandedstand-levelsurveywillincorporatetree-ringsamplingandanalysis,whichwillanswerques)onsabout•  Climatesensi)vityoffengshuiforests•  Growthresponsestostand-leveldisturbances

andhumanmanagement•  Agestructureofstandsonabandonedrice

terraces•  Age-heightrela)onships•  Streamflowreconstruc)ons

LeQ:Samplingloca)onsinFujianandJiangxiProvinces.Nineforeststandsweresampledinsummer2014.Right:Shuitou(watersource)forest,Wailingvillage,JiangxiProvince.Thisforestalsoservesasashuiwei(waterexit)forestforLilingvillage,barelyvisibleabovetheforest.Fengshuiforeststypicallysharespacewithterracedagricultureandvillages,andaresituatedonpar)culargeomorphicortopographicfeatures.

StandFeaturesFengshuiforestsareimportantcentersofecologicallydiversity,butstand-leveldiversityvarieshighlyacrosssites.17speciesrepresen)ng12generawereiden)fiedinthesestands.Thefengshuiforestssampledinsummer2014rangeinsizefrom0.1hatoover7ha.

Oftheninefengshuiforestssampledinsummer2014,two(22%)containedasinglespeciesofoverstorytree.Three(33%)containedfiveormoredominantoverstoryspecies.Four(44%)containedthreespeciesofoverstorytrees.

Averagetreeheightis26.5m.Averagetreediameteris99.9cm,andrangesfrom40.2cmto178.9cm.

ForestSurveyMethods•  Diameterandheightofoverstorytrees•  Areaofforestpatch•  Wildlifesigns/sounds/sigh)ngs•  Evidenceofdisturbance•  Rela)onshipofforesttoadjacentstreams•  Dendrochronology

JesseMinorphoto

JesseMinorphoto

RelevantSourcesCoggins,Chris.2003.TheTigerandthePangolin:Nature,Culture,andConserva>oninChina.Honolulu,UniversityofHawaiiPress.[Chapter8isbelievedtobethefirstpieceinEnglishthatfocusesexclusivelyonfengshuiforests).

Coggins,Chris.2013.“WhentheLandisExcellent:VillageFengshuiForestsandtheNatureofLineage,Polity,andVitalityinSouthernChina”inJamesMiller,DanSmyerYuandPetervanderVeer(eds.),2013,ReligionandEcologicalSustainabilityinChina.NewYork:Routledge.

Coggins,Chris,JoelleChevrier,MaeveDwyer,LindseyLongway,MichaelXu,PeterTiso,andZhenLi.“VillageFengshuiForestsofSouthernChina–CultureHistoryandConserva)onStatus”ASIANetworkExchange.Volume19,No.2,2012.[Thispieceincludestabulardataontrees(species,frequency,diameters,etc.)].

JesseMinorphoto

JesseMinorphoto

ChristopherCogginsphoto

AcknowledgementsFundingwasprovidedtoBardCollegeatSimon’sRockandBardCollegebyagrantfromtheHenryLuceFounda)on’sLuceIni)a)veonAsianStudiesandtheEnvironment(LIASE)programandbytheUniversityofArizona’sGraduateCollege.

PreliminaryResults:WaterQualityWaterqualitysamplesindicatethatfengshuiforestsimprovelocalwaterqualitycomparedtoplanta)onforests.Atwatershedscales,evensmallforestfeaturescancleanstreamsanddiminishagriculturalpollutants.

PreliminaryResults:Tree-RingsCoresfromoverstoryCryptomeriafortuneisampledinastreambedloca)onat531meleva)oninawind-gap(shan-ao)forestnearGuizhupingvillage,Fujianaresuitablefortree-ringanalyses.Averagemeansensi)vityis0.291withgoodinterseriescorrela)on(0.407).

Waterqualitysamplesaretakenwitha2013YSIProPlushandheldmeterin1st-4thorderstreams.Samplesarecollectedaboveandbelowfengshuiforestsandplanta)onforests,andbelowvillagesandterracedagriculturalcropareas.DatacourtesyofArisEring,BardHighSchool-EarlyCollege,Queens.ImageatlercourtesyofChrisCoggins.

WaterQualitySamplingDesign

Above:Streamsflowingpastfengshuiforestsareassociatedwithdecreasednitratelevelscomparedtoplanta)onforests,whichshowanincreaseinnitrates.SpecificConductance,aproxyforoverallstreamnutrients,increasesinassocia)onwithbothforesttypes.Fengshuiforestsappeartohaveaposi)veeffectonlocalwaterquality.Below:Sampledstreamsdemonstratesimilarcharacteris)cs.(*=es)matedvalue)

JesseMinorphoto

Cryptomeriafortunei,FujianProvince

FangKeyenphoto

Tree-ringchronologiesfromoverstorybroadleafandconiferousfengshuiforesttreescanbeusedtoreconstructclima)ccondi)onsandtoexaminemanagementandstand-levelecologicaleffects.Annualizedclimatedataaretoocoarsetoawemptclimatereconstruc)onsandreturnweakcorrela)onswithtreegrowth.Correla)onsbetweentree-ringchronologiesandgrowing-seasonclimatedataareexpectedtoyieldmuchstrongerresults.Climateanalysiswillalsoiden)fyfactorslimi)ngannualringforma)oninfengshuiforestsinsoutheasternChina.

TreesinFujian’smountainsshowadis)nctdormantperiodcorrespondingtothewinterseason.Mosttreegrowthoccursat)mesofyearwiththehighesttemperaturesandhighestantecedentprecipita)on(March-June).ThegrowingseasonlikelyextendsthroughSeptember.

Sampledtreesshowaweakposi)vecorrela)onwithannualizedmeanmaximummonthlytemperature(22%),aweaknega)vecorrela)onwithmaximumgrowingseasontemperatures(-21%),andaweaknega)vecorrela)onwithmeanmonthlyprecipita)on(-21%)measuredinLongyan,Fujian.Thegrowingseasonises)matedtobeMarch-Augustforthisanalysis.Correspondencebetweentreegrowthandtemperatureislikelybecausewarmeryearspromptmorerapidtreegrowthwhensufficientwaterispresent.Toomuchwaterdecreasestreegrowthinthisloca)on,andhighgrowingseasontemperaturescanalsolimittreegrowth.Thenega)vecorrela)onbetweentreegrowthandmaximumgrowingseasontemperatureislikelybecausehighmonthlymaximumtemperaturesduringthegrowingseasonproducewaterstress.

Thesecorrela)onsaretooweakforclimatereconstruc)ons,butcanbeimprovedwithaccesstobewerclimate)meseries.

JesseMinorphoto

Source:WorldBankClimateChangeKnowledgePortal

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