libro muntu

8/17/2019 Libro Muntu

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MUNTU: LAS CULTURAS NEOAFRICANAS

JANHEINZ JAHN

Traducción de JASMIN REUTER

COLECCIÓN POPULAR FONDO DE CULTURA ECONÓMICA MÉXICO - BUENOS AIRES

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I. ¿SKOKIAN?

EL PROBLEMA Y EL MÉTODO

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$8 @u+ 5adi(# 1rica

E! 1rica 2ace (u en/rada a !a 2i(/+ria uni5er(a!8 Muc2a( )u0!icaci+ne( (e dedican a e(/udiar!+( a()ec/+( )+!4/ic+(# ec+nóic+(# (+ci+!ó.ic+( 6 )(ic+!ó.ic+( de e(/e )r+ce(+8 C+n a /+da(e!!a( e( !a c+n5icción de =ue una /ran(1+ración cu!/ura! (e rea!ia (e.n un e(=uea (i)!ede0id+ a !a in1!uencia de Eur+)a# e! 1rica (e ada)/a# a0and+na (u( /radici+ne( 6 ace)/acreencia(# :/+d+( de /ra0a>+# 1+ra( )+!4/ica( 6 )rinci)i+( ec+nóic+( e;/ra*+(8 A1iran=ue e! !a)(+ en =ue (e e1ec/a !a /ran(ición# (ea 0re5e + )r+!+n.ad+# c+n(/i/u6e un )eri+d+ de

!a cri(i( =ue )!an/ea a /+d+( !+( a1rican+( !a (i.uien/e a!/erna/i5a ace)/ar !a ci5i!iación +-derna 6 (+0re5i5ir# + (ucu0ir c+n !a /radición8 L+( de1en(+re( de una /ran(ición )au!a/ina +aun re)en/ina e(/"n de acuerd+ en =ue en !a e/a de! )r+ce(+ (e enc+n/rar" un C+n/inen/ea1rican+ c+)!e/aen/e eur+)eiad+8 Se.n e!!+(# Eur+)a +1rece e! +de!+ 6 1rica !+ c+)iaGEur+)a e( e! (+ci+ =ue en e! ca)+ de! e()4ri/u da# ien/ra( =ue 1rica reci0e8

Pien(an e(/+( in5e(/i.ad+re( =ue# )+r (er Eur+)a !a =ue en(e*a 6 1rica !a =ue a)rende# /+ca aEur+)a decidir e! +en/+ en =ue 1rica e(/: adura adura )ara !a 1e# adura )ara !aacción# adura )ara !a !i0er/ad8 Eur+)a (a0e e>+r !+ =ue e( 0uen+ )ara 1rica =ue !a )r+)ia 1rica8 E( cier/+ =ue Eur+)a +1rece di5er(a( d+c/rina( en c+)e/encia de+cracia 6 c+uni(+# cri(/iani(+ 6 a/e4(+# )+r !+ =ue e! a!un+ .ana en )e(+ a! /ener =ue e!e.ir H6 !a i)+r/ancia =ue e! a!un+ ad=uiere a(4 ca(i (ie)re e( !aen/ada# )er+ e(/+ n+ a!/era en!+ "( 4ni+ e! e(=uea 1rica )uede ad+)/ar !a( d+c/rina( =ue (e rec+iendan a !a(d+c/rina( c+n/ra !a( cua!e( (e !e ad5ier/e# )er+ en /+d+ ca(+ de0e a0and+nar (u( /radici+ne(8N+ (e ace)/an +/ra( )+(i0i!idade( en !a di(cu(ión8

L+( au/+re( 1undaen/an !+ an/eri+r c++ (i.ue !a era /ecn+!ó.ica 2a cread+ en e! und+de/erinada( c+ndici+ne( a !a( =ue nin.n )ue0!+ (e )uede (u(/raer8 E! arad+ +/+riad+ e((u)eri+r a !a aada# e! 1u(i! a! arc+ 6 !a 1!ec2a8 E! arad+ +/+riad+ 6 e! 1u(i! (ur.ier+n en e!"0i/+ de !a ci5i!iación cri(/iana +cciden/a!8 P+r /an/+# /+d+ a=ue! =ue renuncia a !a aada#a! arc+ 6 !a 1!ec2a 6 de(ee +0/ener arad+( de +/+r 6 ri1!e(# /endr" =ue renunciar /a0i:n a !aedicina ".ica# a !a )+!i.aia# a !a (u)er(/ición# en (ua a /+da (u cu!/ura# a ca0i+de !a cua! /iene =ue an2e!ar edicaen/+( en )a(/i!!a(# +n+.aia 6 cri(/iani(+ H+

c+uni(+8 En ca(+ de re()+nder a !a 5erdad e(/e ra+naien/+# /endr" =ue (er /a0i:ncier/+ e! e(=uea de !a acu!/uración a1ricana8 Per+ (i n+ c+rre()+nde a !a rea!idad 6 (i ca0eia.inar una /ercera )+(i0i!idad K!a /ecni*cación de! 1rica c+n(er5and+ una cu!/uraa1ricana ren+5adaK @=u: 5a!+r /ienen /+d+( !+( )r+nó(/ic+(# !a( di(cu(i+ne( 6 !+( )r+6ec/+(=ue n+ inc!u6en en (u ar.uen/ación e(/a cu!/ura


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De e(/e +d+# !a )re.un/a )+r e! 1u/ur+ de 1rica (e c+n5ier/e en )re.un/a )+r !a e;i(/enciade una cu!/ura a1ricana8

e)!+ de Ja)ón n+( en(e*a =ue un )ue0!+ )uede a)r+)iar(e !a /:cnica +derna 6 1+ra(+derna( de +r.aniación (in renunciar a (u cu!/ura /radici+na!# e( decir# =ue !+ +dern+ (e)uede in/e.rar a una cu!/ura n+ eur+)ea (in de(/ruir!a8 @P+dr4a e1ec/uar(e a!.+ )arecid+ en 1rica

Se +0>e/ar" =ue n+ e( )+(i0!e c+)arar a! Ja)ón c+n 1rica )+r 2a!!ar(e (u( cu!/ura( en d+(ni5e!e( di(/in/+(8 Se.n Ja()er(# !a 2i(/+ria )re(en/a d+( .rande( i)u!(+( /ra( un )eri+d+4/ic+# =ue c+)rende !a )re2i(/+ria 6 !a 2i(/+ria de !a( )riera( a!/a( cu!/ura(# (e inició e!)en(aien/+ re1!e;i5+ duran/e e! )eri+d+ e>e$ en/re ' a8 c8 6 "nd+(e !!e5ar )+r (u 1uera de a/racción8 E! (e.und+ i)u!(+ e(/"re)re(en/ad+ )+r !a era cien/41ic+-/ecn+!ó.ica =ue a (u 5e !+ 2a!a /+d+ en (u re(aca 6 /ran(1+ra a /+da !a 2uanidad8 E! Ja)ón# a! i.ua! =ue Eur+)a# e;)erien/ó 6a e! )rieri)u!(+# )+r !+ =ue e( un )a4( de a!/a cu!/ura# ien/ra( =ue 1rica e( arrancada a)ena( ennue(/r+( d4a( de (u carencia de 2i(/+ria8 Fa!/an a24 /+d+( !+( ra(.+( de !a a!/a cu!/ura# e!C+n/inen/e e(/" 2a0i/ad+ )+r )ue0!+( )rii/i5+( =ue (ó!+ )ueden e!e.ir en/re !a e;/inción +@888 La /e(i( de Ja()er( n+ c+ncede a !+( )ue0!+( )rii/i5+( ni (i=uiera una ada)/ación8 SiM:;ic+ 6 e! Per# a!/a( cu!/ura( =ue n+ 2a04an en/rad+ en c+n/ac/+ c+n e! )rier i)u!(+# c+ne! )eri+d+ e>e# n+ )udier+n (+)+r/ar e! encuen/r+ c+n Eur+)a Kde(a)arecier+n an/e !aera )re(encia de !a cu!/ura +cciden/a! =ue (e re+n/a0a a! )eri+d+ e>e ación a /ra5:( de!c+erci+ de e(c!a5+( 6 de !a e(c!a5i/ud# !+( a1rican+( n+ (e rindier+n a !a a)a/4a de !a uer/e#ni )arecen e(/ar di()ue(/+( a (er5ir de a/eria! a !a ci5i!iación /ecn+!ó.ica uni5er(a!8

La ac/ua! c+rrien/e de !i/era/ura (+0re 1rica ana )reci(aen/e )+r !a in/ran=ui!iad+racircun(/ancia de =ue !+( a1rican+( (e c+)+r/an de anera di(/in/a a c++ !+ 2a04an)r+n+(/icad+ /+d+( a=ue!!+( )!anead+re(# )r+6ec/ad+re( 6 5a/icinad+re( =ue di()+nen

au/+"/icaen/e de !+( a1rican+(8 A(4# e! !ec/+r c+rre de un an"!i(i( a! +/r+ )+r=ue (ien/e dea!.n +d+ =ue !+( a1rican+( /a0i:n /+an )ar/e en e! >ue.+G =uiere (a0er =u: e( !+ =ue !+(a1rican+( rea!en/e (ien/en 6 có+ )ien(an# )er+ !+( au/+re( "( in/e!i.en/e( !+ a0and+nanc+n un (i.n+ de in/err+.ación8

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@E( errónea !a /e(i( de Ja()er( @O aca(+ !+( a1rican+( n+ (+n un )ue0!+ )rii/i5+ @O (+nca)ace( !+( a1rican+( de e1ec/uar (iu!/"neaen/e !a raci+na!iación de (u e;i(/encia)re2i(/órica He! )eri+d+ e>e y !a in/e.ración de !a ci5i!iación +cciden/a! en !a cu!/ura creada)+r !a raci+na!iación

P+r !+ /an/+# !a cue(/ión de )+r =u: 1rica# en e! )a(ad+ 6 en e! )re(en/e# (e c+)+r/ó 6 (ec+)+r/a de anera di(/in/a =ue M:;ic+ + P+!ine(ia a! c2+car c+n !a cu!/ura +cciden/a!de(e0+ca nue5aen/e en !a )re.un/a )+r !a e;i(/encia 6 !a na/ura!ea de una cu!/uraa1ricana8

8 Skokian. HTe+r4a de !a /ran(1+ración cu!/ura! de Ma!in+(i8

Ma!in+(i c+n(idera !a cu!/ura n+ c++ a!.+ e(/"/ic+ (in+ c++ a!.+ =ue ca0iac+n/inuaen/e8 E! (enci!!+ e(=uea de !a /ran(1+ración rec/i!4nea de 1rica e( en (uc+nce)/+ dea(iad+ (i)!e8 Se.n :!# !a /ran(ición )r+duce 1+ra( e(/ia( (ó!+ en !a(u)er1icie# )er+ en rea!idad (+n nue5a( 1+ra( =ue n+ 1uer+n /+ada( de !a /radicióneur+)ea ni de !a a1ricana8 Pre(en/a c++ e>e)!+ e! skokian, un c+c/e! de a!c+2+! e/4!ic+#car0ur+ de ca!ci+# e!aa# /a0ac+# e/c8# =ue (e in.iere en !+( 0arri+( 0a>+( de J+2anne(0ur.e(/a 0e0ida n+ (e 2a /+ad+ nunca an/e( en Eur+)a ni en 1rica8 E! skokian e( a!.+ nue5+#re/+*+ !e.4/i+ de !+( 0arri+( 0a>+( a1rican+( 6 )rinci)i+( +ra!e( eur+)e+(8 En c+nce)/+ deMa!in+(i# !a an/i)a/4a )uri/ana de !+( 0+er( 2acia !a in+1en(i5a cer5ea a1ricana 6 e! c+n/r+!)+!icia! =ue )r+2i0ió (u in.e(/ión +0!i.ar+n a !+( 2a0i/an/e( a1rican+( a in5en/ar una 0e0ida=ue )udiera )r+ducir(e 6 a!acenar(e en can/idade( )e=ue*a(# =ue (e 1eren/ara en )+ca(2+ra(# =ue )udiera e(c+nder(e c+n 1aci!idad 6 =ue )r+du>era r")idaen/e e! e1ec/+ a!c+2ó!ic+de(ead+Q8 De anera )arecida# /+d+( !+( +0>e/+(# 2ec2+(# 1+ra( de 5ida# e/c8# nue5+( en 1rica (+n re(u!/ad+ de !a )re(ión eur+)ea 6 de !a re(i(/encia a1ricana8 Ta0i:n e!naci+na!i(+ a1rican+# =ue arrai.a en !a )r+)ia cu!/ura a1ricana )r+)+rci+n"nd+!e una nue5a

5ida# e( (e.n Ma!in+(i un er+ (+ian e! a1rican+# a1ira e(/e au/+r# e( (educid+ )+r!a( /en/aci+ne( de !a ci5i!iación +cciden/a!# ad+)/a nue5a( 1+ra( de 5ida# 6 (u e/a e(c+n5er/ir(e# (i n+ en eur+)e+# a! en+( en a+ + a+ )arcia! de /+d+( !+( in5en/+(#)+(e(i+ne( e in1!uencia( =ue a (u( +>+( c+n1+ran !a (u)eri+ridad de !+( eur+)e+( &8 Siade"( 2a /enid+ e! )ri5i!e.i+ de 5i(i/ar una uni5er(idad eur+)ea + n+r/eaericana# /endr"=ue de(cu0rir a !a !ar.a =ue (e !e nie.an !+( derec2+( 6 5a!+re( en a(un/+( !e.a!e(#ec+nóic+(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ic+( =ue /ienen !+( +cciden/a!e(8 c++ a !+( a1rican+( (e !e(i)ide )ar/ici)ar en 0uena )ar/e en !+( idea!e(# in/ere(e( 6 5en/a>a( de una c+!a0+ración#recurr4an na/ura!en/e a (u( )r+)i+( (i(/ea( de creencia(# 5a!+ra/i5+( 6 a1ec/i5+(8 Cuan/+"( inde)endien/e# )er()ica 6 (en(i0!e e( e! a1rican+# /an/+ "( 5i+!en/a (er" (u reacción8L+( an/i.u+( e!een/+( cu!/ura!e(# c++ )+r e>e)!+ !a c+n(ideración ri/ua! de! .anad+# de !a

(ica# de !a( dana( 6 !a( di5er(i+ne(# (e rea5i5an c+n un nue5+ 6 ca(i e/n+.r"1ic+ in/er:()+r !a 2i(/+ria racia!# )+r e! derec2+ c+n(ue/udinari+ 6 )+r !a( creaci+ne( ar/4(/ica( 6 e()iri/ua!e( de !a )r+)ia raa8 E(/e naci+na!i(+ a!(an+ e;/rae /+d+ (u 5i.+r de !+(i)+nen/e( re(/+( de !a 5ie>a /radición,8

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La /e+r4a 1unci+na!i(/a de !a /ran(1+ración cu!/ura!# /a! c++ !a c+nci0e Ma!in+(i# 6 =ue a1in de cuen/a( /iene )+r e/a# c++ !a a6+r4a de !a( /e+r4a( (+0re 1rica# a(e.urar und+ini+ e(/a0!e 6 e1ica de una in+r4a 9 Ke( decir# de una in+r4a eur+)eaK# c+n(idera=ue !a nue5a 5ida in1undida a !a( /radici+ne( a1ricana( n+ e( "( =ue un naci+na!i(+a!(an+# un )r+duc/+ de !a e!u(ión )(ic+!ó.ica de !a )re(ión eur+)ea# una 1+ración dei/+( en !+( /ie)+( c+n/e)+r"ne+(# un e(/u)e1acien/e# en una )a!a0ra (+ian8 Per+ @6 (i (e /ra/ara de a=ue! )r+ce(+ de /+a de c+nciencia a! =ue Ja()er( a/ri0u6e /an/+ )+der @Sie(/a ren+5ación# e(/a raci+na!iación de !a /radición# 1ue(e e! )eri+d+ e>e a1rican+# =ue)eri/iera a !+( a1rican+( (+0re5i5ir 6 (in e0ar.+ e(ca)ar de !a a/eria!iación =ue !e(re(er5an Ja()er( 6 Ma!in+(i

ui" a=ue! naci+na!i(+ =ue !+( (e*+re( eur+)e+( c+n(ideran /an a!(an+ n+ !+ (ea /an/+)ara !+( a1rican+(# e()ecia!en/e (i (e /iene a !a 5i(/a =ue 6a 2a c+enad+ a crear E(/ad+(a1rican+( inde)endien/e(8 Se )re.un/an !+( in5e(/i.ad+re( có+ )ien(an !+( a1rican+(# =u:)!ane( /ienen# en =u: creen# a =u: (e de0e =ue !+.ren (+0re5i5ir !a cri(i(# )+r =u: e! )r+ce(+2i(/óric+ n+ (e e1ec/a (e.n e! e(=uea )r+n+(/icad+888# a( n+ (e !e )re(/a a/ención a !are5i5i1icación raci+na! de !a /radición a1ricana edian/e !a intelligentsia a1ricana + (e !e nie.a/+da i)+r/ancia )+r 5er en e!!a "( =ue una dr+.a de e0ria.ue )(ic+!ó.ica (+ian8

La (i/uación )(4=uica de(e)e*a (in duda cier/+ )a)e! c++ +/i5+ de !a re5i5i1icación# )er+n+ )uede (er (u cau(a nica# )ar/icu!aren/e (i rec+rda+( =ue !+( 2+0re( "( cread+re( 6 )r+duc/i5+( de! rea5i5aien/+ n+ (+n a=ue!!+( a =uiene( (e nie-i Id., )8 9# c+n 1aci!idad 6 =ue )r+du>era r")idaen/e e! e1ec/+ a!c+2ó!ic+ de(ead+8 Q De anera )arecida# /+d+( !+(+0>e/+(# 2ec2+(# 1+ra( de 5ida# e/c8# nue5+( en 1rica (+n re(u!/ad+ de !a )re(ión eur+)ea 6 de !a re(i(/encia a1ricana8 Ta0i:n e! naci+na!i(+ a1rican+# =ue arrai.a en !a )r+)ia cu!/uraa1ricana )r+)+rci+n"nd+!e una nue5a 5ida# e( (e.n Ma!in+(i un er+ (+ian e!a1rican+# a1ira e(/e au/+r# e( (educid+ )+r !a( /en/aci+ne( de !a ci5i!iación +cciden/a!#

ad+)/a nue5a( 1+ra( de 5ida# 6 (u e/a e( c+n5er/ir(e# (i n+ en eur+)e+# a! en+( en a+ +a+ )arcia! de /+d+( !+( in5en/+(# )+(e(i+ne( e in1!uencia( =ue a (u( +>+( c+n1+ran !a(u)eri+ridad de !+( eur+)e+(8& Si ade"( 2a /enid+ e! )ri5i!e.i+ de 5i(i/ar una uni5er(idadeur+)ea + n+r/eaericana# /endr" =ue de(cu0rir a !a !ar.a =ue (e !e nie.an !+( derec2+( 6 5a!+re( en a(un/+( !e.a!e(# ec+nóic+(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ic+( =ue /ienen !+( +cciden/a!e(8 c++ a !+( a1rican+( (e !e( i)ide )ar/ici)ar en 0uena )ar/e en !+( idea!e(# in/ere(e( 6 5en/a>a( de una c+!a0+ración# recurr4an na/ura!en/e a (u( )r+)i+( (i(/ea( de creencia(# 5a!+ra-/i5+( 6 a1ec/i5+(8 Cuan/+ "( inde)endien/e# )er()ica 6 (en(i0!e e( e! a1rican+# /an/+"( 5i+!en/a (er" (u reacción8 L+( an/i.u+( e!een/+( cu!/ura!e(# c++ )+r e>e)!+ !ac+n(ideración ri/ua! de! .anad+# de !a (ica# de !a( dana( 6 !a( di5er(i+ne(# (e rea5i5an c+nun nue5+ 6 ca(i e/n+.r"1ic+ in/er:( )+r !a 2i(/+ria racia!# )+r e! derec2+ c+n(ue/udinari+ 6 )+r

!a( creaci+ne( ar/4(/ica( 6 e()iri/ua!e( de !a )r+)ia raa8 E(/e naci+na!i(+ a!(an+ e;/rae/+d+ (u 5i.+r de !+( i)+nen/e( re(/+( de !a 5ie>a /radición8,

La /e+r4a 1unci+na!i(/a de !a /ran(1+ración cu!/ura!# /a! c++ !a c+nci0e Ma!in+(i# 6 =ue a1in de cuen/a( /iene )+r e/a# c++ !a a6+r4a de !a( /e+r4a( (+0re 1rica# a(e.urar und+ini+ e(/a0!e 6 e1ica de una in+r4a 9 Ke( decir# de una in+r4a eur+)eaK# c+n(idera

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=ue !a nue5a 5ida in1undida a !a( /radici+ne( a1ricana( n+ e( "( =ue un naci+na!i(+a!(an+# un )r+duc/+ de !a e!u(ión )(ic+!ó.ica de !a )re(ión eur+)ea# una 1+ración dei/+( en !+( /ie)+( c+n/e)+r"ne+(# un e(/u)e1acien/e# en una )a!a0ra (+ian8 Per+ @6 (i (e /ra/ara de a=ue! )r+ce(+ de /+a de c+nciencia a! =ue Ja()er( a/ri0u6e /an/+ )+der @Sie(/a ren+5ación# e(/a raci+na!iación de !a /radición# 1ue(e e! )eri+d+ e>e a1rican+# =ue)eri/iera a !+( a1rican+( (+0re5i5ir 6 (in e0ar.+ e(ca)ar de !a a/eria!iación =ue !e(re(er5an Ja()er( 6 Ma!in+(i

ui" a=ue! naci+na!i(+ =ue !+( (e*+re( eur+)e+( c+n(ideran /an a!(an+ n+ !+ (ea /an/+)ara !+( a1rican+(# e()ecia!en/e (i (e /iene a !a 5i(/a =ue 6a 2a c+enad+ a crear E(/ad+(a1rican+( inde)endien/e(8 Se )re.un/an !+( in5e(/i.ad+re( có+ )ien(an !+( a1rican+(# =u:)!ane( /ienen# en =u: creen# a =u: (e de0e =ue !+.ren (+0re5i5ir !a cri(i(# )+r =u: e! )r+ce(+2i(/óric+ n+ (e e1ec/a (e.n e! e(=uea )r+n+(/icad+888# a( n+ (e !e )re(/a a/ención a !are5i5i1icación raci+na! de !a /radición a1ricana edian/e !a intelligentsia a1ricana + (e !e nie.a/+da i)+r/ancia )+r 5er en e!!a "( =ue una dr+.a de e0ria.ue )(ic+!ó.ica (+ian8

La (i/uación )(4=uica de(e)e*a (in duda cier/+ )a)e! c++ +/i5+ de !a re5i5i1icación# )er+n+ )uede (er (u cau(a nica# )ar/icu!aren/e (i rec+rda+( =ue !+( 2+0re( "( cread+re( 6 )r+duc/i5+( de! rea5i5aien/+ n+ (+n a=ue!!+( a =uiene( (e nie

-i Id., )8 9# de !a /radición =ue 2a!!an (u c+n/inuación en !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana# ien/ra(=ue !+( +/r+( (+n de>ad+( de !ad+8 Se )r+duce a(4 una ia.en e=ui5+cada de! )a(ad+ K(e+0>e/ar"KG en !u.ar de una ia.en +0>e/i5a de !a 2i(/+ria (e crea un i/+8 Per+ e(/+ +currec+n /+da 2i(/+ria8 Cada :)+ca /iene una ia.en de1inida 6 )ecu!iar de /+d+( !+( )a(ad+(

=ue !e (+n acce(i0!e( a (u c+nciencia# e(cri0e Frie-de!!8 La !e6enda n+ e( una de !a( 1+ra(#(in+ !a nica 1+ra en =ue )+de+( )en(ar# ia.inar 6 re5i5ir !a 2i(/+ria8 T+da 2i(/+ria e(!e6enda# i/+# 6 en cuan/+ /a! e( e! )r+duc/+ de !a (i/uación +en/"nea de nue(/ra()+/encia( e()iri/ua!e( de nue(/ra ca)acidad de c+)ren(ión# de nue(/ra ca)acidad dee(/ruc/uración# de nue(/r+ (en/iien/+ uni5er(a!8 ' E! 1rica re)re(en/ada )+r !+( e/nó!+.+(e( una !e6enda en !a =ue (e cre4a8 La /radición a1ricana =ue (e ue(/ra a !a !u de !a cu!/urane+a1ricana =ui" /a0i:n e( una !e6enda# )er+ e( una !e6enda en !a =ue cree !a intelligentsiaa1ricana8 e( (u )er1ec/+ derec2+ dec!arar c++ !+( au/:n/ic+(# >u(/+( 6 5erdader+(e!een/+( de (u )a(ad+ a=ue!!+( =ue c+n(idera c++ /a!e(8 Si a un cri(/ian+ (e !e )re.un/a)+r !a e(encia de! cri(/iani(+# rei/ir" a! en(a>e e5an.:!ic+ de! a+r a! )ró>i+ 6 n+ a !aIn=ui(ición8

La idea de có+ !a /radición a)arece a !a !u de !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana e(# (in e0ar.+# (i n+!a +0>e/i5a# en /+d+ ca(+ !a nica 5erdadera# )+r (er e!!a !a =ue a )ar/ir de a2+rac+de/erinar" e! 1u/ur+ de 1rica8 Duran/e 5ari+( (i.!+(# e! 1rica 2a /enid+ =ue (u1rir 0a>+ !aia.en =ue Eur+)a (e 2a04a 2ec2+ de! )a(ad+ a1rican+8 Duran/e /+d+ e(e /ie)+# !a ideaeur+)ea era 5erdadera# e( decir# e1ica8 Per+ e! )re(en/e 6 e! 1u/ur+ (+n de/erinad+( )+r' Friede!!# /8 I# )8 $8 $,,


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a=ue!!a idea =ue !a intelligentsia a1ricana (e crea acerca de! )a(ad+ a1rican+8De e(/a anera# !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana (e )re(en/a c++ una c+n/inuidad# c++ una !e.4/ia(uce-(+ra de !a /radición8 Só!+ d+nde e! 2+0re (e (ien/e c++ 2ereder+ 6 (uce(+r )+(ee !a1uera )ara un nue5+ c+ien+8

&8 Muntu. HLa )re.un/a )+r e! 2+0re8

Muntu, /4/u!+ de !a +0ra# e( una )a!a0ra 0an/ =ue (e (ue!e /raducir c++ 2+0re8 Sine0ar.+# e! c+nce)/+ muntu n+ e( id:n/ic+ a! de 2+0re + (er 2uan+8 Muntu a0arca a !+( 5i5+( 6 a !+( uer/+(# a !+( )r+.eni/+re( 6 a !+( an/e)a(ad+( di5iniad+(# + (ea a !+( di+(e(8 Launidad =ue e;)re(a e! c+nce)/+ .en:ric+ de muntu c+n(/i/u6e una de !a( carac/er4(/ica( de !acu!/ura a1ricana# 6 e( )+(i0!e deri5ar de e!!a +/r+( uc2+( ra(.+( )ecu!iare(8 Per+ (e*a!a a!i(+ /ie)+ =ue /+da( !a( di1erencia( encuen/ran (u den+inad+r c+n en !a na/ura!eade! 2+0re8 En e! cur(+ de !a e;)+(ición (e rea!ar"n !a( di(/inci+ne(# (e re5e!ar"n !+(c+n/ra(/e(# edi+( /+d+( e!!+( =ue re(u!/an nece(ari+( )ara e(c!arecer !a( )ar/icu!aridade( deuna cu!/ura8 Si a! !ec/+r !e )arece de()u:( =ue !a( )ar/icu!aridade( n+ (+n /an e;/ra+rdinaria(#=ue uc2+ de !+ =ue carac/eria !a cu!/ura a1ricana (e )re(en/a i.ua!en/e en +/ra( cu!/ura(#e()era+( =ue e! /4/u!+ Muntu !e recuerde =ue en e! "0i/+ de !a( cu!/ura( 2uana( n+ ca0ee()erar nada e;/ra-2uan+8 Si e! !ec/+r /iende en un+ u +/r+ )a(a>e a +0>e/ar =ue e! có+=ue de(/aca+( )ara !a cu!/ura a1ricana de(e)e*a un )a)e! /a0i:n en +/ra( cu!/ura(# =uee! (en/id+ de !a e;i(/encia (e acen/a i.ua!en/e en !a cu!/ura eur+)ea# =ue !a )a!a0ra )+(eeuna ";ia (i.ni1icación /a0i:n en +/ra( cu!/ura( Ken e()ecia! en !a( cu!/ura( a.ra1a(K#=ue e! ri/+ /iene (u 1unción en /+d+( !+( )ue0!+(# =ue en !a Edad Media cri(/iana !a ia.en2a (id+ a(ii(+ (40+!+# ide+.raa 6 a!e.+r4a# =ue /+d+ !+ /an acen/uadaen/e a1rican+ n+e( en c+n(ecuencia /an +ri.ina!# )edi+( =ue e(e !ec/+r recuerde =ue /+da( !a( cu!/ura(2uana( (e a(ee>an una a !a +/ra 2a(/a cier/+ .rad+ 6 =ue !a( di1eren/e( cu!/ura((i)!een/e 5a!+rian de anera di(/in/a !+( e!een/+( c+une(# =ue una )+ne e! :n1a(i(a=u4 6 +/ra a!!"# 6 =ue !a di1erencia en/re !a( cu!/ura( =ueda de/erinada )+r !a di()+(ición 6

re!ación rec4)r+ca de !+( e!een/+(8 Una cu!/ura 0u(ca i".ene( )riaria( )+r=ue !aia.en 6 !a idea )receden a !a )a!a0raG +/ra 2ace (ur.ir !a ia.en a )ar/ir de !a )a!a0raG enuna cu!/ura# e! ri/+ e( +n+:/ric+# en !a +/ra e( )+!i:/ric+8 Per+ e( !a /+/a!idad de !a(anera( 6 e()ecie(# cada una de !a( cua!e( )uede ani1e(/ar(e /a0i:n en a!.una +/racu!/ura# !a =ue )r+)+rci+na e! .ran có+# e! ne;+ +rdenad+ )+r una de/erinadac+nce)ción 1i!+(ó1ica 6 =ue e( c+n(/i/u/i5+ de !a )ecu!iaridad de una cu!/ura8

Me/a de e(/e !i0r+ e( )reci(aen/e +(/rar =ue !a( di1erencia( cu!/ura!e( radican en unadi()+(ición 6 un :n1a(i( di(/in/+( de a!.+ 1undaen/a!en/e i.ua!# 6 n+ en !a( di1erencia( 0i+!ó.ica( en/re !+( 2+0re(8 La cu!/ura ne+a1ricana deue(/ra en .ran edida =ue !acu!/ura n+ e( 2eredada 0i+!ó.icaen/e# =ue n+ e( )+(i0!e a0and+nar + ad=uirir una cu!/ura#

=ue !a( c+(/u0re( 6 ca)acidade(# !a( idea( 6 !+( >uici+( n+ (+n inna/+(8 L+ =ue (e 2ereda 0i+-!ó.icaen/e e( !a cu!/ura e(/"/ica de !a( a0e>a(G !a cu!/ura 2uana# en ca0i+# )er5i5e en/ren+(+/r+( )+r !a /ran(i(ión de .eneración a .eneración8 La Franen0er.# ))8 Q,& 6 Q,$-$'cu!/ura ne+a1ricana (e n+( ue(/ra c++ un 1enóen+ e()iri/ua!8 E! !ec/+r (e en/erar" en e!cur(+ de !a e;)+(ición =ue !+ i(/eri+(+ de !a cu!/ura a1ricana# c++ (+n !a( )r"c/ica(".ica( de !+( curander+( + !a )+(e(ión en e! cu!/+ 5ud de ai/4# n+ e( en rea!idad /an9


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i(/eri+(+ 6 =ue e( )+(i0!e in/er)re/ar!+ )+r una c+nce)ción de! und+ in/e!i.i0!e )aracua!=uier )er(+naG (i e! !ec/+r e( c+nducid+ a(4 a una c+)ren(ión 2uana 6 n+ a une(/reeciien/+ a.rada0!e )er+ 1a!/+ de in/e!i.encia# e()era+( =ue n+ (e (ien/a de1raudad+#(in+ =ue (e a!e.re a! rec+n+cer en !a c+nduc/a de! )ró>i+ una acción raci+na!8

,8 E! a1rican+ au/:n/ic+

Cuand+ 2a0!a+( a=u4 de 1rica# n+( re1eri+( a! 1rica =ue (e encuen/ra a! (ur de! de(ier/+de Sa2ara# a! 1rica ne.ra# 6 !+( 2a0i/an/e( de e(/a re.ión (+n !+( =ue !!aa+( a1rican+(#inc!u6end+ a !a .en/e de !a (e!5a /an/+ c++ a !+( in/e!ec/ua!e(8 En e! cur(+ de !a 2i(/+riaeur+)ea (e 2a de(i.nad+ a !+( a1rican+( c++ )a.an+(# (a!5a>e( + )rii/i5+(# ien/ra(=ue +/ra( 5ece( (e !+( 2a idea!iad+ c++ 2+0re( )ur+( 6 +ri.ina!e(8 E(/e 5+ca0u!ari+deri5ó de de/erinad+( )re>uici+(# =ue a (u 5e 2a!!a0an c+n1iración en e(/e i(+ 5+ca- 0u!ari+# de anera =ue cada a1iración )arec4a e(/ar en !+ >u(/+8 Pue( =uien e()era 5er en(u( c+n.:nere( a neci+(# /+n/+( + dia0!+( enc+n/rar" (u1icien/e( )rue0a( =ue c+n1iren (u()re>uici+(8 uien e(/: c+n5encid+ de =ue e! +/r+ n+ )uede can/ar# n+ /iene "( =ue de(i.nar(u can/+ c++ .ranid+ + au!!id+ )ara c+n(iderar =ue /iene !a raón8 Só!+ 2ace 1a!/a a)!icarun de/erinad+ 5+ca0u!ari+ )ara /ran(1+rar (in di1icu!/ad a !+( di+(e( en 4d+!+(# !+( r+(/r+($%en ueca(# !a( i".ene( 5+/i5a( en 1e/ic2e(# !a( di(cu(i+ne( en )ar!+/e+(# 6 (+e/er acier/+( )re>uici+( /+da c+(a 6 circun(/ancia +0>e/i5a(8 A e(/+ (e de0e =ue en nue(/r+ !i0r+ n+2a0!e+( de (a!5a>e(# )rii/i5+(# )a.an+(+ ne.r+(# (in+ de a1rican+( 6 a1r+aerican+(# =ue n+ (+n "n.e!e( ni dia0!+(# (in+ .en/e en/re !a =ue# c++ en /+da( )ar/e(#2a6 0uen+( 6 a!+(# /+n/+( 6 (a.ace(# .eni+( 6 0ru/+(# 2+0re( 2+nrad+( 6 e(/a1ad+re(8 Per+#en 5i(/a de =ue (e /ra/a a=u4 de 2a0!ar de cu!/ura# ci/are+( )rinci)a!en/e )er(+na( de unde/erinad+ ni5e! e()iri/ua!8

E(/+ )arece (er c+(a 0ien na/ura!8 Ma( !+( re!uicios 2an cread+ una (erie de /i)+( +de!+ en!a c+nciencia de! )0!ic+8 Só!+ un 2+0re de re1inada cu!/ura# un 2uani(/a a0ier/+ a!

und+# de a)!i+( c+n+ciien/+( 6 )r+.re(i(/a e( c+n(iderad+ c++ e>e)!ar eur+)e+au/:n/ic+8 En ca0i+# e! a1rican+ au/:n/ic+ 5i5e en !a (e!5a# /a!!a e(cu!/ura( )rii/i5a(#n+ (a0e !eer ni e(cri0ir# anda de(nud+# 5i5e (in )re+cu)aci+ne( 6 a!e.re d4a /ra( d4a 6 narracuen/+( acerca de! c+c+dri!+ 6 e! e!e1an/e8 Cuan/+ "( )rii/i5+# /an/+ "( au/:n/ic+8 Per+un a1rican+ =ue# a0ier/+ a! und+# de a)!i+( c+n+ciien/+( 6 cu!/ura re1inad4(ia# )re(idec+n.re(+(# )r+nuncia di(cur(+( )+!4/ic+( + e(cri0e n+5e!a( n+ cuen/a c++ a1rican+au/:n/ic+8N+ de(ea+( edir a=u4 c+n d+( edida(# (in+ c+nceder =ue /a0i:n en Eur+)a una .rancan/idad de )er(+na( (e de>an .uiar )+r idea( c+!ec/i5a( 6 =ue (+n inca)ace( de )en(ar c+n!ó.ica8 En 1rica n+ +curre de +/ra anera8 Per+ =uien de(ee c+n+cer !a cu!/ura eur+)ea# !ae(/udia en !a( +0ra( de (u( au/+re( 6 ar/i(/a(8 c++ a=u4 =uere+( c+n+cer e! e()4ri/u

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n+ e era )+(i0!e8 a n+ )+d4a8 Pue( 6+ (a04a =ue e;i(/4an !e6enda(# 2i(/+ria(# =ue 2a6 2i(-/+ria e 2i(/+ricidad# /a! c++ n+( !+ en(e*a Ja()er(8 E! e(=uea de !a e;)eriencia 14(ican+ra! (e di(+!5ió 6 cedió (u !u.ar a una e;)eriencia =ue e(/a0a !i.ada a! c+!+r de !ae)ideri(8 En e! 1err+carri! 6a n+ e;)erien/a0a 4 cuer)+# )+r a(4 decir# en /ercera )er(+na#(in+ en )er(+na /ri)!e# )ue( en !u.ar de un a(ien/+ e 2a04an de>ad+ /re(8 De re)en/e era 6+re()+n(a0!e de i cuer)+# re()+n(a0!e de i raa# de i( an/e)a(ad+(8 Me +0(er5: a 4i(+ +0>e/i5aen/e# de(cu0r4 i ne.rura# i( ra(.+( e/n+!ó.ic+(8 c+)rend4 /+d+ !+ =uec+n e!!+ (e e re)r+c2a0a a/ra(+ e()iri/ua!# 1e/ic2i(+# e(c!a5i/ud# cani0a!i(+8 uer4a (erun 2+0re# nada "( =ue un 2+0re8 Nada e une a i( )r+.eni/+re( e(c!a5iad+( 6 a2+rcad+(8 Per+ e(/a0a 6+ di()ue(/+ a re()+nder de e!!+(8 En un ni5e! in/e!ec/ua! re1!e;i+n:(+0re i( re!aci+ne( c+n e(/e )aren/e(c+8 S+6 nie/+ de e(c!a5+( /a! c++ e! )r+1e(+r Le0run e(nie/+ de ca)e(in+( (ier5+( =ue /u5ier+n =ue 2acer )re(/aci+ne( )er(+na!e( 1+rada(8 Per+@aca(+ !e dicen a! )r+1e(+r Le0run Sa0e(# i e(/iad+# 6+ n+ c+n+c+ !+( )re>uici+( racia!e(888G + Per+ )+r 1a5+r# )a(e u(/ed# (e*+r d+c/+r# =ue en/re n+(+/r+( n+ 2a6 )re>uici+(888G +@C+n =ue e( u(/ed d+c/+r Sie)re dec4a 6+ =ue /a0i:n 2a6 ne.r+( in/e!i.en/e( @u:de04a 6+ 2acer c+ni.+ @Dónde e(c+ndere Mi cuer)+ e(/a0a c++ e;)ue(/+# de(arad+en (u( )ar/e(# e;ainad+ 6 nue5aen/e unid+8 Me da0a 1r4+ e(/a 1ria!dad de !a( a!a(8 E!und+ 0!anc+# e! nic+ und+ 2+n+ra0!e# e ne.a0a /+da )ar/ici)ación8 De un (er 2uan+(e e;i.e =ue (e c+)+r/e c++ (er 2uan+8 Per+ de 4 (e )ed4a =ue e c+ndu>era c++ un2+0re de )ie! +(cura# c++ un ne.r+8 @P+r =u: Si 0ien /en4a 6+ /+da !a raón )ara +diar!+( 6 de()reciar!+(# eran ellos !+( =ue e rec2aa0an8 Si a!.uien e aa0a# dec4a =ue e aa0aa )e(ar de i c+!+r8 Si a!.uien e +dia# dice =ue de nin.nE;/en(ión de !a cu!/ura re(/a1ricana 6 cen/r+( de cu!/ura ne+a1ricana

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a04a 6+ raci+na!iad+ e! und+ circundan/e# )er+ e rec2aa0a c+n )re>uici+( irraci+na!e(8C++ (+0re !a 0a(e de !a raón n+ 2a04a c+unicación )+(i0!e# e ec2: 6+ i(+ en 0ra+(de !+ irraci+na!8 Me 2ice irraci+na! 2a(/a !+( c+d+(8 E! tam'tam 0a/4a i en(a>e có(ic+8 A0r4 !a( 5ena( de! und+ 6 e de>: 1er/i !iar )+r e!!a(8 N+ enc+n/r: i )r+cedencia# (in+ el origen.() C+n/rai.+ a/ri+ni+ c+n e! und+8 L+( 0!anc+( >a"( en/endier+n e(/e /rue=ue8 An(ian e! und+ 6 !+ =uieren /ener )ara e!!+( (+!+(8 Se c+n(ideran )rede(/inad+( )arad+inar e! und+8 L+ )u(ier+n a (u (er5ici+8 Per+ 2a6 5a!+re( =ue n+ (e (+e/en a (ud+ini+8 Cua! 2ec2icer+ !e r+0+ a! 2+0re 0!anc+ cier/+ und+ =ue :! n+ )uede iden/i1icar8P+r encia de !+( i!óe/r+( cuadrad+( 6 de !+( )!a/anare( eri>+ e! und+ au/:n/ic+ 6 5erdader+8 E! (er 4n/i+ de! und+# (u e(cencia# (e 2i+ 4+8 L+( 0!anc+( /en4an de re)en/e!a i)re(ión de =ue e !e( e(ca)a0a 6 =ue !!e5a0a a!.+ c+ni.+8 Me 5+!/ear+n !+( 0+!(i!!+(#)er+ en e!!+( (ó!+ 2a04a c+(a( c+n+cida(8 + en ca0i+ /en4a a2+ra un (ecre/+# 6 (i e)re.un/a0an# urura0a edi+ )ara i( aden/r+(

T++a!6# / e(cuc2a( !+ inaudi0!e# / e e;)!ica( !+ =ue dicen i( an/e)a(ad+( en !a=uie/ud de !a( c+n(/e!aci+ne(8 E( in1ini/a !a 34a L"c/ea de !+( e()4ri/u( en !a( ce!e(/e( a.ua( 0a>a(# )er+ a24 e(/" !a (a0idur4a de !a di+(a de !a !una 6 !a +(curidad (e =ui/a e! 5e!+# +2 n+c2ea1ricana# i ne.ra n+c2e# 4(/ica 6 c!ara 6 ne.ra 6 !!ena de 0ri!!+8 $, Me c+n5er/4 en )+e/a de!und+8 Se.n e di>+ un ai.+ aerican+# 2a04a !!e.ad+ a (er e! 0a!uar/e de !a 2uanidaden e! und+ ecaniad+ de !+( 0!anc+(8 P+r 1in (e e rec+n+c4a un :ri/+# 6a n+ era unanada8$9 L+( 0!anc+( e da0an .+!)eci/+( en e! 2+0r+# e(/a0an encan/ad+(# )ue( en 42a04an 5ue!/+ a enc+n/rar !+ +ri.ina!# !+ na/ura!# !a in.enuidad8 C+n .ran di!i.encia e arr+>:en e! )a(ad+ ne.r+8 @ =u: enc+n/r: a24 Sc2+e!c2er# Fr+0eniu(# [e(/erann# De!a1+((e#/+d+( e!!+( (a0i+( 0!anc+(# 2a04an re5ue!/+# in5e(/i.ad+ 6 e;ca5ad+ /+d+8 @ =u: 2a04ande(cu0ier/+ ue e! und+ 0!anc+ (e 2a04a e=ui5+cad+# =ue e! 2+0re )rii/i5+ n+ 2a04a

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+ nunca 2e (id+ un )rii/i5+# 6 uc2+ en+( un (ei2+0re8 Era ie0r+ de una raa=ue /ra0a>a0a e! +r+ 6 !a )!a/a de(de 2ace d+( i! a*+(8$' E( decir =ue )+d4a (e*a!ar!e (u(!4i/e( a! 2+0re 0!anc+# )+d4a de+(/rar!e =ue n+ era 6+ una )er(+na =ue 2a04a !!e.ad+dea(iad+ /arde# =ue i 2i(/+ria era /an rica c++ !a (u6a8 Me re.+ci>a0a# (a!/a0a de a!e.r4a8Per+ :! .ru*4a 6 re1un1u*a0a# n+ !e )arec4a 0ien e(/a (i/uación8 @A =u: 5ienen e(/+( an"!i(i(2i(/óric+( a n+ e(/: u(/ed re5+!5iend+ en e! )a(ad+ 6 /ra/e e>+r de ada)/ar(e a nue(/r+ri/+8 En nue(/ra (+ciedad (+0reindu(-/ria!iada 6a n+ 2a6 !u.ar )ara (u (en(i0i!idad8 a6 =ue (er dur+ )ara )+der 5i5ir8 a n+ (e /ra/a de >u.ar e! >ue.+ de! und+# (in+ de (+e/er(e a!+rden de !a in/e.ra! 6 de !+( "/++(8 T+d+ !+ de"( (+n in1an/i!i(+(8 A i irraci+na!idad (e

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E! /ercer ca)4/u!+# Ru0a# ec2a (u( raa( a!reded+r de !a dana 6 (e de(en5ue!5e en Cu0a8Se e;/iende de(de e! cu!/+# )a(and+ )+r !a a(+ciación (ecre/a# 2a(/a !a +derna !4ricaa1r+cu0ana# 6 +1rece de )a(+ una 2i(/+ria de !+( 0ai!e( a1rican+( !!e.ad+( a Eur+)a8En e(/+( d+( e;/en(+( ca)4/u!+(# =ue c++ /+d+( !+( de"( +(ci!an de(de !a /radición 2a(/a!+( /ie)+( +dern+(# (e +1rece una (u1icien/e 5i(ión )an+r"ica# de /a! +d+ =ue )+de+(+(ar 6a e! (a!/+ a! 1rica8

E(/e (a!/+ e( i)re(cindi0!e# )ue( !a 1i!+(+14a =ue e;)+ne+( en e! cuar/+ ca)4/u!+# N/u# e(e! 1undaen/+ de !a cu!/ura a1ricana8 La 1i!+(+14a )re(u)+ne una c+nciencia cr4/ica K(e+0>e/ar"K# una c+nciencia =ue n+ 2a04a e;i(/id+ en e! )a(ad+ a1rican+G en e(/e )a(ad+ (ó!+2u0+ i/+(8 e+( re()+ndid+ 6a a e(/a +0>eción8 En cuan/+ (e )re(en/a !a c+nciencia# !aia.en de! und+ cre4da# )re(en/ida# 5i5ida (e /ran(1+ra en 1i!+(+14a8 T+da( !a( c+(a(/ienen (u 1i!+(+14a Ke(cri0e Friede!!K# 6 an "(# /+da( !a( c+(a( son 1i!+(+14a8 E! 2+0re/iene !a i(ión de 0u(car !a idea =ue (e 2a!!a e(c+ndida en cada 2ec2+# e! )en(aien/+ cu6a(i)!e 1+ra e( e(e 2ec2+8u(/i1icación de e(/a .enera!iación de !+( )rinci)i+( 1i!+(ó1ic+( (e encuen/ra en e! )r+)i+re(u!/ad+8

En 5i(/a de =ue (e /ra/a de una 1i!+(+14a a1ricana 6 n+ de una eur+)ea# e( di14ci! ca)/ar!a enc+nce)/+( eur+)e+(8 Ju(/aen/e !+( c+nce)/+( e(encia!e( (ó!+ )ueden circun(cri0ir(e en una!en.ua eur+)ea acerc"nd+(e )rier+ de un !ad+ 6 !ue.+ de! +/r+# 2a(/a =ue )+r 1in (e !+.rer+dear e! c+nce)/+8 R+.a+(# )ue(# a! !ec/+r =ue n+ (e de/en.a en !a )riera in/er)re/ación#=ue ca(i (ie)re n+ e( "( =ue un 0+(=ue>+8 En e! cur(+ de !a e;)+(ición (e ir"n ac!arand+/+d+( !+( c+nce)/+(8

E(/+( c+nce)/+( (e /+an en cada ca(+ de !a !en.ua en =ue )rier+ 1uer+n ci/ad+(8 A(4#magara e( un c+nce)/+ de! ?eniaruanda# nommo un c+nce)/+ de! idi+a de !+( d+.+ne(8Una 5e e)!ead+ un c+nce)/+# !+ c+n(er5a+( aun=ue a=ue!!+ =ue (i.ni1i=ue (e de(i.ne deuna anera en/eraen/e di(/in/a en +/r+( ca)+(8 C++ !a cu!/ura a1ricana (e )re(en/auni/ariaen/e# da !+ i(+ de cu"! de (u( !en.ua( )r+cede un de/erinad+ c+nce)/+8 Ade"(# !+( c+nce)/+( n+ nece(ariaen/e /ienen =ue )r+ceder de una (+!a !en.ua# )+r !+ =ue)udier+n e!e.ir(e a=ue!!+( =ue e>+r (e .ra0aran en !a e+ria8 ue e! !ec/+r n+ (e2+rr+rice# )ue(# (i a! 2a0!ar de una "(cara 5ara0a u/i!ia+( c+nce)/+( 0an/e( + d+.+ne(8

La 1i!+(+14a +1rece e! 1undaen/+ de !a cu!/ura a1ricana8 Una 5e ac!arad+( (u( )rinci)i+(# (e

a)r+5ec2an )ara in5e(/i.ar e in/er)re/ar !+( de"( ca)+( cu!/ura!e(8 En e! ca)4/u!+ =uin/+#N++# e;)+ne+( e! )+der ".ic+ de !a )a!a0ra8 De e(/e +d+# e(/e ca)4/u!+ a0re !a()uer/a( 2acia !a e(encia de !a edicina 6 !a )+e(4a a1ricana(8 A! i.ua! =ue en !+( ca)4/u!+(an/eri+re(# /a0i:n en :(/e (e e;/iende e! arc+ de(de !a /radición 2a(/a !a +dernidad8 E!!4i/e# + e>+r dic2+# e! e>e en/re a0+( e(/" c+n(/i/uid+ )+r !a c+nciencia# n+ )+r e!/ie)+8 La /radición =ue )er5i5e /+da54a 2+6 inc+n(cien/een/e !a de(i.na+( c++

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re(/a1ricana# 6 !a /radición =ue (i.ue 5i5a en !a c+nciencia + =ue (e re5i5e c+n(cien/een/e!a !!aa+( ne+a1ricana8

E! (e;/+ ca)4/u!+# ?un/u# e;aina e! ar/e a1rican+ Ke(cu!/ura# )in/ura# "(cara(K 6 (e)re(en/a a(4 c++ un an"!i(i( de! e(/i!+ a1rican+8 E! ca)4/u!+ (:)/i+# an/u# +1rece una2i(/+ria de !a !i/era/ura a1ricana8

E! +c/a5+ ca)4/u!+# B!ue(# (e +cu)a de! c+n1!ic/+ cu!/ura!# de! /erren+ !i4/r+1e en/re !acu!/ura +cciden/a! 6 !a a1ricana# (e*a!a !a( c+n(ecuencia( )+!4/ica( 6 ue(/ra !a i)+r/ancia=ue )uede /ener !a cu!/ura a1ricana )ara una 1u/ura cu!/ura uni5er(a!8

De e(/e re(uen ca0e deducir =ue e! !ec/+r n+ )uede e()erar un e(/udi+ e;2au(/i5+# 6a =uecada ca)4/u!+ 0ien )+dr4a +cu)ar un /ra/ad+ 5+!uin+(+ )+r (4 (+!+8 O1rece+( (i)!een/eun+( e(0++( de !a cu!/ura a1ricana# n+ una e;)+(ición =ue )re/enda a.+/ar e! /ea8 De(de!ue.+ 2u0i:ra+( )+did+ a0re5iar !a( ci/a( +0/eniend+ a(4 un e()aci+ a!.+ "( e;/en(+ )arauna e;)+(ición "( de/a!!ada# )er+ n+( )areció nece(ari+ arar de !+( c+n+ciien/+( 0"(ic+(a! !ec/+r .enera!# =uien en e(/e ca)+ (ue!e carecer de e!!+( )+(e6end+ cuand+ uc2+a!.un+( )re>uici+(8

De )+r (4 !a( ci/a( 2an (id+ a0re5iada( en (u a6+r4a# )ara !+ cua!# c+n 5i(/a( a una e>+r!e.i0i!idad# 2e+( e!iinad+ !+( )un/+( (u()en(i5+( =ue (ue!en indicar !a( )a!a0ra( + 1ra(e(ei/ida(8 Per+ c+n e!!+ n+ (e 2a )erdid+ en nin.n ca(+ e! (en/id+# c+(a =ue e! !ec/+r )uedec+)r+0ar c+n e! au;i!i+ de !a( 1uen/e(8

E(/a +0ra e( un c+ien+# e( e! )rier in/en/+ de e(0+ar !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana c++ unacu!/ura inde)endien/e =ue /iene e! i(+ 5a!+r =ue +/ra( cu!/ura(8 E( una cu!/ura =uee(/ruc/ura e! 1u/ur+ de un c+n/inen/e 6 =ue n+ de0er4a de>ar de !ad+ nin.una )er(+na =uede(ee c+n5i5ir )ac41icaen/e c+n e! re(/+ de !a 2uanidad en e(/a Tierra e)e=ue*ecida# 6

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II8 3UD]LA MATERIALIACIÓN DE LOS DIOSESÉ(/e e( e! !ar.+ cain+ a uinea8#8 -acues /oumainI# E! cu!/+ en !+( an/i.u+( re!a/+(01ud2 Pa!a0ra de +(cura( 5+ca!e(# de (+rda( 6 re/u0an/e( c+n(+nan/e(8 01ud2 Mi(/eri+(+ 6 n+c/urn+ (+nar de /a0+re( en !a( /ierra( de ai/4# (+nid+ =ue !!ena de e()an/+ a! /uri(/a 6 =ue !e recuerda una (erie de 2+rr+re( !e4d+( en a!.una )ar/e +ud, id+!a/r4a# 2ec2icer4a# 5i(i+ne( in1erna!e(# i(a ne.ra c+n (acri1ici+( can40a!e(8 1ud, =uin/ae(encia de !ade)ra5ación# de /+d+( !+( 5ici+( 6 2+rr+re(# a=ue!arre de !a( )+/encia( in1eri+re( 6 2ere>4aine;/erina0!e8 @u: 2a6 de /+d+ e(/+a6 =uiene( 2an =uerid+ deri5ar e(/a )a!a0ra de !a dana a!reded+r de! Becerr+ de Or+ 3+eand4or5 re!aci+n"nd+!a c+n !a (ec/a 2er:/ica de !+( 5a!den-(e( 3+audois5, =ue .+a0a 1aa de 0ru>er4a8 T+d+ e! "0i/+ de !a 2ec2icer4a (e !!aa0a en !a Edad Media +audoisie.Per+ e(/a )a!a0ra# e(cri/a de uc2a( anera( di(/in/a( 5aud+u# 5aud+u;# 5+d++# e/c8# e(+ri.inaria de Da2+e6 en e! 1rica Occiden/a!# d+nde (i.ni1ica .eni+# e()4ri/u )r+/ec/+rG en!a !en.ua 1+n (e dice 5+dun 6 en !a ee 5ud8 E! n+0re de! cu!/+# a! i.ua! =ue e! cu!/+i(+# /iene un +ri.en a1rican+ +cciden/a!# )ue( !+( 2ai/ian+( )r+ceden )rinci)a!en/e dea248$ E! )+r=u: 1uer+n )reci(aen/ei er(+5i/( III# ))8 Q< ss, Q!a( idea( re!i.i+(a( de Da2+e6 !a( =ue (e i)u(ier+n en ai/4 (e )uede deducir )+r unin1+re +1icia! de L+ndre( de! a*+ $9'%#( en e! =ue (e dice =ue de! rein+ de Da2+e6 (ee;)+r/a0an cada a*+ de die i! a d+ce i! e(c!a5+(8 L+( in.!e(e( e;)+r/a0an de :(/+( (ó!+(e/ecien/+( a +c2+cien/+(# !+( )+r/u.ue(e( un+( /re( i! 6 !+( 1rance(e( e! re(/+# + (ea de (ei( a+c2+ i! a! a*+# =ue eran !!e5ad+( a !a( An/i!!a( 1rance(a(# )rinci)a!en/e a San/+ D+in.+#n+0re =ue /en4a en/+nce( ai/4# !a "( i)+r/an/e c+!+nia de Francia8La indicación "( an/i.ua (+0re !a )er5i5encia de cu!/+( a1rican+( en ai/4 !a de0e+( a unin1+re 1ranc:( anóni+ en e! =ue (e diceE! 0ai!e =ue en Surina (e !!aa %ater'mama 6 en nue(/ra( c+!+nia( m6e d4agua Hadre de!

a.ua !e( e(/" e(/ric/aen/e )r+2i0id+ a !+( e(c!a5+(8 P+r e(+ !+ 2an c+n5er/id+ en un .ran(ecre/+# 6 !+ nic+ =ue (e (a0e e( =ue enciende uc2+ (u 1uera de ia.inación8 Para !a(c+(a( a!a( (4 (e e(1ueran de(e(uradaen/e8 E! >e1e de! c+)!+/ en/ra en /a! /rance =ue)ierde !a c+nciencia8

M+reau de Sain/-M:r6# i!u(/rad+ e(cri/+r# a0+.ad+ 6 )+!4/ic+ =ue# nacid+ en !a Mar/inica#/ra0a>ó duran/e nue5e a*+( en ai/4 c++ a0+.ad+ an/e( de de(e)e*ar un i)+r/an/e)a)e! en !+( inici+( de !a Re5+!ución 1rance(a# a)r+5ec2ó (u( 2+ra( de +ci+ en e! e;i!i+n+r/eaerican+ K=ue !e 2a04a (id+ i)ue(/+ a c+n(ecuencia de (u de(a5enencia c+n R+- 0e()ierreK )ara de(cri0ir en de/a!!e !a( c+ndici+ne( .e+.r"1ica(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ica( de ai/48Q

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01ud2 Pa!a0ra de +(cura( 5+ca!e(# de (+rda( 6 re/u0an/e( c+n(+nan/e(8 01ud2 Mi(/eri+(+ 6 n+c/urn+ (+nar de /a0+re( en !a( /ierra( de ai/4# (+nid+ =ue !!ena de e()an/+ a! /uri(/a 6 =ue !e recuerda una (erie de 2+rr+re( !e4d+( en a!.una )ar/e +ud, id+!a/r4a# 2ec2icer4a# 5i(i+ne( in1erna!e(# i(a ne.ra c+n (acri1ici+( can40a!e(8 1ud, =uin/ae(encia de !ade)ra5ación# de /+d+( !+( 5ici+( 6 2+rr+re(# a=ue!arre de !a( )+/encia( in1eri+re( 6 2ere>4aine;/erina0!e8 @u: 2a6 de /+d+ e(/+a6 =uiene( 2an =uerid+ deri5ar e(/a )a!a0ra de !a dana a!reded+r de! Becerr+ de Or+ 3+eand4or5 re!aci+n"nd+!a c+n !a (ec/a 2er:/ica de !+( 5a!den-(e( 3+audois5, =ue .+a0a 1aa de 0ru>er4a8 T+d+ e! "0i/+ de !a 2ec2icer4a (e !!aa0a en !a Edad Media +audoisie.Per+ e(/a )a!a0ra# e(cri/a de uc2a( anera( di(/in/a( 5aud+u# 5aud+u;# 5+d++# e/c8# e(+ri.inaria de Da2+e6 en e! 1rica Occiden/a!# d+nde (i.ni1ica .eni+# e()4ri/u )r+/ec/+rG en!a !en.ua 1+n (e dice 5+dun 6 en !a ee 5ud8 E! n+0re de! cu!/+# a! i.ua! =ue e! cu!/+i(+# /iene un +ri.en a1rican+ +cciden/a!# )ue( !+( 2ai/ian+( )r+ceden )rinci)a!en/e dea248$ E! )+r=u: 1uer+n )reci(aen/ei er(+5i/( III# ))8 Q< ss, Q!a( idea( re!i.i+(a( de Da2+e6 !a( =ue (e i)u(ier+n en ai/4 (e )uede deducir )+r unin1+re +1icia! de L+ndre( de! a*+ $9'%#( en e! =ue (e dice =ue de! rein+ de Da2+e6 (ee;)+r/a0an cada a*+ de die i! a d+ce i! e(c!a5+(8 L+( in.!e(e( e;)+r/a0an de :(/+( (ó!+(e/ecien/+( a +c2+cien/+(# !+( )+r/u.ue(e( un+( /re( i! 6 !+( 1rance(e( e! re(/+# + (ea de (ei( a+c2+ i! a! a*+# =ue eran !!e5ad+( a !a( An/i!!a( 1rance(a(# )rinci)a!en/e a San/+ D+in.+#n+0re =ue /en4a en/+nce( ai/4# !a "( i)+r/an/e c+!+nia de Francia8La indicación "( an/i.ua (+0re !a )er5i5encia de cu!/+( a1rican+( en ai/4 !a de0e+( a unin1+re 1ranc:( anóni+ en e! =ue (e diceE! 0ai!e =ue en Surina (e !!aa %ater'mama 6 en nue(/ra( c+!+nia( m6e d4agua Hadre de!a.ua !e( e(/" e(/ric/aen/e )r+2i0id+ a !+( e(c!a5+(8 P+r e(+ !+ 2an c+n5er/id+ en un .ran(ecre/+# 6 !+ nic+ =ue (e (a0e e( =ue enciende uc2+ (u 1uera de ia.inación8 Para !a(c+(a( a!a( (4 (e e(1ueran de(e(uradaen/e8 E! >e1e de! c+)!+/ en/ra en /a! /rance =ue)ierde !a c+nciencia8

M+reau de Sain/-M:r6# i!u(/rad+ e(cri/+r# a0+.ad+ 6 )+!4/ic+ =ue# nacid+ en !a Mar/inica#/ra0a>ó duran/e nue5e a*+( en ai/4 c++ a0+.ad+ an/e( de de(e)e*ar un i)+r/an/e)a)e! en !+( inici+( de !a Re5+!ución 1rance(a# a)r+5ec2ó (u( 2+ra( de +ci+ en e! e;i!i+n+r/eaerican+ K=ue !e 2a04a (id+ i)ue(/+ a c+n(ecuencia de (u de(a5enencia c+n R+- 0e()ierreK )ara de(cri0ir en de/a!!e !a( c+ndici+ne( .e+.r"1ica(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ica( de ai/48Q

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Re()ec/+ a !a )r+nunciación# !a( 5+ca!e( c++ en e()a*+!# !a( c+n(+nan/e( c++ en in.!:(#!a é 6 !a : c++ en 1ranc:(8 E! (i.n+ K_ (i.ni1ica na(a!iación8&Q 3udu Le.0a# a0re !a 0arrera )ara 48 Cuand+ 5ue!5a dar: .racia( a !+( !+a(8 A0+0+YMien/ra( (e dice e(/+# la'tace c+rre re)e/ida( 5ece( 2acia !a )uer/a de! )eri(/i!+ 6 !a a0re(i0ó!icaen/e 2a(/a =ue 5iene Le.0a 6 +n/a a un danan/e8 En e(e ca(+# Le.0a e( unancian+ c+>+ c+n u!e/a8 Una 5e =ue e(/" :! )re(en/e )ueden 5enir /a0i:n !+( de"(8 8am9a>ah HDa0a!a# Da0a!!a2-Ouedd+# A/c2a(-(+u-an.ódó e( e! toa de !a 1er/i!idad8 3i5e a +ri!!a( de !+( anan/ia!e( 6 en !+( )an/an+(8 Su (40+!+ e( !a (er)ien/e# 6 !a )er(+na a=uien +n/a ue5e !a !en.ua a anera de !a( (er)ien/e(# (e arra(/ra (er)en/eand+ )+r e!(ue!+# e(ca!a !+( )+(/e( 6 (e cue!.a# c+n !a ca0ea 2acia a0a>+# de !a( 5i.a( de! /ec2+8 E!n+0re e(/" c+)ue(/+ de Dan + Dan.0e# e! cu!/+ de !a (er)ien/e ce!e(/e# + (ea de! arc+iri(# 6 de A!iada# n+0re de un rein+ en e! (ur de Da2+e6 de! cua! )r+5en4a !a dina(/4a de!+( A0+e6# 1undad+ra de! .ran rein+ Da2+e68 La )a!a0ra Da2+e6 i(a (i.ni1ica en e!cuer)+ de Dan HDan 2+ e68ada e( 5i.i!ada )+r e! Le.0a8


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Re()ec/+ a !a )r+nunciación# !a( 5+ca!e( c++ en e()a*+!# !a( c+n(+nan/e( c++ en in.!:(#!a é 6 !a : c++ en 1ranc:(8 E! (i.n+ K_ (i.ni1ica na(a!iación8&Q 3udu Le.0a# a0re !a 0arrera )ara 48 Cuand+ 5ue!5a dar: .racia( a !+( !+a(8 A0+0+YMien/ra( (e dice e(/+# la'tace c+rre re)e/ida( 5ece( 2acia !a )uer/a de! )eri(/i!+ 6 !a a0re(i0ó!icaen/e 2a(/a =ue 5iene Le.0a 6 +n/a a un danan/e8 En e(e ca(+# Le.0a e( unancian+ c+>+ c+n u!e/a8 Una 5e =ue e(/" :! )re(en/e )ueden 5enir /a0i:n !+( de"(8 8am9a>ah HDa0a!a# Da0a!!a2-Ouedd+# A/c2a(-(+u-an.ódó e( e! toa de !a 1er/i!idad8 3i5e a +ri!!a( de !+( anan/ia!e( 6 en !+( )an/an+(8 Su (40+!+ e( !a (er)ien/e# 6 !a )er(+na a=uien +n/a ue5e !a !en.ua a anera de !a( (er)ien/e(# (e arra(/ra (er)en/eand+ )+r e!(ue!+# e(ca!a !+( )+(/e( 6 (e cue!.a# c+n !a ca0ea 2acia a0a>+# de !a( 5i.a( de! /ec2+8 E!n+0re e(/" c+)ue(/+ de Dan + Dan.0e# e! cu!/+ de !a (er)ien/e ce!e(/e# + (ea de! arc+iri(# 6 de A!iada# n+0re de un rein+ en e! (ur de Da2+e6 de! cua! )r+5en4a !a dina(/4a de!+( A0+e6# 1undad+ra de! .ran rein+ Da2+e68 La )a!a0ra Da2+e6 i(a (i.ni1ica en e!cuer)+ de Dan HDan 2+ e68ere( c+n c+nde(cendencia 6 !e( +1rece (ó!+ e! ded+

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)uede +rien/ar(e en e! und+ e;/ern+8 E! raort He! c+n/ac/+ c+n e! 2i)n+/iad+r (ean/iene duran/e !a 2i)n+(i(G en e! +ud e( e! raort c+n !a +r=ue(/a e! cua!# edian/e !a(1óru!a( r4/ica( e()ec41ica( ca)/ada( )+r e! 0ai!ar4n# (e diri>e a !a 1i.ura de! loa c+n+cida )+r:(/e8 De e(/a anera# e! danan/e ac+.e a! loa 6 !+ a/eria!ia a /ra5:( de (u( +5iien/+( 6 de (u !en.ua>e8En /+d+ e(/+ )+de+( dudar =ue !a c+nciencia 2a (id+ (u()endida en una edida /an a)!iac++ !+ a1iran !+( e()ec/ad+re( 6 aun !+( i(+( cre6en/e( de! +ud. En una n+5e!a de A!e;i( )+de+( !eerE! di1un/+ /4+ Fierre 1ue e! choual de Ti-Dan.ni# e! loa ni*+# e! >e1e de !a )+!ic4a de! O!i)+8Duran/e uc2+( a*+(# e! /4+ Fierre# )+(e4d+ )+r Ti-Dan.ni de(de e! S"0ad+ de! A.ua Bendi/a2a(/a e! 3ierne( San/+ V(4cW# 2a04a e)u>ad+ a !+( /+a(-.anader+( 6 a !+( loas'ca&adores

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E! c!er+ ca/ó!ic+ )en(ó =ue a !a !ar.a n+ de04a )eranecer a !a a.a de !+( i(i+ner+()r+/e(/an/e( =ue 2a04an !!e.ad+ a! )a4( duran/e !a +cu)ación de! i4#+ )+r !a( /r+)a(n+r/eaericana( H$%$&-$%Q8 Se !e +1reció !a +)+r/unidad en !a (e.unda uerra Mundia!cuand+ una (+ciedad n+r/eaericana ad=uirió de! .+0iern+ deud+r una( /ierra( de(/inada( a)!an/aci+ne(G )er+ an/e( 2a04a =ue e;)u!(ar a !+( ca)e(in+( d

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