lidia ionescu, cipriana stefanescu, carmen vulpoi, doina butcovan, d. ferariu, c. radulescu, c....
TRANSCRIPT
Lidia Ionescu, Cipriana Stefanescu, Carmen Vulpoi, Doina Butcovan, D. Ferariu, C. Radulescu, C.
DiaconuUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi
CT –mainstay of thymic investigation
Thoracic CT scan has a reliable sensitivity and specificity in detecting thymic lesions
Elective method of diagnosis
One major difficulty is to differentiate for certain between thymic lymphoid hyperplasia and thymoma.
But in equivocal cases, other investigations can add suplimentary informations.
MV, male, 46 years old, 6w. history of MG- Oss. III, CT suspicious for thymoma, Op. 2004, histology- thymic lymphoid hyperplasia + mediastinal ectopies, post.op.- complete remission
GE, 19 years old man, Hashimoto thyroiditis, hemolytic anemia, (Hb-4g/dl), CT- thymoma, op.dec 2005, histology- thymic lymphoid hypertrophy
PF, female, 21 years old, MG- OSS III, CT- thymic hyperplasia, op. 1997Histology- lymphocitic thymoma
Imaging investigationsBut in equivocal cases, thymic scintigraphy
can add suplimentary informations to CT aspects.
Equivocal cases: Association of thyro-thymic lesionsTumor recurrenceType of thymic lesionsEctopic thymomas
Scintigraphy with 99mTc-tetrofosminFrequently used in the assessment of myocardial
perfusion, conducted to incidental extracardiac uptake and detection of a mediastinal mass as it showed in few reported cases in the literature (Kotsalou I, Hawkins M)
This investigation is not yet included in the algorithm of diagnosis for mediastinal mass
But it must be considered a valuable alternative when conventional investigations fail to confirm a clinical suspicion, resulting in adequate decision making.
Thymic scintigraphyPathological uptake of 99mTc tetrofosmin
appears in benign and malignant tumors through an incomplete understood mechanism.
But the increased number of mitochodrias and the degree of perfusion of the lesion seem to play an important role.
Thymic scintigraphy
Thymic scintigraphy can asses after the degree of up-take of the radiotracer on the early and late imagesNormal thymus, Hyperplasia and ThymomaTumor recurrenceEctopic thymomas
The 99m-Tc Tetrofosmin scintigraphy
Performed with standard doses, according to the worldwide accepted protocol.
An informed consent for the investigation is obtained from all the patients.
An AXIS Gamma camera (Philips), Siemens double-head detection and SPECT was used and acquired data were analyzed with an IBM specialized software.
99m Tc Tetrofosmin
Lipophile molecule that crosses the cellular membranes according to electrochemical gradient and fluidity of the membrane.
It accumulates mainly in the mitochondria, which explains the fixation in cells with intense metabolism.
Equivocal casesThe association hyperthyroidy-myasthenia
gravis is present mainly in autoimmune thyropathies such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Grave’s disease
Usually myasthenia gravis is secondary to hyperthyroidy due to thymus hyperplasia and an adequate antithyroid drug treatment or surgery result in remission of thymic hyperplasia.
Associated lesions
Murakami, Yasuhiro Hosoi demonstrated the presence of thymic hyperplasia in Grave’s disease patients, calculating on CT scan images the size and density of the thymus on untreated and treated Grave’s disease patients.
The conclusion was that thymic hyperplasia regresses in treated patients either with antithyroid drugs or total thyroidectomy
Thyro-thymic lesions Yamanaka K, Nakayama H. reported a case
of Grave's disease associated with a mediastinl mass in whom CT scan RMI were suggestive for a thymoma.
The patient underwent total thyroidectomy and thymectomy at the same stage. Pathology report showed a thymic hyperplasia.
AM, 46-year-old woman, 2007 multinodular goitre and myasthenia gravis Thyroid profile (TSH-0.1 µUI/ml, fT4-1.2ng/dl), Thyroid total volume of 65.9 ml. (Prof. dr. C. Vulpoi) Compressive goiter Retrosternal goiter
Hyperthyroidism+ectopic thymomaThe thyroid lesion more obvious, was first treated
and myasthenia gravis considered wrongly to be secondary and remitting after total thyroidectomy.
On thymic scintigrapy was evident the hypercaptation in lower anterior mediastinum with a high suspicion of a thymoma.
Pathology report of the specimen was mixt thymoma with capsular microscopic invasion-Masaoka II stage.
Repeat CT scanAntero- inferior mediastinal massThymectomy, 6 months following TT, june 2008
Paramedian low retrosternal mass Well-encapsulated mass
Hyperthyroidism+ectopic thymomaThe thyroid lesion more obvious, was first treated
and myasthenia gravis considered wrongly to be secondary and remitting after total thyroidectomy.
On thymic scintigrapy was evident the hypercaptation in lower anterior mediastinum with a high suspicion of a thymoma.
Pathology report of the specimen was mixt thymoma with capsular microscopic invasion-Masaoka II stage.
Myasthenia gravis, invasive thymomaInflammatory pericarditis
C T, 64-year-old woman8 year-history of MG, CT- evident tumourop. 2002-thymectomy+pleurectomyPathology report- Invasive thymoma-Masaoka
III Post-operative radiotherapy 44 Gy,Chemotherapy 1 year- CPh+PDN2003- post-radiotherapy transient myxedema
CT, 60 years old, thymoma+MG, Oss.IV, op. 2002, Lymphocitic thymoma (type I malignant thymoma)-Masaoka II ( well encapsulated but microscopic capsular invasion), adhesions to left M. pleura which was resected
Radiotherapy 44 Gy, chemotherapy, 1 year CP+PDNPericarditis at 1 year postRxTRemission of MG 5 years, 2008- AChE