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    MUNTU: LAS CULTURAS NEOAFRICANAS

    JANHEINZ JAHN 

    Traducción de JASMIN REUTER 

    COLECCIÓN POPULAR FONDO DE CULTURA ECONÓMICA MÉXICO - BUENOS AIRES

    Priera edición en a!e"n# $%&'Priera edición en e()a*+!# $%,

    La edición +ri.ina! de e(/a +0ra 1ue re.i(/rada )+r Eu.en Diederic2( 3er!a.# de Du((e!d+r1-C+!+nia# c+n e! /4/u!+ Muntu: Umrise der neoafrikanischen Kultur.Derec2+( re(er5ad+( c+n1+re a !a !e6 

    7 $%,# F+nd+ de Cu!/ura Ec+nóica A58 de !a Uni5er(idad# %9& - M:;ic+ $

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    I. ¿SKOKIAN? 

    EL PROBLEMA Y EL MÉTODO 

    T+d+ !+ =ue !+( 2+0re( )ien(an# +0ran 6 crean a/a*e a (u( )ró>i+(8?ar! Ja()er(

    $8 @u+ 5adi(# 1rica

    E! 1rica 2ace (u en/rada a !a 2i(/+ria uni5er(a!8 Muc2a( )u0!icaci+ne( (e dedican a e(/udiar!+( a()ec/+( )+!4/ic+(# ec+nóic+(# (+ci+!ó.ic+( 6 )(ic+!ó.ic+( de e(/e )r+ce(+8 C+n a /+da(e!!a( e( !a c+n5icción de =ue una /ran(1+ración cu!/ura! (e rea!ia (e.n un e(=uea (i)!ede0id+ a !a in1!uencia de Eur+)a# e! 1rica (e ada)/a# a0and+na (u( /radici+ne( 6 ace)/acreencia(# :/+d+( de /ra0a>+# 1+ra( )+!4/ica( 6 )rinci)i+( ec+nóic+( e;/ra*+(8 A1iran=ue e! !a)(+ en =ue (e e1ec/a !a /ran(ición# (ea 0re5e + )r+!+n.ad+# c+n(/i/u6e un )eri+d+ de

    !a cri(i( =ue )!an/ea a /+d+( !+( a1rican+( !a (i.uien/e a!/erna/i5a ace)/ar !a ci5i!iación +-derna 6 (+0re5i5ir# + (ucu0ir c+n !a /radición8 L+( de1en(+re( de una /ran(ición )au!a/ina +aun re)en/ina e(/"n de acuerd+ en =ue en !a e/a de! )r+ce(+ (e enc+n/rar" un C+n/inen/ea1rican+ c+)!e/aen/e eur+)eiad+8 Se.n e!!+(# Eur+)a +1rece e! +de!+ 6 1rica !+ c+)iaGEur+)a e( e! (+ci+ =ue en e! ca)+ de! e()4ri/u da# ien/ra( =ue 1rica reci0e8

    Pien(an e(/+( in5e(/i.ad+re( =ue# )+r (er Eur+)a !a =ue en(e*a 6 1rica !a =ue a)rende# /+ca aEur+)a decidir e! +en/+ en =ue 1rica e(/: adura adura )ara !a 1e# adura )ara !aacción# adura )ara !a !i0er/ad8 Eur+)a (a0e e>+r !+ =ue e( 0uen+ )ara 1rica =ue !a )r+)ia 1rica8 E( cier/+ =ue Eur+)a +1rece di5er(a( d+c/rina( en c+)e/encia de+cracia 6 c+uni(+# cri(/iani(+ 6 a/e4(+# )+r !+ =ue e! a!un+ .ana en )e(+ a! /ener =ue e!e.ir H6 !a i)+r/ancia =ue e! a!un+ ad=uiere a(4 ca(i (ie)re e( !aen/ada# )er+ e(/+ n+ a!/era en!+ "( 4ni+ e! e(=uea 1rica )uede ad+)/ar !a( d+c/rina( =ue (e rec+iendan a !a(d+c/rina( c+n/ra !a( cua!e( (e !e ad5ier/e# )er+ en /+d+ ca(+ de0e a0and+nar (u( /radici+ne(8N+ (e ace)/an +/ra( )+(i0i!idade( en !a di(cu(ión8

    L+( au/+re( 1undaen/an !+ an/eri+r c++ (i.ue !a era /ecn+!ó.ica 2a cread+ en e! und+de/erinada( c+ndici+ne( a !a( =ue nin.n )ue0!+ (e )uede (u(/raer8 E! arad+ +/+riad+ e((u)eri+r a !a aada# e! 1u(i! a! arc+ 6 !a 1!ec2a8 E! arad+ +/+riad+ 6 e! 1u(i! (ur.ier+n en e!"0i/+ de !a ci5i!iación cri(/iana +cciden/a!8 P+r /an/+# /+d+ a=ue! =ue renuncia a !a aada#a! arc+ 6 !a 1!ec2a 6 de(ee +0/ener arad+( de +/+r 6 ri1!e(# /endr" =ue renunciar /a0i:n a !aedicina ".ica# a !a )+!i.aia# a !a (u)er(/ición# en (ua a /+da (u cu!/ura# a ca0i+de !a cua! /iene =ue an2e!ar edicaen/+( en )a(/i!!a(# +n+.aia 6 cri(/iani(+ H+

    c+uni(+8 En ca(+ de re()+nder a !a 5erdad e(/e ra+naien/+# /endr" =ue (er /a0i:ncier/+ e! e(=uea de !a acu!/uración a1ricana8 Per+ (i n+ c+rre()+nde a !a rea!idad 6 (i ca0eia.inar una /ercera )+(i0i!idad K!a /ecni*cación de! 1rica c+n(er5and+ una cu!/uraa1ricana ren+5adaK @=u: 5a!+r /ienen /+d+( !+( )r+nó(/ic+(# !a( di(cu(i+ne( 6 !+( )r+6ec/+(=ue n+ inc!u6en en (u ar.uen/ación e(/a cu!/ura

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    De e(/e +d+# !a )re.un/a )+r e! 1u/ur+ de 1rica (e c+n5ier/e en )re.un/a )+r !a e;i(/enciade una cu!/ura a1ricana8

    e)!+ de Ja)ón n+( en(e*a =ue un )ue0!+ )uede a)r+)iar(e !a /:cnica +derna 6 1+ra(+derna( de +r.aniación (in renunciar a (u cu!/ura /radici+na!# e( decir# =ue !+ +dern+ (e)uede in/e.rar a una cu!/ura n+ eur+)ea (in de(/ruir!a8 @P+dr4a e1ec/uar(e a!.+ )arecid+ en 1rica

    Se +0>e/ar" =ue n+ e( )+(i0!e c+)arar a! Ja)ón c+n 1rica )+r 2a!!ar(e (u( cu!/ura( en d+(ni5e!e( di(/in/+(8 Se.n Ja()er(# !a 2i(/+ria )re(en/a d+( .rande( i)u!(+( /ra( un )eri+d+4/ic+# =ue c+)rende !a )re2i(/+ria 6 !a 2i(/+ria de !a( )riera( a!/a( cu!/ura(# (e inició e!)en(aien/+ re1!e;i5+ duran/e e! )eri+d+ e>e$ en/re ' a8 c8 6 "nd+(e !!e5ar )+r (u 1uera de a/racción8 E! (e.und+ i)u!(+ e(/"re)re(en/ad+ )+r !a era cien/41ic+-/ecn+!ó.ica =ue a (u 5e !+ 2a!a /+d+ en (u re(aca 6 /ran(1+ra a /+da !a 2uanidad8 E! Ja)ón# a! i.ua! =ue Eur+)a# e;)erien/ó 6a e! )rieri)u!(+# )+r !+ =ue e( un )a4( de a!/a cu!/ura# ien/ra( =ue 1rica e( arrancada a)ena( ennue(/r+( d4a( de (u carencia de 2i(/+ria8 Fa!/an a24 /+d+( !+( ra(.+( de !a a!/a cu!/ura# e!C+n/inen/e e(/" 2a0i/ad+ )+r )ue0!+( )rii/i5+( =ue (ó!+ )ueden e!e.ir en/re !a e;/inción +@888 La /e(i( de Ja()er( n+ c+ncede a !+( )ue0!+( )rii/i5+( ni (i=uiera una ada)/ación8 SiM:;ic+ 6 e! Per# a!/a( cu!/ura( =ue n+ 2a04an en/rad+ en c+n/ac/+ c+n e! )rier i)u!(+# c+ne! )eri+d+ e>e# n+ )udier+n (+)+r/ar e! encuen/r+ c+n Eur+)a Kde(a)arecier+n an/e !aera )re(encia de !a cu!/ura +cciden/a! =ue (e re+n/a0a a! )eri+d+ e>e ación a /ra5:( de!c+erci+ de e(c!a5+( 6 de !a e(c!a5i/ud# !+( a1rican+( n+ (e rindier+n a !a a)a/4a de !a uer/e#ni )arecen e(/ar di()ue(/+( a (er5ir de a/eria! a !a ci5i!iación /ecn+!ó.ica uni5er(a!8

    La ac/ua! c+rrien/e de !i/era/ura (+0re 1rica ana )reci(aen/e )+r !a in/ran=ui!iad+racircun(/ancia de =ue !+( a1rican+( (e c+)+r/an de anera di(/in/a a c++ !+ 2a04an)r+n+(/icad+ /+d+( a=ue!!+( )!anead+re(# )r+6ec/ad+re( 6 5a/icinad+re( =ue di()+nen

    au/+"/icaen/e de !+( a1rican+(8 A(4# e! !ec/+r c+rre de un an"!i(i( a! +/r+ )+r=ue (ien/e dea!.n +d+ =ue !+( a1rican+( /a0i:n /+an )ar/e en e! >ue.+G =uiere (a0er =u: e( !+ =ue !+(a1rican+( rea!en/e (ien/en 6 có+ )ien(an# )er+ !+( au/+re( "( in/e!i.en/e( !+ a0and+nanc+n un (i.n+ de in/err+.ación8

    $ C18 Ja()er(# ?8 3+ Ur()run. und ie! der e(c2ic2/e8 Fran1ur/# $%&&8

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    @E( errónea !a /e(i( de Ja()er( @O aca(+ !+( a1rican+( n+ (+n un )ue0!+ )rii/i5+ @O (+nca)ace( !+( a1rican+( de e1ec/uar (iu!/"neaen/e !a raci+na!iación de (u e;i(/encia)re2i(/órica He! )eri+d+ e>e y !a in/e.ración de !a ci5i!iación +cciden/a! en !a cu!/ura creada)+r !a raci+na!iación

    P+r !+ /an/+# !a cue(/ión de )+r =u: 1rica# en e! )a(ad+ 6 en e! )re(en/e# (e c+)+r/ó 6 (ec+)+r/a de anera di(/in/a =ue M:;ic+ + P+!ine(ia a! c2+car c+n !a cu!/ura +cciden/a!de(e0+ca nue5aen/e en !a )re.un/a )+r !a e;i(/encia 6 !a na/ura!ea de una cu!/uraa1ricana8

    8  Skokian. HTe+r4a de !a /ran(1+ración cu!/ura! de Ma!in+(i8

    Ma!in+(i c+n(idera !a cu!/ura n+ c++ a!.+ e(/"/ic+ (in+ c++ a!.+ =ue ca0iac+n/inuaen/e8 E! (enci!!+ e(=uea de !a /ran(1+ración rec/i!4nea de 1rica e( en (uc+nce)/+ dea(iad+ (i)!e8 Se.n :!# !a /ran(ición )r+duce 1+ra( e(/ia( (ó!+ en !a(u)er1icie# )er+ en rea!idad (+n nue5a( 1+ra( =ue n+ 1uer+n /+ada( de !a /radicióneur+)ea ni de !a a1ricana8 Pre(en/a c++ e>e)!+ e! skokian, un c+c/e! de a!c+2+! e/4!ic+#car0ur+ de ca!ci+# e!aa# /a0ac+# e/c8# =ue (e in.iere en !+( 0arri+( 0a>+( de J+2anne(0ur.e(/a 0e0ida n+ (e 2a /+ad+ nunca an/e( en Eur+)a ni en 1rica8 E! skokian e( a!.+ nue5+#re/+*+ !e.4/i+ de !+( 0arri+( 0a>+( a1rican+( 6 )rinci)i+( +ra!e( eur+)e+(8 En c+nce)/+ deMa!in+(i# !a an/i)a/4a )uri/ana de !+( 0+er( 2acia !a in+1en(i5a cer5ea a1ricana 6 e! c+n/r+!)+!icia! =ue )r+2i0ió (u in.e(/ión +0!i.ar+n a !+( 2a0i/an/e( a1rican+( a in5en/ar una 0e0ida=ue )udiera )r+ducir(e 6 a!acenar(e en can/idade( )e=ue*a(# =ue (e 1eren/ara en )+ca(2+ra(# =ue )udiera e(c+nder(e c+n 1aci!idad 6 =ue )r+du>era r")idaen/e e! e1ec/+ a!c+2ó!ic+de(ead+Q8 De anera )arecida# /+d+( !+( +0>e/+(# 2ec2+(# 1+ra( de 5ida# e/c8# nue5+( en 1rica (+n re(u!/ad+ de !a )re(ión eur+)ea 6 de !a re(i(/encia a1ricana8 Ta0i:n e!naci+na!i(+ a1rican+# =ue arrai.a en !a )r+)ia cu!/ura a1ricana )r+)+rci+n"nd+!e una nue5a

     5ida# e( (e.n Ma!in+(i un er+ (+ian e! a1rican+# a1ira e(/e au/+r# e( (educid+ )+r!a( /en/aci+ne( de !a ci5i!iación +cciden/a!# ad+)/a nue5a( 1+ra( de 5ida# 6 (u e/a e(c+n5er/ir(e# (i n+ en eur+)e+# a! en+( en a+ + a+ )arcia! de /+d+( !+( in5en/+(#)+(e(i+ne( e in1!uencia( =ue a (u( +>+( c+n1+ran !a (u)eri+ridad de !+( eur+)e+( &8 Siade"( 2a /enid+ e! )ri5i!e.i+ de 5i(i/ar una uni5er(idad eur+)ea + n+r/eaericana# /endr"=ue de(cu0rir a !a !ar.a =ue (e !e nie.an !+( derec2+( 6 5a!+re( en a(un/+( !e.a!e(#ec+nóic+(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ic+( =ue /ienen !+( +cciden/a!e(8 c++ a !+( a1rican+( (e !e(i)ide )ar/ici)ar en 0uena )ar/e en !+( idea!e(# in/ere(e( 6 5en/a>a( de una c+!a0+ración#recurr4an na/ura!en/e a (u( )r+)i+( (i(/ea( de creencia(# 5a!+ra/i5+( 6 a1ec/i5+(8 Cuan/+"( inde)endien/e# )er()ica 6 (en(i0!e e( e! a1rican+# /an/+ "( 5i+!en/a (er" (u reacción8L+( an/i.u+( e!een/+( cu!/ura!e(# c++ )+r e>e)!+ !a c+n(ideración ri/ua! de! .anad+# de !a

    (ica# de !a( dana( 6 !a( di5er(i+ne(# (e rea5i5an c+n un nue5+ 6 ca(i e/n+.r"1ic+ in/er:()+r !a 2i(/+ria racia!# )+r e! derec2+ c+n(ue/udinari+ 6 )+r !a( creaci+ne( ar/4(/ica( 6 e()iri/ua!e( de !a )r+)ia raa8 E(/e naci+na!i(+ a!(an+ e;/rae /+d+ (u 5i.+r de !+(i)+nen/e( re(/+( de !a 5ie>a /radición,8

    Q Ma!in+(i# )8 ,8& Id8# )8 8, Id8# ))8$ (8Q

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    La /e+r4a 1unci+na!i(/a de !a /ran(1+ración cu!/ura!# /a! c++ !a c+nci0e Ma!in+(i# 6 =ue a1in de cuen/a( /iene )+r e/a# c++ !a a6+r4a de !a( /e+r4a( (+0re 1rica# a(e.urar und+ini+ e(/a0!e 6 e1ica de una in+r4a 9 Ke( decir# de una in+r4a eur+)eaK# c+n(idera=ue !a nue5a 5ida in1undida a !a( /radici+ne( a1ricana( n+ e( "( =ue un naci+na!i(+a!(an+# un )r+duc/+ de !a e!u(ión )(ic+!ó.ica de !a )re(ión eur+)ea# una 1+ración dei/+( en !+( /ie)+( c+n/e)+r"ne+(# un e(/u)e1acien/e# en una )a!a0ra (+ian8 Per+ @6 (i (e /ra/ara de a=ue! )r+ce(+ de /+a de c+nciencia a! =ue Ja()er( a/ri0u6e /an/+ )+der @Sie(/a ren+5ación# e(/a raci+na!iación de !a /radición# 1ue(e e! )eri+d+ e>e a1rican+# =ue)eri/iera a !+( a1rican+( (+0re5i5ir 6 (in e0ar.+ e(ca)ar de !a a/eria!iación =ue !e(re(er5an Ja()er( 6 Ma!in+(i

    ui" a=ue! naci+na!i(+ =ue !+( (e*+re( eur+)e+( c+n(ideran /an a!(an+ n+ !+ (ea /an/+)ara !+( a1rican+(# e()ecia!en/e (i (e /iene a !a 5i(/a =ue 6a 2a c+enad+ a crear E(/ad+(a1rican+( inde)endien/e(8 Se )re.un/an !+( in5e(/i.ad+re( có+ )ien(an !+( a1rican+(# =u:)!ane( /ienen# en =u: creen# a =u: (e de0e =ue !+.ren (+0re5i5ir !a cri(i(# )+r =u: e! )r+ce(+2i(/óric+ n+ (e e1ec/a (e.n e! e(=uea )r+n+(/icad+888# a( n+ (e !e )re(/a a/ención a !are5i5i1icación raci+na! de !a /radición a1ricana edian/e !a intelligentsia a1ricana + (e !e nie.a/+da i)+r/ancia )+r 5er en e!!a "( =ue una dr+.a de e0ria.ue )(ic+!ó.ica (+ian8

    La (i/uación )(4=uica de(e)e*a (in duda cier/+ )a)e! c++ +/i5+ de !a re5i5i1icación# )er+n+ )uede (er (u cau(a nica# )ar/icu!aren/e (i rec+rda+( =ue !+( 2+0re( "( cread+re( 6 )r+duc/i5+( de! rea5i5aien/+ n+ (+n a=ue!!+( a =uiene( (e nie-i Id., )8 9# c+n 1aci!idad 6 =ue )r+du>era r")idaen/e e! e1ec/+ a!c+2ó!ic+ de(ead+8 Q De anera )arecida# /+d+( !+(+0>e/+(# 2ec2+(# 1+ra( de 5ida# e/c8# nue5+( en 1rica (+n re(u!/ad+ de !a )re(ión eur+)ea 6 de !a re(i(/encia a1ricana8 Ta0i:n e! naci+na!i(+ a1rican+# =ue arrai.a en !a )r+)ia cu!/uraa1ricana )r+)+rci+n"nd+!e una nue5a 5ida# e( (e.n Ma!in+(i un er+ (+ian e!a1rican+# a1ira e(/e au/+r# e( (educid+ )+r !a( /en/aci+ne( de !a ci5i!iación +cciden/a!#

    ad+)/a nue5a( 1+ra( de 5ida# 6 (u e/a e( c+n5er/ir(e# (i n+ en eur+)e+# a! en+( en a+ +a+ )arcia! de /+d+( !+( in5en/+(# )+(e(i+ne( e in1!uencia( =ue a (u( +>+( c+n1+ran !a(u)eri+ridad de !+( eur+)e+(8& Si ade"( 2a /enid+ e! )ri5i!e.i+ de 5i(i/ar una uni5er(idadeur+)ea + n+r/eaericana# /endr" =ue de(cu0rir a !a !ar.a =ue (e !e nie.an !+( derec2+( 6  5a!+re( en a(un/+( !e.a!e(# ec+nóic+(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ic+( =ue /ienen !+( +cciden/a!e(8  c++ a !+( a1rican+( (e !e( i)ide )ar/ici)ar en 0uena )ar/e en !+( idea!e(# in/ere(e( 6  5en/a>a( de una c+!a0+ración# recurr4an na/ura!en/e a (u( )r+)i+( (i(/ea( de creencia(# 5a!+ra-/i5+( 6 a1ec/i5+(8 Cuan/+ "( inde)endien/e# )er()ica 6 (en(i0!e e( e! a1rican+# /an/+"( 5i+!en/a (er" (u reacción8 L+( an/i.u+( e!een/+( cu!/ura!e(# c++ )+r e>e)!+ !ac+n(ideración ri/ua! de! .anad+# de !a (ica# de !a( dana( 6 !a( di5er(i+ne(# (e rea5i5an c+nun nue5+ 6 ca(i e/n+.r"1ic+ in/er:( )+r !a 2i(/+ria racia!# )+r e! derec2+ c+n(ue/udinari+ 6 )+r

    !a( creaci+ne( ar/4(/ica( 6 e()iri/ua!e( de !a )r+)ia raa8 E(/e naci+na!i(+ a!(an+ e;/rae/+d+ (u 5i.+r de !+( i)+nen/e( re(/+( de !a 5ie>a /radición8,

    La /e+r4a 1unci+na!i(/a de !a /ran(1+ración cu!/ura!# /a! c++ !a c+nci0e Ma!in+(i# 6 =ue a1in de cuen/a( /iene )+r e/a# c++ !a a6+r4a de !a( /e+r4a( (+0re 1rica# a(e.urar und+ini+ e(/a0!e 6 e1ica de una in+r4a 9 Ke( decir# de una in+r4a eur+)eaK# c+n(idera

    9 Id8# )8 98&

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    =ue !a nue5a 5ida in1undida a !a( /radici+ne( a1ricana( n+ e( "( =ue un naci+na!i(+a!(an+# un )r+duc/+ de !a e!u(ión )(ic+!ó.ica de !a )re(ión eur+)ea# una 1+ración dei/+( en !+( /ie)+( c+n/e)+r"ne+(# un e(/u)e1acien/e# en una )a!a0ra (+ian8 Per+ @6 (i (e /ra/ara de a=ue! )r+ce(+ de /+a de c+nciencia a! =ue Ja()er( a/ri0u6e /an/+ )+der @Sie(/a ren+5ación# e(/a raci+na!iación de !a /radición# 1ue(e e! )eri+d+ e>e a1rican+# =ue)eri/iera a !+( a1rican+( (+0re5i5ir 6 (in e0ar.+ e(ca)ar de !a a/eria!iación =ue !e(re(er5an Ja()er( 6 Ma!in+(i

    ui" a=ue! naci+na!i(+ =ue !+( (e*+re( eur+)e+( c+n(ideran /an a!(an+ n+ !+ (ea /an/+)ara !+( a1rican+(# e()ecia!en/e (i (e /iene a !a 5i(/a =ue 6a 2a c+enad+ a crear E(/ad+(a1rican+( inde)endien/e(8 Se )re.un/an !+( in5e(/i.ad+re( có+ )ien(an !+( a1rican+(# =u:)!ane( /ienen# en =u: creen# a =u: (e de0e =ue !+.ren (+0re5i5ir !a cri(i(# )+r =u: e! )r+ce(+2i(/óric+ n+ (e e1ec/a (e.n e! e(=uea )r+n+(/icad+888# a( n+ (e !e )re(/a a/ención a !are5i5i1icación raci+na! de !a /radición a1ricana edian/e !a intelligentsia a1ricana + (e !e nie.a/+da i)+r/ancia )+r 5er en e!!a "( =ue una dr+.a de e0ria.ue )(ic+!ó.ica (+ian8

    La (i/uación )(4=uica de(e)e*a (in duda cier/+ )a)e! c++ +/i5+ de !a re5i5i1icación# )er+n+ )uede (er (u cau(a nica# )ar/icu!aren/e (i rec+rda+( =ue !+( 2+0re( "( cread+re( 6 )r+duc/i5+( de! rea5i5aien/+ n+ (+n a=ue!!+( a =uiene( (e nie

    -i Id., )8 9# de !a /radición =ue 2a!!an (u c+n/inuación en !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana# ien/ra(=ue !+( +/r+( (+n de>ad+( de !ad+8 Se )r+duce a(4 una ia.en e=ui5+cada de! )a(ad+ K(e+0>e/ar"KG en !u.ar de una ia.en +0>e/i5a de !a 2i(/+ria (e crea un i/+8 Per+ e(/+ +currec+n /+da 2i(/+ria8 Cada :)+ca /iene una ia.en de1inida 6 )ecu!iar de /+d+( !+( )a(ad+(

    =ue !e (+n acce(i0!e( a (u c+nciencia# e(cri0e Frie-de!!8 La !e6enda n+ e( una de !a( 1+ra(#(in+ !a nica 1+ra en =ue )+de+( )en(ar# ia.inar 6 re5i5ir !a 2i(/+ria8 T+da 2i(/+ria e(!e6enda# i/+# 6 en cuan/+ /a! e( e! )r+duc/+ de !a (i/uación +en/"nea de nue(/ra()+/encia( e()iri/ua!e( de nue(/ra ca)acidad de c+)ren(ión# de nue(/ra ca)acidad dee(/ruc/uración# de nue(/r+ (en/iien/+ uni5er(a!8 ' E! 1rica re)re(en/ada )+r !+( e/nó!+.+(e( una !e6enda en !a =ue (e cre4a8 La /radición a1ricana =ue (e ue(/ra a !a !u de !a cu!/urane+a1ricana =ui" /a0i:n e( una !e6enda# )er+ e( una !e6enda en !a =ue cree !a intelligentsiaa1ricana8 e( (u )er1ec/+ derec2+ dec!arar c++ !+( au/:n/ic+(# >u(/+( 6 5erdader+(e!een/+( de (u )a(ad+ a=ue!!+( =ue c+n(idera c++ /a!e(8 Si a un cri(/ian+ (e !e )re.un/a)+r !a e(encia de! cri(/iani(+# rei/ir" a! en(a>e e5an.:!ic+ de! a+r a! )ró>i+ 6 n+ a !aIn=ui(ición8

    La idea de có+ !a /radición a)arece a !a !u de !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana e(# (in e0ar.+# (i n+!a +0>e/i5a# en /+d+ ca(+ !a nica 5erdadera# )+r (er e!!a !a =ue a )ar/ir de a2+rac+de/erinar" e! 1u/ur+ de 1rica8 Duran/e 5ari+( (i.!+(# e! 1rica 2a /enid+ =ue (u1rir 0a>+ !aia.en =ue Eur+)a (e 2a04a 2ec2+ de! )a(ad+ a1rican+8 Duran/e /+d+ e(e /ie)+# !a ideaeur+)ea era 5erdadera# e( decir# e1ica8 Per+ e! )re(en/e 6 e! 1u/ur+ (+n de/erinad+( )+r' Friede!!# /8 I# )8 $8 $,,

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    a=ue!!a idea =ue !a intelligentsia a1ricana (e crea acerca de! )a(ad+ a1rican+8De e(/a anera# !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana (e )re(en/a c++ una c+n/inuidad# c++ una !e.4/ia(uce-(+ra de !a /radición8 Só!+ d+nde e! 2+0re (e (ien/e c++ 2ereder+ 6 (uce(+r )+(ee !a1uera )ara un nue5+ c+ien+8

    &8 Muntu. HLa )re.un/a )+r e! 2+0re8

     Muntu, /4/u!+ de !a +0ra# e( una )a!a0ra 0an/ =ue (e (ue!e /raducir c++ 2+0re8 Sine0ar.+# e! c+nce)/+ muntu n+ e( id:n/ic+ a! de 2+0re + (er 2uan+8 Muntu a0arca a !+( 5i5+( 6 a !+( uer/+(# a !+( )r+.eni/+re( 6 a !+( an/e)a(ad+( di5iniad+(# + (ea a !+( di+(e(8 Launidad =ue e;)re(a e! c+nce)/+ .en:ric+ de muntu c+n(/i/u6e una de !a( carac/er4(/ica( de !acu!/ura a1ricana# 6 e( )+(i0!e deri5ar de e!!a +/r+( uc2+( ra(.+( )ecu!iare(8 Per+ (e*a!a a!i(+ /ie)+ =ue /+da( !a( di1erencia( encuen/ran (u den+inad+r c+n en !a na/ura!eade! 2+0re8 En e! cur(+ de !a e;)+(ición (e rea!ar"n !a( di(/inci+ne(# (e re5e!ar"n !+(c+n/ra(/e(# edi+( /+d+( e!!+( =ue re(u!/an nece(ari+( )ara e(c!arecer !a( )ar/icu!aridade( deuna cu!/ura8 Si a! !ec/+r !e )arece de()u:( =ue !a( )ar/icu!aridade( n+ (+n /an e;/ra+rdinaria(#=ue uc2+ de !+ =ue carac/eria !a cu!/ura a1ricana (e )re(en/a i.ua!en/e en +/ra( cu!/ura(#e()era+( =ue e! /4/u!+ Muntu !e recuerde =ue en e! "0i/+ de !a( cu!/ura( 2uana( n+ ca0ee()erar nada e;/ra-2uan+8 Si e! !ec/+r /iende en un+ u +/r+ )a(a>e a +0>e/ar =ue e! có+=ue de(/aca+( )ara !a cu!/ura a1ricana de(e)e*a un )a)e! /a0i:n en +/ra( cu!/ura(# =uee! (en/id+ de !a e;i(/encia (e acen/a i.ua!en/e en !a cu!/ura eur+)ea# =ue !a )a!a0ra )+(eeuna ";ia (i.ni1icación /a0i:n en +/ra( cu!/ura( Ken e()ecia! en !a( cu!/ura( a.ra1a(K#=ue e! ri/+ /iene (u 1unción en /+d+( !+( )ue0!+(# =ue en !a Edad Media cri(/iana !a ia.en2a (id+ a(ii(+ (40+!+# ide+.raa 6 a!e.+r4a# =ue /+d+ !+ /an acen/uadaen/e a1rican+ n+e( en c+n(ecuencia /an +ri.ina!# )edi+( =ue e(e !ec/+r recuerde =ue /+da( !a( cu!/ura(2uana( (e a(ee>an una a !a +/ra 2a(/a cier/+ .rad+ 6 =ue !a( di1eren/e( cu!/ura((i)!een/e 5a!+rian de anera di(/in/a !+( e!een/+( c+une(# =ue una )+ne e! :n1a(i(a=u4 6 +/ra a!!"# 6 =ue !a di1erencia en/re !a( cu!/ura( =ueda de/erinada )+r !a di()+(ición 6 

    re!ación rec4)r+ca de !+( e!een/+(8 Una cu!/ura 0u(ca i".ene( )riaria( )+r=ue !aia.en 6 !a idea )receden a !a )a!a0raG +/ra 2ace (ur.ir !a ia.en a )ar/ir de !a )a!a0raG enuna cu!/ura# e! ri/+ e( +n+:/ric+# en !a +/ra e( )+!i:/ric+8 Per+ e( !a /+/a!idad de !a(anera( 6 e()ecie(# cada una de !a( cua!e( )uede ani1e(/ar(e /a0i:n en a!.una +/racu!/ura# !a =ue )r+)+rci+na e! .ran có+# e! ne;+ +rdenad+ )+r una de/erinadac+nce)ción 1i!+(ó1ica 6 =ue e( c+n(/i/u/i5+ de !a )ecu!iaridad de una cu!/ura8

    Me/a de e(/e !i0r+ e( )reci(aen/e +(/rar =ue !a( di1erencia( cu!/ura!e( radican en unadi()+(ición 6 un :n1a(i( di(/in/+( de a!.+ 1undaen/a!en/e i.ua!# 6 n+ en !a( di1erencia( 0i+!ó.ica( en/re !+( 2+0re(8 La cu!/ura ne+a1ricana deue(/ra en .ran edida =ue !acu!/ura n+ e( 2eredada 0i+!ó.icaen/e# =ue n+ e( )+(i0!e a0and+nar + ad=uirir una cu!/ura#

    =ue !a( c+(/u0re( 6 ca)acidade(# !a( idea( 6 !+( >uici+( n+ (+n inna/+(8 L+ =ue (e 2ereda 0i+-!ó.icaen/e e( !a cu!/ura e(/"/ica de !a( a0e>a(G !a cu!/ura 2uana# en ca0i+# )er5i5e en/ren+(+/r+( )+r !a /ran(i(ión de .eneración a .eneración8 La Franen0er.# ))8 Q,& 6 Q,$-$'cu!/ura ne+a1ricana (e n+( ue(/ra c++ un 1enóen+ e()iri/ua!8 E! !ec/+r (e en/erar" en e!cur(+ de !a e;)+(ición =ue !+ i(/eri+(+ de !a cu!/ura a1ricana# c++ (+n !a( )r"c/ica(".ica( de !+( curander+( + !a )+(e(ión en e! cu!/+ 5ud de ai/4# n+ e( en rea!idad /an9

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    i(/eri+(+ 6 =ue e( )+(i0!e in/er)re/ar!+ )+r una c+nce)ción de! und+ in/e!i.i0!e )aracua!=uier )er(+naG (i e! !ec/+r e( c+nducid+ a(4 a una c+)ren(ión 2uana 6 n+ a une(/reeciien/+ a.rada0!e )er+ 1a!/+ de in/e!i.encia# e()era+( =ue n+ (e (ien/a de1raudad+#(in+ =ue (e a!e.re a! rec+n+cer en !a c+nduc/a de! )ró>i+ una acción raci+na!8

    ,8 E! a1rican+ au/:n/ic+

    Cuand+ 2a0!a+( a=u4 de 1rica# n+( re1eri+( a! 1rica =ue (e encuen/ra a! (ur de! de(ier/+de Sa2ara# a! 1rica ne.ra# 6 !+( 2a0i/an/e( de e(/a re.ión (+n !+( =ue !!aa+( a1rican+(#inc!u6end+ a !a .en/e de !a (e!5a /an/+ c++ a !+( in/e!ec/ua!e(8 En e! cur(+ de !a 2i(/+riaeur+)ea (e 2a de(i.nad+ a !+( a1rican+( c++ )a.an+(# (a!5a>e( + )rii/i5+(# ien/ra(=ue +/ra( 5ece( (e !+( 2a idea!iad+ c++ 2+0re( )ur+( 6 +ri.ina!e(8 E(/e 5+ca0u!ari+deri5ó de de/erinad+( )re>uici+(# =ue a (u 5e 2a!!a0an c+n1iración en e(/e i(+ 5+ca- 0u!ari+# de anera =ue cada a1iración )arec4a e(/ar en !+ >u(/+8 Pue( =uien e()era 5er en(u( c+n.:nere( a neci+(# /+n/+( + dia0!+( enc+n/rar" (u1icien/e( )rue0a( =ue c+n1iren (u()re>uici+(8 uien e(/: c+n5encid+ de =ue e! +/r+ n+ )uede can/ar# n+ /iene "( =ue de(i.nar(u can/+ c++ .ranid+ + au!!id+ )ara c+n(iderar =ue /iene !a raón8 Só!+ 2ace 1a!/a a)!icarun de/erinad+ 5+ca0u!ari+ )ara /ran(1+rar (in di1icu!/ad a !+( di+(e( en 4d+!+(# !+( r+(/r+($%en ueca(# !a( i".ene( 5+/i5a( en 1e/ic2e(# !a( di(cu(i+ne( en )ar!+/e+(# 6 (+e/er acier/+( )re>uici+( /+da c+(a 6 circun(/ancia +0>e/i5a(8 A e(/+ (e de0e =ue en nue(/r+ !i0r+ n+2a0!e+( de (a!5a>e(# )rii/i5+(# )a.an+(+ ne.r+(# (in+ de a1rican+( 6 a1r+aerican+(# =ue n+ (+n "n.e!e( ni dia0!+(# (in+ .en/e en/re !a =ue# c++ en /+da( )ar/e(#2a6 0uen+( 6 a!+(# /+n/+( 6 (a.ace(# .eni+( 6 0ru/+(# 2+0re( 2+nrad+( 6 e(/a1ad+re(8 Per+#en 5i(/a de =ue (e /ra/a a=u4 de 2a0!ar de cu!/ura# ci/are+( )rinci)a!en/e )er(+na( de unde/erinad+ ni5e! e()iri/ua!8

    E(/+ )arece (er c+(a 0ien na/ura!8 Ma( !+( re!uicios 2an cread+ una (erie de /i)+( +de!+ en!a c+nciencia de! )0!ic+8 Só!+ un 2+0re de re1inada cu!/ura# un 2uani(/a a0ier/+ a!

    und+# de a)!i+( c+n+ciien/+( 6 )r+.re(i(/a e( c+n(iderad+ c++ e>e)!ar eur+)e+au/:n/ic+8 En ca0i+# e! a1rican+ au/:n/ic+ 5i5e en !a (e!5a# /a!!a e(cu!/ura( )rii/i5a(#n+ (a0e !eer ni e(cri0ir# anda de(nud+# 5i5e (in )re+cu)aci+ne( 6 a!e.re d4a /ra( d4a 6 narracuen/+( acerca de! c+c+dri!+ 6 e! e!e1an/e8 Cuan/+ "( )rii/i5+# /an/+ "( au/:n/ic+8 Per+un a1rican+ =ue# a0ier/+ a! und+# de a)!i+( c+n+ciien/+( 6 cu!/ura re1inad4(ia# )re(idec+n.re(+(# )r+nuncia di(cur(+( )+!4/ic+( + e(cri0e n+5e!a( n+ cuen/a c++ a1rican+au/:n/ic+8N+ de(ea+( edir a=u4 c+n d+( edida(# (in+ c+nceder =ue /a0i:n en Eur+)a una .rancan/idad de )er(+na( (e de>an .uiar )+r idea( c+!ec/i5a( 6 =ue (+n inca)ace( de )en(ar c+n!ó.ica8 En 1rica n+ +curre de +/ra anera8 Per+ =uien de(ee c+n+cer !a cu!/ura eur+)ea# !ae(/udia en !a( +0ra( de (u( au/+re( 6 ar/i(/a(8 c++ a=u4 =uere+( c+n+cer e! e()4ri/u

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    inar !a )+e(4a# !a !i/era/ura 6 e! ar/e ne+a1rican+ 6 de(cu0rir 2a(/a =u: )un/+ (+nau/:n/icaen/e a1rican+(8

    78 El alma negra en el mundo blanco

    Muc2+( i!!+ne( de a1r+aerican+( en Sura:rica# en !a( An/i!!a(# en !+( E(/ad+( Unid+(#crecen en un a0ien/e eur+aerican+ (in /ener c+n+ciien/+ de !a cu!/ura a1ricana8 C+ne;ce)ción de! c+!+r de !a )ie!# (+n aerican+( c++ /+d+( !+( de"(8 n+ +0(/an/e# !+( +/r+(c+n(ideran e(/e c+!+r de )ie! c++ una 1a!!a 6 (e !+ 2acen (en/ir a =uiene( !+ /ienen8 A!a1r+aerican+ (e !e recuerda a(4 c+n/inuaen/e (u +ri.en# =ue c+n 1recuencia n+ /iene )ara:! 6a nin.una (i.ni1icación8

    Un+ de e(/+( a1r+aerican+(# e! :dic+ 6 )(icó!+.+ Fran/ Fanón# de !a Mar/inica# 2ae;)ue(/+ en un e+ci+nan/e !i0r+ !a reacción de !+( a1r+aerican+(8$ Dec!ara a !a a6+r4ade !+( a1r+aerican+( c++ )(ic+!ó.icaen/e en1er+( 6 ue(/ra có+ reacci+nan an/e !a/reenda )re(ión an4ica8 Par/e de e!!+( =uiere (er 0!anca 6 !i0erar(e de! +!e(/+ recuerd+=ue re)re(en/a !a e)ideri( "( )i.en/ada en !+( diari+( de !+( ne.r+( e(/ad+uniden(e()ueden 5er(e in1inidad de anunci+( de un/+( 6 )re- Jan2ein Ja2n# $ch%ar&er "rheus. an(er 3er!a.# Munic2# $%&Q8 VT8W$ Fanón# F8 Peau N+ire# Ma(=ue( B!anc(# Par4(# $%&ecu/+ )+r c+(/u0re# (in+ =ue 2a6 una cier/ac+nciencia cuand+ !+( )rac/ic+8 O (ea =ue i + en cuan/+ cuer)+ rene )+c+ a )+c+ una(erie de e;)eriencia( en un und+ /e)+ra! 6 e()acia!8 É(/e e(# a i +d+ de 5er# e! e(=uea1undaen/a!8$$

    Fanón n+( ue(/ra a2+ra =ue e(/e e(=uea 1undaen/a! n+ e( a/inad+ )ara una )er(+na de)ie! ne.ra en e! und+ 0!anc+8 E! e(=uea 14(ic+ na/ura! =ueda +cu!/+ )+r idea( 2i(/óric+-racia!e(# )+r idea( a =ue +0!i.a un und+ 2+(/i! 6 )arcia!

    Mira# un ne.r+Y + !+ e(cuc2:8 En/+nce( !!e.ó a!.+ de a1uera =ue# a! )a(ar )+r a24# ein5adió 5i+!en/aen/e8 Re)ri4 una (+nri(a8 Mira# un ne.r+Y Era !a 5erdad8 + e di5er/4a#iMira# un ne.r+Y E! Id., ))8 $$Q s.ada8 Ma"# ira un ne.r+Y Ten.+ied+Y Mied+8 Mied+8 O (ea =ue c+ena0an a /eere8 uer4a +rire de ri(a# )er+ 6a%

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    n+ e era )+(i0!e8 a n+ )+d4a8 Pue( 6+ (a04a =ue e;i(/4an !e6enda(# 2i(/+ria(# =ue 2a6 2i(-/+ria e 2i(/+ricidad# /a! c++ n+( !+ en(e*a Ja()er(8 E! e(=uea de !a e;)eriencia 14(ican+ra! (e di(+!5ió 6 cedió (u !u.ar a una e;)eriencia =ue e(/a0a !i.ada a! c+!+r de !ae)ideri(8 En e! 1err+carri! 6a n+ e;)erien/a0a 4 cuer)+# )+r a(4 decir# en /ercera )er(+na#(in+ en )er(+na /ri)!e# )ue( en !u.ar de un a(ien/+ e 2a04an de>ad+ /re(8 De re)en/e era 6+re()+n(a0!e de i cuer)+# re()+n(a0!e de i raa# de i( an/e)a(ad+(8 Me +0(er5: a 4i(+ +0>e/i5aen/e# de(cu0r4 i ne.rura# i( ra(.+( e/n+!ó.ic+(8 c+)rend4 /+d+ !+ =uec+n e!!+ (e e re)r+c2a0a a/ra(+ e()iri/ua!# 1e/ic2i(+# e(c!a5i/ud# cani0a!i(+8 uer4a (erun 2+0re# nada "( =ue un 2+0re8 Nada e une a i( )r+.eni/+re( e(c!a5iad+( 6 a2+rcad+(8 Per+ e(/a0a 6+ di()ue(/+ a re()+nder de e!!+(8 En un ni5e! in/e!ec/ua! re1!e;i+n:(+0re i( re!aci+ne( c+n e(/e )aren/e(c+8 S+6 nie/+ de e(c!a5+( /a! c++ e! )r+1e(+r Le0run e(nie/+ de ca)e(in+( (ier5+( =ue /u5ier+n =ue 2acer )re(/aci+ne( )er(+na!e( 1+rada(8 Per+@aca(+ !e dicen a! )r+1e(+r Le0run Sa0e(# i e(/iad+# 6+ n+ c+n+c+ !+( )re>uici+( racia!e(888G + Per+ )+r 1a5+r# )a(e u(/ed# (e*+r d+c/+r# =ue en/re n+(+/r+( n+ 2a6 )re>uici+(888G +@C+n =ue e( u(/ed d+c/+r Sie)re dec4a 6+ =ue /a0i:n 2a6 ne.r+( in/e!i.en/e( @u:de04a 6+ 2acer c+ni.+ @Dónde e(c+ndere Mi cuer)+ e(/a0a c++ e;)ue(/+# de(arad+en (u( )ar/e(# e;ainad+ 6 nue5aen/e unid+8 Me da0a 1r4+ e(/a 1ria!dad de !a( a!a(8 E!und+ 0!anc+# e! nic+ und+ 2+n+ra0!e# e ne.a0a /+da )ar/ici)ación8 De un (er 2uan+(e e;i.e =ue (e c+)+r/e c++ (er 2uan+8 Per+ de 4 (e )ed4a =ue e c+ndu>era c++ un2+0re de )ie! +(cura# c++ un ne.r+8 @P+r =u: Si 0ien /en4a 6+ /+da !a raón )ara +diar!+( 6 de()reciar!+(# eran ellos !+( =ue e rec2aa0an8 Si a!.uien e aa0a# dec4a =ue e aa0aa )e(ar de i c+!+r8 Si a!.uien e +dia# dice =ue de nin.nE;/en(ión de !a cu!/ura re(/a1ricana 6 cen/r+( de cu!/ura ne+a1ricana

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    Ni i )er1ec/a c+nduc/a (+cia!# ni i( c+n+ciien/+( !i/erari+(# ni i c+)ren(ión de !a/e+r4a cu"n/ica 2a!!ar+n i(eric+rdia8 + e =ue>a0a# )ed4a e;)!icaci+ne(8 Me enc+n/ra0a1ren/e a a!.+ irraci+na!8 L+( )(ic+ana!i(/a( dicen =ue )ara un ni*+ n+ 2a6 nada "(/rau"/ic+ =ue e! c+n/ac/+ c+n !a rea!idad8 Per+ 6+ di.+ =ue )ara un 2+0re =ue n+ /iene+/ra ara =ue (u raón n+ e;i(/e nada "( neuró/ic+ =ue e! encuen/r+ c+n !+ irraci+na!8 $ L+(cien/41ic+( 2an ace)/ad+ =ue e! ne.r+ e( un (er 2uan+# 14(ica 6 e()iri/ua!en/e8 Se 2ade(arr+!!ad+ en ana!+.4a c+n e! 2+0re 0!anc+G e( !a i(a +r1+!+.4a# !a i(a 2i(/+!+.4a8

    La raón 2a 5encid+ en /+d+ e! 1ren/e8 Per+ e(/a 5ic/+ria (e 0ur!ó de 48 En !a /e+r4a (e e(/a0ade acuerd+ e! ne.r+ e( un (er 2uan+8 @Per+ de =u: e (er54a e(/+ T+d+( !+( de(-cu0riien/+( (e 2a04an 2ec2+ 6a @có+ )+dr4a 6+ /+ar )ar/e T+d+( e!!+( /en4an (u(:ri/+(8 + 2a04a !!e.ad+ dea(iad+ /arde8 En/re e!!+( 6 6+ 2a04a un und+# un und+ 0!anc+8 Pue( n+ eran ca)ace( de 5encer (+0re e! )a(ad+8$Q

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    Fanón re!a/a "( ade!an/e =u: e( !+ =ue (i.ni1ica en e(/e a0ien/e e! encuen/r+ c+n !a cu!/uraa1ricana# c+n !a )+e(4a ne+a1ricana

    a04a 6+ raci+na!iad+ e! und+ circundan/e# )er+ e rec2aa0a c+n )re>uici+( irraci+na!e(8C++ (+0re !a 0a(e de !a raón n+ 2a04a c+unicación )+(i0!e# e ec2: 6+ i(+ en 0ra+(de !+ irraci+na!8 Me 2ice irraci+na! 2a(/a !+( c+d+(8 E! tam'tam 0a/4a i en(a>e có(ic+8 A0r4 !a( 5ena( de! und+ 6 e de>: 1er/i !iar )+r e!!a(8 N+ enc+n/r: i )r+cedencia# (in+ el origen.()  C+n/rai.+ a/ri+ni+ c+n e! und+8 L+( 0!anc+( >a"( en/endier+n e(/e /rue=ue8 An(ian e! und+ 6 !+ =uieren /ener )ara e!!+( (+!+(8 Se c+n(ideran )rede(/inad+( )arad+inar e! und+8 L+ )u(ier+n a (u (er5ici+8 Per+ 2a6 5a!+re( =ue n+ (e (+e/en a (ud+ini+8 Cua! 2ec2icer+ !e r+0+ a! 2+0re 0!anc+ cier/+ und+ =ue :! n+ )uede iden/i1icar8P+r encia de !+( i!óe/r+( cuadrad+( 6 de !+( )!a/anare( eri>+ e! und+ au/:n/ic+ 6  5erdader+8 E! (er 4n/i+ de! und+# (u e(cencia# (e 2i+ 4+8 L+( 0!anc+( /en4an de re)en/e!a i)re(ión de =ue e !e( e(ca)a0a 6 =ue !!e5a0a a!.+ c+ni.+8 Me 5+!/ear+n !+( 0+!(i!!+(#)er+ en e!!+( (ó!+ 2a04a c+(a( c+n+cida(8 + en ca0i+ /en4a a2+ra un (ecre/+# 6 (i e)re.un/a0an# urura0a edi+ )ara i( aden/r+(

    T++a!6# / e(cuc2a( !+ inaudi0!e# / e e;)!ica( !+ =ue dicen i( an/e)a(ad+( en !a=uie/ud de !a( c+n(/e!aci+ne(8 E( in1ini/a !a 34a L"c/ea de !+( e()4ri/u( en !a( ce!e(/e( a.ua( 0a>a(# )er+ a24 e(/" !a (a0idur4a de !a di+(a de !a !una 6 !a +(curidad (e =ui/a e! 5e!+# +2 n+c2ea1ricana# i ne.ra n+c2e# 4(/ica 6 c!ara 6 ne.ra 6 !!ena de 0ri!!+8 $, Me c+n5er/4 en )+e/a de!und+8 Se.n e di>+ un ai.+ aerican+# 2a04a !!e.ad+ a (er e! 0a!uar/e de !a 2uanidaden e! und+ ecaniad+ de !+( 0!anc+(8 P+r 1in (e e rec+n+c4a un :ri/+# 6a n+ era unanada8$9 L+( 0!anc+( e da0an .+!)eci/+( en e! 2+0r+# e(/a0an encan/ad+(# )ue( en 42a04an 5ue!/+ a enc+n/rar !+ +ri.ina!# !+ na/ura!# !a in.enuidad8 C+n .ran di!i.encia e arr+>:en e! )a(ad+ ne.r+8 @ =u: enc+n/r: a24 Sc2+e!c2er# Fr+0eniu(# [e(/erann# De!a1+((e#/+d+( e!!+( (a0i+( 0!anc+(# 2a04an re5ue!/+# in5e(/i.ad+ 6 e;ca5ad+ /+d+8 @ =u: 2a04ande(cu0ier/+ ue e! und+ 0!anc+ (e 2a04a e=ui5+cad+# =ue e! 2+0re )rii/i5+ n+ 2a04a

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    E( un 2ec2+ !+( 0!anc+( )re(uen de (er "( =ue !+( ne.r+(8 2a6 /+da54a +/r+ 2ec2+ !+(ne.r+( =uieren de+(/rar a !+( 0!anc+( a cua!=uier )reci+ =ue (u )en(aien/+ e( /an ric+ 6 (ue()4ri/u /an )+der+(+ c++ e! de e!!+(8an !a+de(/ia de un en1er+8 Arra(/rad+ en/re !a nada 6 e! in1ini/+# (u1r+ )+r e! und+8

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    E! /ercer ca)4/u!+# Ru0a# ec2a (u( raa( a!reded+r de !a dana 6 (e de(en5ue!5e en Cu0a8Se e;/iende de(de e! cu!/+# )a(and+ )+r !a a(+ciación (ecre/a# 2a(/a !a +derna !4ricaa1r+cu0ana# 6 +1rece de )a(+ una 2i(/+ria de !+( 0ai!e( a1rican+( !!e.ad+( a Eur+)a8En e(/+( d+( e;/en(+( ca)4/u!+(# =ue c++ /+d+( !+( de"( +(ci!an de(de !a /radición 2a(/a!+( /ie)+( +dern+(# (e +1rece una (u1icien/e 5i(ión )an+r"ica# de /a! +d+ =ue )+de+(+(ar 6a e! (a!/+ a! 1rica8

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    En 5i(/a de =ue (e /ra/a de una 1i!+(+14a a1ricana 6 n+ de una eur+)ea# e( di14ci! ca)/ar!a enc+nce)/+( eur+)e+(8 Ju(/aen/e !+( c+nce)/+( e(encia!e( (ó!+ )ueden circun(cri0ir(e en una!en.ua eur+)ea acerc"nd+(e )rier+ de un !ad+ 6 !ue.+ de! +/r+# 2a(/a =ue )+r 1in (e !+.rer+dear e! c+nce)/+8 R+.a+(# )ue(# a! !ec/+r =ue n+ (e de/en.a en !a )riera in/er)re/ación#=ue ca(i (ie)re n+ e( "( =ue un 0+(=ue>+8 En e! cur(+ de !a e;)+(ición (e ir"n ac!arand+/+d+( !+( c+nce)/+(8

    E(/+( c+nce)/+( (e /+an en cada ca(+ de !a !en.ua en =ue )rier+ 1uer+n ci/ad+(8 A(4#magara e( un c+nce)/+ de! ?eniaruanda# nommo un c+nce)/+ de! idi+a de !+( d+.+ne(8Una 5e e)!ead+ un c+nce)/+# !+ c+n(er5a+( aun=ue a=ue!!+ =ue (i.ni1i=ue (e de(i.ne deuna anera en/eraen/e di(/in/a en +/r+( ca)+(8 C++ !a cu!/ura a1ricana (e )re(en/auni/ariaen/e# da !+ i(+ de cu"! de (u( !en.ua( )r+cede un de/erinad+ c+nce)/+8 Ade"(# !+( c+nce)/+( n+ nece(ariaen/e /ienen =ue )r+ceder de una (+!a !en.ua# )+r !+ =ue)udier+n e!e.ir(e a=ue!!+( =ue e>+r (e .ra0aran en !a e+ria8 ue e! !ec/+r n+ (e2+rr+rice# )ue(# (i a! 2a0!ar de una "(cara 5ara0a u/i!ia+( c+nce)/+( 0an/e( + d+.+ne(8

    La 1i!+(+14a +1rece e! 1undaen/+ de !a cu!/ura a1ricana8 Una 5e ac!arad+( (u( )rinci)i+(# (e

    a)r+5ec2an )ara in5e(/i.ar e in/er)re/ar !+( de"( ca)+( cu!/ura!e(8 En e! ca)4/u!+ =uin/+#N++# e;)+ne+( e! )+der ".ic+ de !a )a!a0ra8 De e(/e +d+# e(/e ca)4/u!+ a0re !a()uer/a( 2acia !a e(encia de !a edicina 6 !a )+e(4a a1ricana(8 A! i.ua! =ue en !+( ca)4/u!+(an/eri+re(# /a0i:n en :(/e (e e;/iende e! arc+ de(de !a /radición 2a(/a !a +dernidad8 E!!4i/e# + e>+r dic2+# e! e>e en/re a0+( e(/" c+n(/i/uid+ )+r !a c+nciencia# n+ )+r e!/ie)+8 La /radición =ue )er5i5e /+da54a 2+6 inc+n(cien/een/e !a de(i.na+( c++

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    re(/a1ricana# 6 !a /radición =ue (i.ue 5i5a en !a c+nciencia + =ue (e re5i5e c+n(cien/een/e!a !!aa+( ne+a1ricana8

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    E! +c/a5+ ca)4/u!+# B!ue(# (e +cu)a de! c+n1!ic/+ cu!/ura!# de! /erren+ !i4/r+1e en/re !acu!/ura +cciden/a! 6 !a a1ricana# (e*a!a !a( c+n(ecuencia( )+!4/ica( 6 ue(/ra !a i)+r/ancia=ue )uede /ener !a cu!/ura a1ricana )ara una 1u/ura cu!/ura uni5er(a!8

    De e(/e re(uen ca0e deducir =ue e! !ec/+r n+ )uede e()erar un e(/udi+ e;2au(/i5+# 6a =uecada ca)4/u!+ 0ien )+dr4a +cu)ar un /ra/ad+ 5+!uin+(+ )+r (4 (+!+8 O1rece+( (i)!een/eun+( e(0++( de !a cu!/ura a1ricana# n+ una e;)+(ición =ue )re/enda a.+/ar e! /ea8 De(de!ue.+ 2u0i:ra+( )+did+ a0re5iar !a( ci/a( +0/eniend+ a(4 un e()aci+ a!.+ "( e;/en(+ )arauna e;)+(ición "( de/a!!ada# )er+ n+( )areció nece(ari+ arar de !+( c+n+ciien/+( 0"(ic+(a! !ec/+r .enera!# =uien en e(/e ca)+ (ue!e carecer de e!!+( )+(e6end+ cuand+ uc2+a!.un+( )re>uici+(8

    De )+r (4 !a( ci/a( 2an (id+ a0re5iada( en (u a6+r4a# )ara !+ cua!# c+n 5i(/a( a una e>+r!e.i0i!idad# 2e+( e!iinad+ !+( )un/+( (u()en(i5+( =ue (ue!en indicar !a( )a!a0ra( + 1ra(e(ei/ida(8 Per+ c+n e!!+ n+ (e 2a )erdid+ en nin.n ca(+ e! (en/id+# c+(a =ue e! !ec/+r )uedec+)r+0ar c+n e! au;i!i+ de !a( 1uen/e(8

    E(/a +0ra e( un c+ien+# e( e! )rier in/en/+ de e(0+ar !a cu!/ura ne+a1ricana c++ unacu!/ura inde)endien/e =ue /iene e! i(+ 5a!+r =ue +/ra( cu!/ura(8 E( una cu!/ura =uee(/ruc/ura e! 1u/ur+ de un c+n/inen/e 6 =ue n+ de0er4a de>ar de !ad+ nin.una )er(+na =uede(ee c+n5i5ir )ac41icaen/e c+n e! re(/+ de !a 2uanidad en e(/a Tierra e)e=ue*ecida# 6 

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    II8 3UD]LA MATERIALIACIÓN DE LOS DIOSESÉ(/e e( e! !ar.+ cain+ a uinea8#8 -acues /oumainI# E! cu!/+ en !+( an/i.u+( re!a/+(01ud2 Pa!a0ra de +(cura( 5+ca!e(# de (+rda( 6 re/u0an/e( c+n(+nan/e(8 01ud2 Mi(/eri+(+ 6 n+c/urn+ (+nar de /a0+re( en !a( /ierra( de ai/4# (+nid+ =ue !!ena de e()an/+ a! /uri(/a 6 =ue !e recuerda una (erie de 2+rr+re( !e4d+( en a!.una )ar/e +ud, id+!a/r4a# 2ec2icer4a# 5i(i+ne( in1erna!e(# i(a ne.ra c+n (acri1ici+( can40a!e(8 1ud, =uin/ae(encia de !ade)ra5ación# de /+d+( !+( 5ici+( 6 2+rr+re(# a=ue!arre de !a( )+/encia( in1eri+re( 6 2ere>4aine;/erina0!e8 @u: 2a6 de /+d+ e(/+a6 =uiene( 2an =uerid+ deri5ar e(/a )a!a0ra de !a dana a!reded+r de! Becerr+ de Or+ 3+eand4or5 re!aci+n"nd+!a c+n !a (ec/a 2er:/ica de !+( 5a!den-(e( 3+audois5, =ue .+a0a 1aa de 0ru>er4a8 T+d+ e! "0i/+ de !a 2ec2icer4a (e !!aa0a en !a Edad Media +audoisie.Per+ e(/a )a!a0ra# e(cri/a de uc2a( anera( di(/in/a( 5aud+u# 5aud+u;# 5+d++# e/c8# e(+ri.inaria de Da2+e6 en e! 1rica Occiden/a!# d+nde (i.ni1ica .eni+# e()4ri/u )r+/ec/+rG en!a !en.ua 1+n (e dice 5+dun 6 en !a ee 5ud8 E! n+0re de! cu!/+# a! i.ua! =ue e! cu!/+i(+# /iene un +ri.en a1rican+ +cciden/a!# )ue( !+( 2ai/ian+( )r+ceden )rinci)a!en/e dea248$ E! )+r=u: 1uer+n )reci(aen/ei er(+5i/( III# ))8 Q< ss, Q!a( idea( re!i.i+(a( de Da2+e6 !a( =ue (e i)u(ier+n en ai/4 (e )uede deducir )+r unin1+re +1icia! de L+ndre( de! a*+ $9'%#( en e! =ue (e dice =ue de! rein+ de Da2+e6 (ee;)+r/a0an cada a*+ de die i! a d+ce i! e(c!a5+(8 L+( in.!e(e( e;)+r/a0an de :(/+( (ó!+(e/ecien/+( a +c2+cien/+(# !+( )+r/u.ue(e( un+( /re( i! 6 !+( 1rance(e( e! re(/+# + (ea de (ei( a+c2+ i! a! a*+# =ue eran !!e5ad+( a !a( An/i!!a( 1rance(a(# )rinci)a!en/e a San/+ D+in.+#n+0re =ue /en4a en/+nce( ai/4# !a "( i)+r/an/e c+!+nia de Francia8La indicación "( an/i.ua (+0re !a )er5i5encia de cu!/+( a1rican+( en ai/4 !a de0e+( a unin1+re 1ranc:( anóni+ en e! =ue (e diceE! 0ai!e =ue en Surina (e !!aa %ater'mama 6 en nue(/ra( c+!+nia( m6e d4agua Hadre de!

    a.ua !e( e(/" e(/ric/aen/e )r+2i0id+ a !+( e(c!a5+(8 P+r e(+ !+ 2an c+n5er/id+ en un .ran(ecre/+# 6 !+ nic+ =ue (e (a0e e( =ue enciende uc2+ (u 1uera de ia.inación8 Para !a(c+(a( a!a( (4 (e e(1ueran de(e(uradaen/e8 E! >e1e de! c+)!+/ en/ra en /a! /rance =ue)ierde !a c+nciencia8

    M+reau de Sain/-M:r6# i!u(/rad+ e(cri/+r# a0+.ad+ 6 )+!4/ic+ =ue# nacid+ en !a Mar/inica#/ra0a>ó duran/e nue5e a*+( en ai/4 c++ a0+.ad+ an/e( de de(e)e*ar un i)+r/an/e)a)e! en !+( inici+( de !a Re5+!ución 1rance(a# a)r+5ec2ó (u( 2+ra( de +ci+ en e! e;i!i+n+r/eaerican+ K=ue !e 2a04a (id+ i)ue(/+ a c+n(ecuencia de (u de(a5enencia c+n R+- 0e()ierreK )ara de(cri0ir en de/a!!e !a( c+ndici+ne( .e+.r"1ica(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ica( de ai/48Q

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    01ud2 Pa!a0ra de +(cura( 5+ca!e(# de (+rda( 6 re/u0an/e( c+n(+nan/e(8 01ud2 Mi(/eri+(+ 6 n+c/urn+ (+nar de /a0+re( en !a( /ierra( de ai/4# (+nid+ =ue !!ena de e()an/+ a! /uri(/a 6 =ue !e recuerda una (erie de 2+rr+re( !e4d+( en a!.una )ar/e +ud, id+!a/r4a# 2ec2icer4a# 5i(i+ne( in1erna!e(# i(a ne.ra c+n (acri1ici+( can40a!e(8 1ud, =uin/ae(encia de !ade)ra5ación# de /+d+( !+( 5ici+( 6 2+rr+re(# a=ue!arre de !a( )+/encia( in1eri+re( 6 2ere>4aine;/erina0!e8 @u: 2a6 de /+d+ e(/+a6 =uiene( 2an =uerid+ deri5ar e(/a )a!a0ra de !a dana a!reded+r de! Becerr+ de Or+ 3+eand4or5 re!aci+n"nd+!a c+n !a (ec/a 2er:/ica de !+( 5a!den-(e( 3+audois5, =ue .+a0a 1aa de 0ru>er4a8 T+d+ e! "0i/+ de !a 2ec2icer4a (e !!aa0a en !a Edad Media +audoisie.Per+ e(/a )a!a0ra# e(cri/a de uc2a( anera( di(/in/a( 5aud+u# 5aud+u;# 5+d++# e/c8# e(+ri.inaria de Da2+e6 en e! 1rica Occiden/a!# d+nde (i.ni1ica .eni+# e()4ri/u )r+/ec/+rG en!a !en.ua 1+n (e dice 5+dun 6 en !a ee 5ud8 E! n+0re de! cu!/+# a! i.ua! =ue e! cu!/+i(+# /iene un +ri.en a1rican+ +cciden/a!# )ue( !+( 2ai/ian+( )r+ceden )rinci)a!en/e dea248$ E! )+r=u: 1uer+n )reci(aen/ei er(+5i/( III# ))8 Q< ss, Q!a( idea( re!i.i+(a( de Da2+e6 !a( =ue (e i)u(ier+n en ai/4 (e )uede deducir )+r unin1+re +1icia! de L+ndre( de! a*+ $9'%#( en e! =ue (e dice =ue de! rein+ de Da2+e6 (ee;)+r/a0an cada a*+ de die i! a d+ce i! e(c!a5+(8 L+( in.!e(e( e;)+r/a0an de :(/+( (ó!+(e/ecien/+( a +c2+cien/+(# !+( )+r/u.ue(e( un+( /re( i! 6 !+( 1rance(e( e! re(/+# + (ea de (ei( a+c2+ i! a! a*+# =ue eran !!e5ad+( a !a( An/i!!a( 1rance(a(# )rinci)a!en/e a San/+ D+in.+#n+0re =ue /en4a en/+nce( ai/4# !a "( i)+r/an/e c+!+nia de Francia8La indicación "( an/i.ua (+0re !a )er5i5encia de cu!/+( a1rican+( en ai/4 !a de0e+( a unin1+re 1ranc:( anóni+ en e! =ue (e diceE! 0ai!e =ue en Surina (e !!aa %ater'mama 6 en nue(/ra( c+!+nia( m6e d4agua Hadre de!a.ua !e( e(/" e(/ric/aen/e )r+2i0id+ a !+( e(c!a5+(8 P+r e(+ !+ 2an c+n5er/id+ en un .ran(ecre/+# 6 !+ nic+ =ue (e (a0e e( =ue enciende uc2+ (u 1uera de ia.inación8 Para !a(c+(a( a!a( (4 (e e(1ueran de(e(uradaen/e8 E! >e1e de! c+)!+/ en/ra en /a! /rance =ue)ierde !a c+nciencia8

    M+reau de Sain/-M:r6# i!u(/rad+ e(cri/+r# a0+.ad+ 6 )+!4/ic+ =ue# nacid+ en !a Mar/inica#/ra0a>ó duran/e nue5e a*+( en ai/4 c++ a0+.ad+ an/e( de de(e)e*ar un i)+r/an/e)a)e! en !+( inici+( de !a Re5+!ución 1rance(a# a)r+5ec2ó (u( 2+ra( de +ci+ en e! e;i!i+n+r/eaerican+ K=ue !e 2a04a (id+ i)ue(/+ a c+n(ecuencia de (u de(a5enencia c+n R+- 0e()ierreK )ara de(cri0ir en de/a!!e !a( c+ndici+ne( .e+.r"1ica(# (+cia!e( 6 )+!4/ica( de ai/48Q

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    N+ir de $,' e! cua! )re(cri0e =ue !+( e(c!a5+( de04an (er in(/ruid+( en !a 1e ca/ó!ica 6  0au/iad+( a! )+c+ /ie)+# de()u:( de !+ cua! n+ de04an 6a /+ar )ar/e en nin.una +/race!e0ración re!i.i+(a8 Se.n e! Códi.+ Ne.r+# !+( (e*+re( =ue )eri/4an !a )ar/ici)ación de(u( e(c!a5+( en cere+nia( re!i.i+(a( =ue n+ 1ueran ca/ó!ica( eran /an cu!)a0!e( c++ (i e!!+(i(+( 2u0ie(en /+ad+ )ar/e en /a!e( reuni+ne(# )+r !+ =ue (e !+( ca(/i.a0a c++ 2ere>e(8En .enera!# (e )r+2i04a /+da reunión de e(c!a5+( de (e*+re( di(/in/+(# /an/+ de d4a c++ den+c2e# 1uera c+n e! )re/e;/+ de una 0+da + de cua!=uier +/r+ )re/e;/+# /an/+ en e! /erren+ de!(e*+r c++ en cua!=uier +/ra )ar/e# en !a ca!!e + en e(c+ndi/e(8 Una +rden )+!icia! de P+r/-au-Prince de $99< )r+2i0e inc!u(+ a !+( ne.r+( !i0re( 6 e(/i+( 0ai!ar !a calenda =ue (e/en4a )+r )r+1ana8 La 1unción (+cia! de !a( +1renda( n+ (e !e e(ca)ó'ni (i=uiera a M+reau# aun=ue de>a en/re5er =ue !+( )re(en/e( /en4an c++ )rinci)a! 1ina!idade! enri=ueciien/+ de! (acerd+/e 6 !a (acerd+/i(a# !+( cua!e(# (e.n M+reau# (ó!+ )en(a0an en(+e/er a !a .en/e necia a (u( ca)ric2+( 6 a (u in/er:( )ri5ad+ e i)+ner!e( e! "(a(=uer+(+ di()ara/e c++ (i 1uera una !e6 inu/a0!e# AI (a0i+ 2ai/ian+ Jean Price-Mar( c+rre()+nde e! :ri/+ de 2a0er rec+n+cid+ en e! cu!/++ud una au/:n/ica re!i.ión de()u:( de =ue (u c+)a/ri+/a# e! :dic+ Dr8 J8 C8 D+rn(ain5i!#2a04a e;)!icad+ e! +ud. c++ un )r+1und+ /ra(/+rn+ )(ic+ner5i+(+ de /i)+ re!i.i+(+ =ue!ii/a c+n !a )aran+ia8,

    E! +ud e( una re!i.ión Ke(cri0e Price-Mar(K )+r=ue !+( iniciad+( creen en !a e;i(/encia de(ere( e()iri/ua!e( =ue 5i5en en )ar/e en e! uni5er(+ 6 en )ar/e en e(/rec2+ c+n/ac/+ c+n !+((ere( 2uan+(# cu6a( ac/i5idade( c+n/r+!an8 E(/+( (ere( in5i(i0!e( c+n(/i/u6en un O!i)+ dedi+(e(# de !+( cua!e( !+( (u)re+( !!e5an e! /4/u!+ de Pa)" + ran Se*+r 6 .+an de una)ar/icu!ar 5eneración8 E! +ud e( una re!i.ión )+r=ue e! cu!/+ de(arr+!!ad+ )ara 2+nrar a(u( di+(e( e;i.e un cuer)+ (acerd+/a! >er"r=uic+# una c+unidad de cre6en/e(# /e)!+(#a!/are(# cere+nia( 6 1ina!en/e una /radición +ra! =ue de(de !ue.+ n+ 2a !!e.ad+ina!/erada 2a(/a n+(+/r+(# )er+ =ue )+r (uer/e 2a c+n(er5ad+ !a )ar/e e(encia! de! cu!/+8 E!+ud e( una re!i.ión )+r=ue de !a ara*a de !e6enda( 6 1"0u!a( de1+rada( (e )uede (e)arar

    una /e+!+.4a# un (i(/ea de idea( c+n cu6a a6uda nue(/r+( an/e)a(ad+( a1rican+( (ee;)!ica0an de anera )rii/i5a !+( 1enóen+( na/ura!e(# c+n !+ =ue (e creó e! 1undaen/+)ara !a 1e anar=ui(/a en =ue de(can(a e! ca/+!ici(+ c+rr+)id+ de nue(/ra( a(a()+)u!are(89

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    /e+r4a anii(/a de T6!+r 6a re0a/ida )+r L:56-Bru2!# (e.n !a cua! e! 2+0re )rii/i5+ania0a a !a na/ura!ea )ara )+der(e e;)!icar (u( 1enóen+(

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    de/erinad+( loas H!+i# Ia 6 c+n/ienen c+n 1recuencia 5ari+( a!/are(8 La( )arede( e(/"nad+rnada( c+n cr++( u!/ic+!+re( =ue re)re(en/an a! (an/+ a =uien e=ui5a!e en cada ca(+ e!L+a8 E! a!/ar en e! 9adgi (e !!aa e H)e + /a0i:n so9a H(+0a.ui# 6 (u 1+ra "( (i)!e e(cuand+ e! 9adgi 6 e!  e (e arcan en e! (ue!+8 E! e e(/" r+dead+ de un 1+(+ =ue reci0e !+(a!ien/+(# e! manger Han.: =ue (e +1renda a! loa. En e! e (e c+!+can >arr+( c+n !a( a!a(de !+( iniciad+(# )!a/+( c+n +1renda( de /+da e()ecie 6 c+n !a( (+na>a( de ca!a0aa ad+rnada(de !+( (acerd+/e(8 Fren/e a! e (e e1ec/a /a0i:n !a !i0ación# + (ea !a +1renda de una 0e0ida#)re(en/ada a! c+ien+ de !a( cere+nia( a! L+a =ue c+n(/i/u6e !a 1i.ura cen/ra! de !a( 1e(/4-Q< 5idade(8 Se 5ier/e un )+c+ de a.ua 2acia !a i=uierda# +/ra )+ca 2acia !a derec2a 6 una )+ca"( 2acia e! cen/r+# e(/a !/ia d+( 5ece(# )rier+ de! !ad+ i=uierd+ de! a!/ar# !ue.+ de! !ad+derec2+8 Mien/ra( (e 2ace e(/+ (e e;c!aa 0;9o9o2, !+ cua! c+rre()+nde a)r+;iadaen/ea nue(/r+ Sa!udY8 An/e( de cada !i0ación (e +rien/a !a >arra# e( decir# (e !e5an/a(uce(i5aen/e 2acia !+( cua/r+ )un/+( cardina!e(8Mien/ra( /an/+# e! houngan H2un.an# n.an 2a di0u>ad+ en e! )i(+ c+n cenia ne.ra + 2arina 0!anca un .ran +é+é H5e5er# 5:5:# =ue !!e.a de !a en/rada 2a(/a e!  oteau'mitan: e( una 5erdadera +0ra de ar/e 2er"!dica8 Cada loa /iene (u 5:5:# (u (i.n+ 2er"!dic+# )er+ 5ari+( dee(/+( (40+!+( )ueden 1+rar(e c+n c4rcu!+(# /ri"n.u!+(# +/i5+( en i.a. 6 +/r+( (i.n+( =ue(e )arecen a !+( de nue(/r+( 1ranc-a(+ne(8 Ta0i:n (e di0u>an !+( c+n/+rn+( + (4-0+!+(de !+( ania!e( =ue (e )ien(a (acri1icar# c+n !+ cua! (e +0/iene un .ran 5:5:# unac+)+(ición r1i.ura/i5a (i:/rica# =ue )+dr4a de(i.nar(e c++ e! G)r+.raa# c++ e!)r+6ec/+ ar/4(/ic+ de !a cere+nia )+r e1ec/uar(e8 A e(/+ (e de0e /a0i:n =ue # en e! cur(+ de!a ce!e0ración (e 2a.an +1renda( en )un/+( de/erinad+( de! 5:5:# (ea c+n a.ua# r+n# >ara0e#ca1:# (ea c+n .ran+( + 2arina8 A(4# !+( =ue !!e.an /arde n+ /ienen "( =ue ec2ar una +>eada a!_5:5: )ara (a0er en =u: +en/+ de !a cere+nia !!e.ar+n 6 =u: e( !+ =ue /+da54a !+( e()era8E! (acerd+/e (e !!aa houngan, !a (acerd+/i(a mam9o. P+r !+ .enera!# e(/"n )re(en/e( 5ari+(houn'gans 6 mam9os. Un aaloa H)a)a!+i# en ca0i+# e( un .ran (acerd+/e# un di.na/ari+de !a re!i.ión +ud< (u ran.+ e=ui5a!e "( + en+( a! de un +0i()+8 La .ran (acerd+/i(a (e

    !!aa mamaloa `"a!+Y8 Duran/e cada cere+nia# un houngan de(-Qe)e*a e! )a)e! de la'=ace H!a )!ace# de ae(/r+ de cere+nia(# a =uien (e de(i.na /a0i:nc++ e)ereur8 É(/e e(/" (ie)re ac+)a*ad+ de cada !ad+ )+r una u>er =ue )+r/a !a( 0andera( c+n !+( (i.n+( de! L+a en cu6+ 2+n+r (e e1ec/a !a +1renda# e! manger. E! 9adgigano (acri(/"n e( e! a6udan/e de! .ran (acerd+/e8 Só!+ un aataa di()+ne de un 9adgigan.Se rec+n+ce a !+( (acerd+/e( )+r (u (+!ene a/a54+# ca(i (ie)re ne.r+# )er+ )rinci)a!en/e)+r (u asson, Ha(+n# acón# (u (+na>a de ca!a0aa ) araca8 C+n(i(/e en una )e=ue*a ca!a0aa 5aciada 6 (ecada a! (+!# de 1+ra a!ar.ada# cu6+ /a!!+ (ir5e de an.+8 En (u in/eri+r 2a6 (ei!!a( + )iedreci-!!a( + inc!u(+ 2ue(eci!!+( de !a c+!una 5er/e0ra! de una (er)ien/e8nicaen/e la'lace y !+( (acerd+/e( /ienen derec2+ a u(ar e! asson, =ue duran/e !a

    cere+ni+(a in5e(/idura !e( 2a04a en/re.ad+ e! .ran (acerd+/e c++ ce/r+ 6 (40+!+ de !adi.nidad 6 c+n e! cua! diri.en duran/e !a( cere+nia( e! cur(+ de !+( ac/+( cu!/ua!e(# /a! c++ 5ere+( an c+n a6+r de/a!!e#$Q

    La +r=ue(/a 2a +cu)ad+ (u !u.arG c+n(/a de cua/r+ 2+0re(8 E! houngan (u)re+ 2ace (+nar(u asson 6 un+ /ra( +/r+ en/ran !+( in(/ruen/+(# )rier+ e! ogan, in(/ruen/+ )arecid+ a!/ri"n.u!+ =ue e! +.ani(/a (+(/iene en !a an+ i=uierda 6 .+!)ea c+n una 5ari/a =ue /iene en !aan+ derec2a8 Si.uen !+( /a0+re(# tam9ours rada: 9oula H0u!a + )e=ue*+ /a0+r =ue e!$%

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    9oulailler H0+u!a6: (+(/iene 2+ri+n/a!en/e 6 /+ca (en/ad+ c+n d+( )a!i!!+(G )+c+ de()u:(en/ra e! second H(:.+n# e! /a-$Q La araca )r+cede de! cu!/+ a C2an.ó# de! =ue (e 2a0!a en e! ca)4/u!+ Ru0a8 EnDa2+e6# (in e0ar.+# un assin n+ e( una (+na>a de ca!a0aa# (in+ un (40+!+ e/"!ic+c+!+cad+ en un a!/ar 6 /ran()+r/ad+ de!an/e de! re68QQ 0+r edi+ =ue e! secondier (+(/iene !i.eraen/e inc!inad+# ca(i 5er/ica!# en/re !a( )ierna(8Ba/e e(/e /a0+r c+n e! )u!)e>+ + c+n !+( ded+(# c+n un )a!i!!+ c+n + un+ e()ecia!# e!aguida Ha.ida8 P+r !/i+ en/ra e! /a0+r .rande# e! manman 3 aan + assotorHa((au/+nre# a((a/+r# =ue c+n (u( ' a $ c de a!/ura 6 e 2a de can/ar !a( )ar/e( (+!i(/a( en !a an/41+na# a n+ (er =ue una (+!i(/ae()ecia!# !a chanterelle, (e de(/a=ue de! c+r+ de !+( hounsi. Se inicia e! )rierQ&

    can/+# =ue e( un !!aad+ )ara =ue (e c+n.re.uen !+( cre6en/e(# !a société:La 1ai!!e# (e0!eY A.+:Y E6aY uinin 5a aider n+u(YLa 1ai!ia# rena(eY A.+:Y HUn loa5 E6aY uinea Hb 1rica n+( a6udar"YE( a2+ra cuand+ 2ace (u a)arición la'lace, e! ae(/r+ de cere+nia(# 6 c+iena e! +irer, e!.irar# una .raci+(a cere+nia de (a!u/ación en !a =ue !+( hounsi, + (ea !+( iniciad+(# (a!udan a!+( (acerd+/e(# a !+( houngans, a !a( mam9os, a la'lace 6 a !a hounguénikon. Se acercanun+( a +/r+( c+n )a(+( de 0ai!e# cada (acerd+/e /+a c+n !a an+ i=uierda en a!/+ !a an+derec2a de una hounsi 6 2ace e>ecu/ar a :(/a# a! ri/+ de !a +r=ue(/a# un !en/+ .ir+ )rier+2acia un !ad+ 6 !ue.+ 2acia e! +/r+# /erinand+ cada 5ue!/a en una !i.era inc!inación8 A! i(-+ /ie)+# e! (acerd+/e 2a /+ad+ c+n !a an+ derec2a !a an+ i=uierda de +/ra hounsi, !acua! e>ecu/a# cua! e()e>+# e;ac/aen/e !+( i(+( +5iien/+(8 En (e.uida# !a( d+( haunsis

    (e diri.en a +/r+ (acerd+/e + (acerd+/i(a# 2a(/a =ue /+d+( !+( hounsis 6 !+( (acerd+/e( =uedan)re(en/ad+(8$&

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    i( M:/rau; de(cri0e de +/ra anera e! +irer: (e.n :!# (ó!+ 0ai!an un+( c+n +/r+( !+( de i.ua!ran.+G !a i!u(/ración ad>un/a ue(/ra có+ d+( houngans (e /+an de am9as an+(8M:/rau; II# ))8 9 6 9&8Q,ca*a de acar# c+ndien/ad+ c+n )iien/a 6 !+ r+c4a a (u a!reded+r c+n !a( e>i!!a( in1!ada(8É(/a e( !a anera c++ en 1rica (e )rac/ica una +1renda de a!c+2+!8 Un )ene/ran/e +!+r aa!c+2+! 6 )iien/a (e e;)ande )+r !a 2a0i/ación# !a /en(ión crece 6 !+( /a0+ri!e+( 6 can/+(#=ue n+ (e 2a04an in/erru)id+# auen/an de 5+!uen8 A! )+c+ /ie)+# 5ari+( hounsi caen en/rance# (a!/an# 0ai!an 6 c+ienan a .ri/ar8 Un iniciad+ /ra( +/r+ e( )+(e4d+ )+r un loa< e>+rdic2+# e( +n/ad+# (e.n e! /:rin+ e()ec41ic+ che+auché, =ue (e deri5a de che+al 3choual5, e( decir ca0a!!+8 E! + !a hounsi (e c+n5ier/e en ca0a!!+ de! loa =ue (e a/eria!ia en:! + en e!!a8 L+( hounsi =ue n+ (+n +n/ad+( (e !!aan chré't=ens +i+ants, cri(/ian+( 5i5+(8 É(/+( (e encar.an de =ue !+( +n/ad+( n+ (e 2a.an da*+8 A! +0(er5ad+r n+ iniciad+# e! 0ai!e ende+niad+ (e )re(en/a c++ un 0aru!!+ (in +rdena!.un+# c++ un e(c"nda!+ inc+n(cien/e# 6a =ue !+( di1eren/e( hounsi (+n +n/ad+( )+rloas di1eren/e(8 E(/a !i0eración de in(/in/+(# a)aren/een/e c+!ec/i5a )er+ de e1ec/+(indi5idua!e( di(/in/+(# c+n (u e()+n/"nea ena>enación 6 a)aren/e 1a!/a de c+n/r+! (+0re !+(ac+n/eciien/+( 2a !!enad+ una 6 +/ra 5e de /err+r a! +0(er5ad+r# 6 a e!!a (e de0e !a a!a1aa de! +ud. A!ucinación en a(a + )aran+ia cuen/an en/re !+( >uici+( en+( (e5er+((+0re e(/+( 1enóen+(8 En 5i(/a de !a e5iden/e ):rdida de !a raón 6 de! c+n/r+! @aca(+ n+)+dr4a creer(e ca)ace( de /+d+( !+( e;ce(+( )+(i0!e( a !+( indi5idu+( una 5e (ue!/+(De a=u4 =ue /en.a+( =ue e;)+ner c+n a6+r )reci(ión e(/+( 1enóen+(8 L4nea( arri0ae(cri0i+( !a (ica auen/a de 5+!uen8 De0i+( 2a0er e(cri/+ e! ri/+ ca0ia# + aune>+r !+( ri/+( ca0ian# 6 ca0ian den/r+ de una r4/ica =ue /ie-Q9

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    La di1erencia en/re nue(/ra# c+nce)ción r4/ica 6 !a de !+( a1rican+( c+n(i(/e en =ue n+(+/r+(ca)/a+( e! ri/+ a )ar/ir de! +4d+# ien/ra =ue e!!+( !+ ca)/an a )ar/ir de! +5iien/+8E(/a /:cr"ca aff'9eat de !+( a1rican+( (e n+( )re(en/a c++ un :;/a(i( en e! (en/id+ "(au/:n/ic+ de !a )a!a0raG )ue( c+rre()+nde a (u na/ura!ea in/erru)ir !a =uie/ud en (4 i(4nae(/"/ica =ue di(/in.ue /an/+ a !a edida c++ a! ri/+ en adición a (u car"c/er de 1+ra( de(uce(ión /e)+ra!G 6 !+ 2ace )+r edi+ de una (u)er)+(ición de (u( acen/+( c+n )un/+( de.ra5edad e;/"/ic+(# c+n !+ cua! )r+duce /en(i+ne( en/re !+( acen/+( e(/"/ic+( 6 !+( e;/"/ic+(8L+ i(+ +curre en /+da( !a( 1+ra( de !a( c+0inaci+ne( r4/ica( a1ricana(G )r+0a0!een/ee( (u 1ina!idad 6 (en/id+ 5erdader+(8 3i(/a de e(/a anera# !a )re+cu)ación "( 4n/ia de !a(ica a1ricana c+n(i(/e en )r+5+car un :;/a(i( inin/erru)id+ edian/e c+n1i.uraci+ne(r4/ica( de .:ner+ e()ec41ic+8$,

    Si a e(/+ a*adi+( =ue cada loa )+(ee (u ri/+ )r+)i+# e( decir# (u 1óru!a de 0a/ire()ec41ica# (e )erci0e 6a (in a6+r di1icu!/ad e! )rinci)i+ +rdenad+r de e(/e a)aren/ede(+rden e;/"/ic+8 L+( /a0+re( ca0ian e! ri/+ 6 /+can un yan+alou )ara 2+nrar a Leg9a, +0(er5a Ode//e Ri.aud8$9 E! iniciad+ =ue c+n+ce !a 1óru!a r4/ica e()ec41ica de un++ de 5ari+( loas * 6 en !a c+unicación de e(/e c+n+ciien/+ c+n(i(/e )reci(aen/e !a inicia-ciónK (ó!+ nece(i/a c+ncen/rar(e en !a 1óru!a r4/ica de (u toa 6 en/re.ar(e a e!!a )ara

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    e>ecu/ar !+( +5iien/+( adecuad+( a! loa. O (ea =ue n+ e>ecu/a +5iien/+( ar0i/rari+(#(in+ (ó!+ a=ue!!+( =uei^ Dauer II# )8 a( (a.rada(# !+( assons. De a24 !a i)+r/ancia de !+( assons< dea24 =ue nadie 1uera de !+( (acerd+/e( )ueda /ener un asson. L+( (acerd+/e(# c+n (u( 1unci+ne( >erar=uiada( c+n /+da )reci(ión# (+n# )+r a(4 decir# !+( direc/+re( de una ó)era-0a!!e/(a.radaG (u( assons (+n !a( 0a/u/a(# !+( /a0+re( e=ui5a!en a !a +r=ue(/a# !+( hounsi a! c+r+ 6 !+( 0ai!arine( a !+( (+!i(/a(8 De nin.una anera )uede 2a0!ar(e de de(+rden8Q%8 L+( di+(e( H/+a(La i)+r/ancia =ue /iene en /+d+ e(/+ e! 1undaen/+ )+!i:/ric+ au/:n/icaen/e a1rican+ dee(/a (ica (e )uede )erci0ir 2aciend+ una c+)aración c+n 1+ra( de! :;/a(i( =ue (e

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     6 aun )arecen acrecen/ar(e8 E( )+(i0!e =ue en e(/a )+(e(ión (e e!iinen + e=ui!i0renin5+!un/aria 6 e()+n/"neaen/e !+( c+n1!ic/+( )(4=uic+( de! )+(e4d+# !+ cua! !+.ra unaar+niación in/erna8 E(/+ e;)!icar4a en cier/a edida e! 2ec2+ de =ue e! danan/e (e (ien/aen e;/re+ re1re(cad+ >u(/aen/e de()u:( de! /rance "( 1uer/e8 O (ea =ue e! e1ec/+ e( 0en:1ic+ 6 n+ n+ci5+8 P+r !+ /an/+ Ke(cri0e DauerK n+ (e )uede 2a0!ar de e(/e 1enóen+#c++ (e 2a 2ec2+ /an/a( 5ece(# c++ de una 2i(/eria# neur+(i( + e)i!e)(ia8 $'  M:/rau;# a (u 5e# +)ina a(/a =ui(i:ra+( decir =ue re)re(en/a !a c+nduc/a n+ra! de! cre6en/e# 6 =uee( inc!u(+ e()erada )+r !+( )ar/ici)an/e( ac/i5+( de! cu!/+8 Un cre6en/e =ue nunca 2a6a (id+)+(e4d+ )+r e! di+( erece uc2+ "( e! e)4/e/+ de an+ra!8 a"( 2a (id++cu)ad+# )+(e4d+ )+r una deidad# n+ e( ace)/ad+ /a)+c+ en 1rica en nin.n cu!/+8E! auen/+ de !+( )+dere( 14(ic+( 6 e()iri/ua!e( de! 2+0re# (u)ue(/+ a=u4 )+r Dauer# n+()arece (er !a e/a )r+)iaen/e dic2a de /+da( !a( cere+nia( 5udG e( a=u4 d+nde 6ace !a(i.ni1icación# !a 1unción (+cia! 6 e! 5a!+r de! 5ud8 Tan/+ !+( ac/+( (i0ó!ic+( H!a( !i0aci+ne(#!a( in5+caci+ne(# !+( (acri1ici+( de ania!e(# e! a/ra5e(aien/+ de! 1ue.+# e/c8# en !+( =ue/+an )ar/e /a0i:n !+( ena>enad+( c+n (u( (en/id+( 0ien de()ier/+(# c++ !a( )r+)ia( ena- >enaci+ne( (ir5en e;c!u(i5aen/e )ara re1+rar !a( )+/encia( 14(ica( 6 e()iri/ua!e( de! 2+0re8Rec+n+cere+( e! +d+ c++ (e e1ec/a e(/e re1uer+ 6 (u cau(a a! in5e(/i.ar !+ =ue )+(ee ++n/a a !a( )er(+na( en /rance# e( decir# cuand+ de/erine+( =ui:ne( 6 =u: (+n e(/+(loas en rea!idad8E! (e*+r (u)re+ de /+d+( !+( loas e( ?on 8ieu,i Id., )8 ,98

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    en/e# cada ri/+ )er/enec4a a un de/erinad+ )ue0!+G )er+ a(4 c++ !+( )ue0!+( a1rican+( (eec!ar+n en !a /ierra 2ai/iana# a(4 (e ec!ar+n /a0i:n (u( di+(e(# aun=ue de(de !ue.+ enun .rad+ en+r8 L+( .ru)+( en+re( (e di(+!5ier+n en !+( a6+re(G e! .ru)+ "( .rande)er/enece a! ri/+ arada + rada, )r+ceden/e de Da2+e68 L+( ri/+( nago H6+ru0a e i9o,i.ua!en/e )r+5enien/e( de uinea# (e di(+!5ier+n ca(i )+r c+)!e/+ en e! ri/+ arada,ien/ra( =ue e! ri/+ de 8on Pedro de! C+n.+ (u0(i(/ió acri(+!ad+ c+n +/r+( ri/+( de! C+n.+ 6 de An.+!a8 Sin e0ar.+# !+( ri/+( arada 6 de  8on Pedro (e 2an id+ a(ii!and+ de aneran+/+riaG e! ri/+ arada e( e! =ue a6+r ner+ de ie0r+( /iene# 6a =ue !a a6+r4a de !+(2ai/ian+( /en4an (u )a/ria en Da2+e68 Duran/e !a cere+nia +ud (e in5+ca c++ )rierloa a  Leg9a HPa)a-Le.0a# A/i0+n Le.0a8 É! e( e! (e*+r de cain+( 6 ca!!e(# e! ?ere( de!O!i)+ +ud, e! .uardi"n de !a( encruci>ada( 6 de !a( )uer/a(# e! )r+/ec/+r de! re0a*+8 Sue()+(a e( ;yi&an HA6an# !a di+(a de !+( ercad+( 6 deidad (u)rea de! O!i)+ arada. E!(40+!+ de Le.0a# (u +é+é, e( !a cru# )er+ una cru =ue /iene en c+n c+n !a cru cri(/iana(ó!+ !a 1+ra# n+ e! (i.ni1icad+8 E! ader+ 5er/ica! (i0+!ia e! cain+ =ue une !a )r+-1undidad 6 !a a!/ura# e( !a ca!!e de !+( loas, de !+( in5i(i0!e(8 E! )ie de e(/e e>e uni5er(a! 5er/ica! de(can(a en !a( a.ua( de! a0i(+8 A=u4# en !a i(!a 0a>+ e! ar (e encuen/ra uinea# 1rica# !a )a/ria !e.endariaG :(/a e( !a (ede duradera de !+( loas, de !a =ue )ar/en 5er/ica!en/e 2acia !+( 5i5+(8 Cada !4nea 5er/ica!# an/e /+d+ cada "r0+! 6 e()ecia!en/e e! oteau'mitan en e! hounfort (i0+!ia e! "r0+! di5in+ =ue c+unica e! 2ed+ 1+nd+)ri+rdia! c+n e! cie!+8 E! /ra5e(an+ 2+ri+n/a! de !a cru (i0+!ia e! und+ /errena!-2uan+8 Só!+ en !a encru-&ci>ada en =ue (e encuen/ran e! e>e 2uan+ 6 e! di5in+ (e e(/a0!ece !a c+unicación c+n !a(deidade(8 e(/a encruci>ada e( 5i.i!ada )+r e! Le.0a8

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    Re()ec/+ a !a )r+nunciación# !a( 5+ca!e( c++ en e()a*+!# !a( c+n(+nan/e( c++ en in.!:(#!a é 6 !a : c++ en 1ranc:(8 E! (i.n+ K_ (i.ni1ica na(a!iación8&Q 3udu Le.0a# a0re !a 0arrera )ara 48 Cuand+ 5ue!5a dar: .racia( a !+( !+a(8 A0+0+YMien/ra( (e dice e(/+# la'tace c+rre re)e/ida( 5ece( 2acia !a )uer/a de! )eri(/i!+ 6 !a a0re(i0ó!icaen/e 2a(/a =ue 5iene Le.0a 6 +n/a a un danan/e8 En e(e ca(+# Le.0a e( unancian+ c+>+ c+n u!e/a8 Una 5e =ue e(/" :! )re(en/e )ueden 5enir /a0i:n !+( de"(8 8am9a>ah HDa0a!a# Da0a!!a2-Ouedd+# A/c2a(-(+u-an.ódó e( e! toa de !a 1er/i!idad8 3i5e a +ri!!a( de !+( anan/ia!e( 6 en !+( )an/an+(8 Su (40+!+ e( !a (er)ien/e# 6 !a )er(+na a=uien +n/a ue5e !a !en.ua a anera de !a( (er)ien/e(# (e arra(/ra (er)en/eand+ )+r e!(ue!+# e(ca!a !+( )+(/e( 6 (e cue!.a# c+n !a ca0ea 2acia a0a>+# de !a( 5i.a( de! /ec2+8 E!n+0re e(/" c+)ue(/+ de Dan + Dan.0e# e! cu!/+ de !a (er)ien/e ce!e(/e# + (ea de! arc+iri(# 6 de A!iada# n+0re de un rein+ en e! (ur de Da2+e6 de! cua! )r+5en4a !a dina(/4a de!+( A0+e6# 1undad+ra de! .ran rein+ Da2+e68 La )a!a0ra Da2+e6 i(a (i.ni1ica en e!cuer)+ de Dan HDan 2+ e68ada e( 5i.i!ada )+r e! Le.0a8

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    Re()ec/+ a !a )r+nunciación# !a( 5+ca!e( c++ en e()a*+!# !a( c+n(+nan/e( c++ en in.!:(#!a é 6 !a : c++ en 1ranc:(8 E! (i.n+ K_ (i.ni1ica na(a!iación8&Q 3udu Le.0a# a0re !a 0arrera )ara 48 Cuand+ 5ue!5a dar: .racia( a !+( !+a(8 A0+0+YMien/ra( (e dice e(/+# la'tace c+rre re)e/ida( 5ece( 2acia !a )uer/a de! )eri(/i!+ 6 !a a0re(i0ó!icaen/e 2a(/a =ue 5iene Le.0a 6 +n/a a un danan/e8 En e(e ca(+# Le.0a e( unancian+ c+>+ c+n u!e/a8 Una 5e =ue e(/" :! )re(en/e )ueden 5enir /a0i:n !+( de"(8 8am9a>ah HDa0a!a# Da0a!!a2-Ouedd+# A/c2a(-(+u-an.ódó e( e! toa de !a 1er/i!idad8 3i5e a +ri!!a( de !+( anan/ia!e( 6 en !+( )an/an+(8 Su (40+!+ e( !a (er)ien/e# 6 !a )er(+na a=uien +n/a ue5e !a !en.ua a anera de !a( (er)ien/e(# (e arra(/ra (er)en/eand+ )+r e!(ue!+# e(ca!a !+( )+(/e( 6 (e cue!.a# c+n !a ca0ea 2acia a0a>+# de !a( 5i.a( de! /ec2+8 E!n+0re e(/" c+)ue(/+ de Dan + Dan.0e# e! cu!/+ de !a (er)ien/e ce!e(/e# + (ea de! arc+iri(# 6 de A!iada# n+0re de un rein+ en e! (ur de Da2+e6 de! cua! )r+5en4a !a dina(/4a de!+( A0+e6# 1undad+ra de! .ran rein+ Da2+e68 La )a!a0ra Da2+e6 i(a (i.ni1ica en e!cuer)+ de Dan HDan 2+ e68ere( c+n c+nde(cendencia 6 !e( +1rece (ó!+ e! ded+

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    u:d: (e de>a caer a! (ue!+# c+n/iene !a re()iración 6 de>a de +5er(e8 O/r+( loas de! .ru)+u:d: /ienen )+r (40+!+ e! )ic+# !a )a!a# !a ca!a5era# !a( /i0ia( cruada( + !a( 2+>a( (eca(# )+r!+( cua!e( (e 2acen )a/en/e( (u( 1unci+ne( en e! (:=ui/+ de !a uer/e8De e(/a anera# 2a6 /+da54a +/r+( uc2+( loas 6 .ru)+( de loas< )er+ 2e+( enci+nad+ !+("( i)+r/an/e( en !a( )".ina( an/eri+re(8 L+( loas reci0en !a( +1renda( =ue !e(c+rre()+nden !i0aci+ne( u +0!aci+ne( ac+)a*ada( de (acri1ici+( de ania!e( 5i5+(# =ue ca(i(ie)re (+n .a!!+(# aun=ue en +ca(i+ne( (e +1recen /a0i:n cerd+(# ac2+( ca0r4+(# a!.una 5e un /+r+# (i.uiend+ (ie)re un ri/ua! )re(cri/+ 2a(/a en (u( "( 4ni+( de/a!!e(8'u.+ de >i/+a/e( 6 =ue )re/ende e(/ar ca(ad+ c+n una (acerd+/i(a +ud. BB  [i!!ia(# =uien ci/a 6 e;aina uc2+( in1+re( c+n a1iraci+ne( (ii!are(# n+ )uede aducir un (+!+ /e(/i.+ de 5i(/a8 E! nic+ re!a/+ =ue )re/ende 0a(ar(e en !+ +0(er5ad+'< c18 Leiri( II8 ann( ein Eer( Mit meinen ;ugen. Ber!4n# $%%8&%)+r un /e(/i.+ +cu!ar (e encuen/ra en una car/a de Sir S)encer S/8 J+2n diri.ida a!  Ce% DorkEorld y 1ec2ada e! & de dicie0re de $'',8 E! /e(/i.+ de 5i(/a )eranece anóni+# )er+S)encer S/8 J+2n .aran/ia (u (inceridadG S/8 J+2n 1ue duran/e 5ein/e a*+( cón(u! .enera! 0ri/"nic+ en ai/4# 6 e(cri0ió un !i0r+ cu6+ ca)4/u!+ Cu!/+ +ud 6 cani0a!i(+ 1ue# (e.ndice :! i(+# e! =ue a6+re( di1icu!/ade( +1reció8Q L+( /erri0!e( ac+n/eciien/+( reunid+(a24 )r+5ienen# (e.n a1ira# de d+cuen/+( 2ai/ian+(# de 1unci+nari+( 2ai/ian+( de

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     A e(/e i(+ ca)+ )er/enece !a creencia en !+(  &om9is, cuer)+( inaniad+( (+0re !+( =ue 5+!5ere+( a! /ra/ar de !a 0ru>er4a89

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    )uede +rien/ar(e en e! und+ e;/ern+8 E! raort He! c+n/ac/+ c+n e! 2i)n+/iad+r (ean/iene duran/e !a 2i)n+(i(G en e! +ud e( e! raort c+n !a +r=ue(/a e! cua!# edian/e !a(1óru!a( r4/ica( e()ec41ica( ca)/ada( )+r e! 0ai!ar4n# (e diri>e a !a 1i.ura de! loa c+n+cida )+r:(/e8 De e(/a anera# e! danan/e ac+.e a! loa 6 !+ a/eria!ia a /ra5:( de (u( +5iien/+( 6 de (u !en.ua>e8En /+d+ e(/+ )+de+( dudar =ue !a c+nciencia 2a (id+ (u()endida en una edida /an a)!iac++ !+ a1iran !+( e()ec/ad+re( 6 aun !+( i(+( cre6en/e( de! +ud. En una n+5e!a de A!e;i( )+de+( !eerE! di1un/+ /4+ Fierre 1ue e! choual de Ti-Dan.ni# e! loa ni*+# e! >e1e de !a )+!ic4a de! O!i)+8Duran/e uc2+( a*+(# e! /4+ Fierre# )+(e4d+ )+r Ti-Dan.ni de(de e! S"0ad+ de! A.ua Bendi/a2a(/a e! 3ierne( San/+ V(4cW# 2a04a e)u>ad+ a !+( /+a(-.anader+( 6 a !+( loas'ca&adores

    a!e.re 6 .++(aen/e a /ra5:( de! )a/i+ de! (an-/uari+8%

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    .+0iern+( e(/a0an a 5ece( en an+( de =uiene( /+!era0an de a!a .ana !a re!i.ión )+)u!ar# 6 +/ra( en an+( de =uiene( in/en/a0an e;/erinar!a8En 5i(/a de (u i)+/encia# !+( ec!e(i"(/ic+( ca/ó!ic+(# en (u a6+r4a 0re/+ne(# 2icier+n !a()ace( c+n e! +ud y (e da0an )+r (a/i(1ec2+( cuand+ !+( ca)e(in+( (e (+e/4an a! en+( ena)ariencia a !+( anda/+( de !a I.!e(ia8 a6 =ue (er ca/ó!ic+ )ara )+der (er5ir a !+( loas,+6ó decir M:/rau; a un ca)e(in+8Q9  Deduce de e(/+ =ue e! ca/+!ici(+ 6 e! +ud (e 2an1undid+ en una cier/a unidad# 6a =ue e! ca)e(in+ a/ri0u6e /a0i:n a !+( (acraen/+( unae1icacia ".ica# de>a 0au/iar .u(/+(aen/e a (u( 2i>+(# c+u!.a 6 )ide !a )re(encia de unQ& M:/rau; III# )8 $Q&8 Q B+n(a!# ))8 ''&8 T M:/rau; II# )8 &%89$cura en (u !/ia 2+raG ade"(# B+n Dieu# Cri(/+# !a 3ir.en# !+( (an/+( 6 !+( loas 2acen 0uen >ue.+8 E( cier/+ =ue !+( 2ai/ian+( 2an inc!uid+ !a I.!e(ia den/r+ de !a re!i.ión +ud, 6a =ue# a!i.ua! =ue !+( a1rican+(# re()e/an /a0i:n +/ra( c+nce)ci+ne( de Di+(# adir"nd+(enicaen/e de! 1ana/i(+ de !+( cri(/ian+(8 Per+ (e !e e(ca)a a M:/rau; e! +/r+ )un/+i)+r/an/e de !a 1ra(e /a0i:n 2a6 =ue (er ca/ó!ic+# ada)/ar(e a !a re!i.ión +1icia!# )ara =uee! E(/ad+ !+ de>e a un+ /ran=ui!+ 6 )ueda un+ (er5ir a !+( loas (in (er +!e(/ad+8 A)ena( en e(/e (i.!+# c+n +/i5+ de !a )re(ión de )+dere( e;/ran>er+(# (e )r+du>er+n ac/+("( c+n(idera0!e( de +)re(ión c+n/ra !a re!i.ión naci+na!8 Mien/ra( =ue !+( di1eren/e(.+0iern+( 1a5+rec4an e(/+( +5iien/+(# !+( >ó5ene( au/+re( 2ai/ian+( c+enar+n ade1ender e! +ud en (u( n+5e!a(8 Edri( Sain/-Aand de(cri0e en  ?on 8ieu rit e! de(/in+ deuna 1ai!ia =ue (e en1ren/a a (eri+( c+n1!ic/+( c++ c+n(ecuencia de !a )re(ión de uni(i+ner+ )r+/e(/an/e8 An/e( (e (er54a a !+( loas, (e 0ai!a0a +ud 6 (e i0a a !a i.!e(ia ca/ó!ica8 L+( i(+( (an/+( =uead+rna0an !+( a!/are( 5i.i!a0an /a0i:n en !+( houn'forts. Cada (an/+ era a !a 5e un loa.Per+ a2+ra dec4a e! )a(/+r eri c+(a( e;/ra*a( Só!+ (e de0e (e.uir a Je((888 n+ )+d:i((er5ir (iu!/"neaen/e a Di+( 6 a! Becerr+ de Or+8 de(de en/+nce( !+( 2a0i/an/e( deDi.uaran (e +dian un+( a +/r+(8 Sur.ier+n in/erina0!e( =uere!!a( en/re =uiene( 6a n+ cre4an 6 =uiene( an (er54an a !+( loas. Se 1+rar+n d+( ca)+( enei.+(8 E! )ue0!+ /en4a d+( >e1e(#

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    E! c!er+ ca/ó!ic+ )en(ó =ue a !a !ar.a n+ de04a )eranecer a !a a.a de !+( i(i+ner+()r+/e(/an/e( =ue 2a04an !!e.ad+ a! )a4( duran/e !a +cu)ación de! i4#+ )+r !a( /r+)a(n+r/eaericana( H$%$&-$%Q8 Se !e +1reció !a +)+r/unidad en !a (e.unda uerra Mundia!cuand+ una (+ciedad n+r/eaericana ad=uirió de! .+0iern+ deud+r una( /ierra( de(/inada( a)!an/aci+ne(G )er+ an/e( 2a04a =ue e;)u!(ar a !+( ca)e(in+( d