lidar and its use in the identification of faults, fractures and sub surface structures in drift...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub Surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas
AAPG Eastern Section 9/22/15 Chuck Knox, Knox Geological LLC
1Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 2: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
LiDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses
light in the form of pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. These light
pulses-combined with other data recorded by the airborne system-generate precise, three-
dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics.
Noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html
2Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 3: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
LiDAR Derived DEM using Combined Hillshade and Raster of Flint Area Steuben County, IndianaKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
Wrench Faulting Associated With the Pokagon Line
Normal Faulting Associated with the Fort Wayne Rift
![Page 4: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
Wickstrom,Gray andStieglitz1992
Aerial Photo of the Maumee River during the drought of 1934 along the Bowling Green Fault Zone
![Page 5: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
Retreating Glaciers and the Signatures Left Behind
Faults and Fractures at the Glacier/Bedrock Contact Influence the Melting of the GlacierFaults and Fractures in the Bedrock are Influenced by Daily Tidal Actions Heat From Friction and the Sub Surface Create Zones of Melting Above Faults and FracturesKames and Eskars Develop Below Areas of Fractures in the Ice Leaving Geomorphic SignaturesEarly Drainage Patterns Follow Fractures in the Ice Which Correlate to Faults and Fractures in the Bedrock.Modern Drainage Patterns Follow the Early Glacial Drainage systems
![Page 6: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Matanuska Glacier Palmer Alaska
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 7: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Matanuska Glacier Palmer Alaska
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 8: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Matanuska Glacier Palmer Alaska
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 9: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Matanuska Glacier Palmer Alaska
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 10: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
11
Collecting LiDAR Point Cloud Data
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 11: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
12
Working with Digital LiDAR Data
Point Cloud Data is Stored as an LAS FileMillions of Point Cloud Points Creates Computer Processing IssuesOnly Using Last or Bare Earth Returns Reduces the Amount of Data Needing to be ProcessedArcGIS is a Good Program to Convert Point Cloud Data Into Useable InformationTwo Methods for the Reduction of Point Cloud Data in ArcGIS
LAS Data SetsTerrain Data Sets
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 12: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
13
LAS Data Sets
The Data is Stored Digitally and Can be Used in QueriesIn ArcGIS More Tools are Available for Modeling of the SurfaceEach Point of the Point Cloud is Used in Surface ModelingTakes a Stupendous Amount of Computer StorageNeeds Powerful Computer Processing Ability to Reduce the Point Cloud into Useable DataCan Create 3D Images of the Bare Earth Returns
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 13: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
14
Terrain Data Sets
Point Cloud Data is Reduced into a Pyramid System for Ease of DisplayPyramid System Reduces the Amount of Computer Processing Power Needed to Create Visual DisplaysCounty Wide Point Cloud Data Can be Reduced With Minimal Processing PowerTerrain Data Sets Cannot be Used in QueriesVery Good Tool For Scalable Visualization of the Bare Earth surface
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 14: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
15
LiDAR Study of the Unionport Gas Storage Project, Randolph County,
Indiana
“The Post Knox Unconformity provided the Principal Trapping Conditions for the Underground Gas Storage at Unionport”“Erosional Remnants of the Porous Knox Dolomite Protrude Upward into the Overlying Impermeable Black River Limestone”“Petroleum Has Been Produced in Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky and Southern Ontario from Knox Erosional Remnants”
Keller and Abdulkareem 1980
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 15: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
16
Unionport Gas Storage Project Randolph County, Indiana
Keller and Abdulkareem 1980
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 16: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
17
Keller and Abdulkareem 1980
Generalized StratigraphicSection for the Unionport Area
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 17: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
18
Location of the Gas Storage Wells in the Unionport Area
Keller and Abdulkareem 1980
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 18: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
19
Structure Map on the Top of the Knox Dolomite in the Unionport Gas Storage Project, Contours Are Every 10’
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
Keller and Abdulkareem 1980
![Page 19: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
20
Structure Map of the Trenton Utica Contact in the UnionportGas Storage Project, Contours Are Every 10’
Keller and Abdulkareem 1980
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 20: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
21
Cross Sections At Unionport
Keller and Abdulkareem 1980
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 21: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
22
The Unionport LiDAR Study
Mosaic Tile LAS Data Set Compiled over the Unionport Gas Storage ComplexOnly Last or Bare Earth Returns Used in Data Set3D Digital Elevation Model of Surface Built with Combined Hillshade and Transparent Red to Green Color Ramp Raster ImageTerrain Data Set Also CreatedElevation Contours, Slope Angles, Stream Flow and Aspect Maps Created from LAS Data SetSlope Angle Maps Created From Terrain Data Set
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 22: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
23
Unionport Area Google Earth Image With Wells, 1:30,000Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 23: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
24
Unionport Gas Storage Project with 9 Mosaic Tile LAS Data Set, 1:30,000Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 24: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
25
Unionport Gas Storage Project with Raster Image Derived from LAS Data SetKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 25: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
26
Unionport Gas Storage Project with Hillshaded Image Derived from LAS Data SetKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 26: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
27
Unionport Raster Image with Red to Green Color Ramp from LAS Data SetKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 27: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
28
Unionport With Combined Raster and Hillshade From 9 Tile LAS Data SetKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 28: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
29
Unionport With Combined Raster and Hillshade With WellsKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 29: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
30
Combined Raster and Hillshade 1:15,000Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 30: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
31
Combined Raster and Hillshade 1:15,000Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 31: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
32
LiDAR Derived Surface Contours 10’ IntervalsKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 32: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
33
Unionport Area Digitally Derived Flow AccumulationKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 33: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
34
Unionport LAS Data Set Digitally Derived Slope AnglesKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 34: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
35
Unionport LAS Data Set Digitally Derived Slope Angles With WellsKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 35: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
36
Unionport Terrain Data Set Derived Slope Angles Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 36: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
37
Unionport Terrain Data Set Derived Slope Angles With Wells Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 37: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
40
Northern Unionport DEM 1:3,000Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 38: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
42
Northern Unionport DEM 1:3,000Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 39: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
43
Northern Unionport LAS Data Set Slope AngleKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 40: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
45
Northern Unionport Terrain Data Set Slope AngleKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 41: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
48
Northern Unionport LAS Data Set Aspect MapKnox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
![Page 42: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
49
Results of The Unionport LiDAR Study
Differential Compaction of the Trenton, Utica and Silurian Limes Over the Known Knox Erosional Remnants at UnionportAppears to Extend to the SurfaceLiDAR Derived Digital Elevation Models Show an Area of Higher Elevation Over the Known Knox Erosional RemnantsLiDAR Derived Flow Accumulation Map Shows Stream Flow Radiating Away From Area Above Known Knox Erosional RemnantsSlope Angle Maps, Both LAS Data Set and Terrain Data Set Show Higher Slope Angles Over the Known Knox Erosional Remnant
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 43: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
50Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
Conclusion of The Unionport LiDAR Study
LiDAR Derived Digital Elevation Models with Flow Accumulation and Slope Angle Maps Can Be Used as a New Tool to Help Locate Knox Erosional Remnants in Drift Covered Areas
![Page 44: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
51
USGS LiDAR Availability Map of the Lower 48
Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
![Page 45: LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures in Drift Covered Areas](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051320/587e66e71a28ab2a538b71e7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
52Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422 [email protected]
Special Thanks To These Great People for Their Help, Support and
Encouragement
Dr Jan Cannon for his long career and continued dedication to remote sensing Charly Zuppann and Matt Johnson of the Indiana Geological SurveyJim Sparks: Indiana Geographic Information Officer, Jim’s office was responsible for the 3 year LiDAR survey in IndianaKevin Sullivan and John Clark for their advice and encouragementApril Knox: Geological Graduate student at the University of Alaska Fairbanks