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Libya Civil War & Transition 2011 Slide 2 Outline Historical Background Key Event Action of Intl Community Characteristics of Libya Case RtoP Criteria Conclusion Slide 3 Historical Background Basic Factors of Libya North African country Capital: Tripoli Language: Arabic Population: 5.7 million Religion: 97% Muslim Economy: Mainly depends on oil sector Slide 4 Historical Background History of Libya 1911-1943 Occupied by Italians. 1943-1951 Occupied by British (Tripolitania & Cyrenaica) & French (Fezzan) 1951 Declared independence as United Kingdom of Libya 1951-1969 Kingdom of Libya (King Idris) 1969-2011 Under Gaddafis administration 2011-present National Transitional Council Slide 5 Historical Background Libya Under Gaddafi Administration In office: 1969-2011 Official leader of Libya Arab Republic 1969- 1977 Brother leader of Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Killed by NLA fighters on Oct 20, 2011(age 69) Slide 6 Historical Background The Arab Spring (aka. Arab Awakening) Began on Dec 18, 2010 Slide 7 Key Events Libyan Revolution (Feb-Oct, 2011) Feb 15 Demonstration in Benghazi Indiscriminate Attack against Civilians Feb 26 UNSCR 1970 Feb 27 Establishment of NTC Slide 8 Key Events Libyan Revolution (Feb-Oct, 2011) Mar 17 UNSCR 1973 Aug 23 Fall of Tripoli Oct 17 Capture and Death of Gaddafi Oct 23 Ending of Conflict declared by NTC Oct 30 Ending of NATO Campaign Slide 9 Action of the Intl Community UNSCR 1970 (Feb 26, 2011) Recognition of NTC UNSCR 1973 (Mar 17, 2011) Slide 10 Action of the Intl Community UNSCR 1970 Unanimously adopted on 26 Feb Demanded immediate cessation of violence Non-violent sanctions (arms embargo, travel ban, asset freeze) Referred the case to ICC Slide 11 Action of the Intl Community Recognition of NTC France (Mar 1) legitimate representative of the Libyan people Qatar, Maldives, Italy, Gambia, UK, Senegal, Jordan, Malta, Spain, Australia, UAE, Germany, Canada.. UN recognition (Sep 16) Arab League (Sep 20) Slide 12 Action of the Intl Community UNSCR 1973 Approve10 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Columbia, France, Gabon, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, UK, US Abstain5 Russia, China, Brazil, India, Germany Opposed0 Slide 13 Action of the Intl Community UNSCR 1973 Proposed by France, UK and Lebanon Adopted on 17 March Immediate ceasefire Establishment of no-fly zone Use all necessary measures for protecting civilians and civilian populated areas (without the consent of Libya) No ground operation, in the limited duration Slide 14 Action of the Intl Community Situation of the UN 2001 Report (ICISS) 2005 World Summit right of intervention responsibility to protect whether to act how to act It became harder for states to stay aside Slide 15 Action of the Intl Community Situation of the US Leading from behind Domestic and international cost of actions in Iraq and Afghanistan reluctant to intervention America cannot use our military wherever repression occurs. And given the costs and risks of intervention, we must always measure our interests against the need for action. A lead role in the initial air strikes was assumed by France, and the entire operation was later handed over to NATO Slide 16 Characteristics of Libyan Case Extraordinary clarity of threat of mass atrocity crime Role played by regional organizations Taking one side (partiality) Slide 17 Characteristics of Libyan Case Clarity of Mass Atrocity Officers have been deployed in all tribes and regions so that they can purify all decisions from cockroaches (like Rwanda) All Libyan who takes army against Libya will be executed In the face of Gaddafis record and his public utterances, states couldnt plausibly argue that the threat of mass atrocities was not real. Benghazis imminent collapse showed the threat was imminent Slide 18 Characteristics of Libyan Case Regional Organizations The role of regional organizations had important meanings Arab League, GCC, OIC supported no-fly zone All African states in the Council supported UN Resolution 1973 China and Russia abstained (instead of using veto ) It changed US attitude from skepticism about intervention in Libya to forcible advocacy. Slide 19 Characteristics of Libyan Case Taking One Side One of genuine (impartiality) one of taking sides Resolution 1973 was adopted not only for the protection of civilians, but also for the protection of civilian populated areas Its clear that international community took one side and restricted the movement of another. With Libyan case, the Council is reasserting its right to point its finger at the wrongdoer. Slide 20 RtoP Criteria Just Cause Right Intention / Last Resort Proportional Means Reasonable Prospect Legitimate Authority Slide 21 RtoP Criteria Just Cause Libyan government employed various war tools against demonstrations and funeral processions. Security forces targeted paramedics. Injured demonstrators were refused access to hospitals and ambulance transport. etc. Apprehended large scale loss of life. Slide 22 RtoP Criteria Right Intention Responsibility to protect Libyan civilian Arab Spring - demand of democracy and social reform Supporting NLA *Political interests to halt or avert humanitarian suffering supported by regional opinion and victims. Slide 23 RtoP Criteria Last Resort Statements denouncing Gaddafis atrocities UNSCR 1970 International Criminal Court Arrest warrant by Interpol Absence of viable alternative non-military option Slide 24 RtoP Criteria Proportional Means Non-fly zone (Mar 17) Regular Strike Mission Duration: Feb 15 ~ Oct 23, 2011 (8 months and 8 days) Casualties: 25,000 ~ 30,000 killed, 4,000 missing ( from both side) Slide 25 RtoP Criteria Reasonable Prospect Gaddafis unpopularity Regional support Foreseeable massacre in Benghazi Imminent collapse of Benghazi Viable military intervention and effective reduce of humanitarian suffering. Slide 26 RtoP Criteria Legitimate Authority UNSC adopted UNSCR 1973 with 10 approval, 5 abstention and 0 opposition. Responsibility to Protect. Slide 27 Conclusion Failure of Intl Community Murder of Gaddafi Accidental Injury of Civilian Slide 28 Conclusion Current Situation of Libya Run by NTC Recognition of NTC by UN General Assembly with 114 approval, 17 opposition and 15 abstention. Recovering Slide 29 Thank you!!!!