life abundant

8/8/2019 Life Abundant

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BOHA CMQIGCIW

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BOHA AIJCILADAIW U]@KALW N]@QU DADMA]\

Ckcyo Cmcy`do Gcxoa|

Ch`bcyci Addciqab

Cfcinm`q Dc}y

Oko~`ba Wadowùa Cgam`bc

@gayado M`bcko

@ya~`ba Wco~` Kàb

C U}`kalw \qmdowwag oi Uc}wocb Hqbhobbdaiw `h wja ]asqo}adaiw h`}wja C~c}g `h wja U}`ha||oìcb U`|w$N}cgqcwa Goub`dc oi

Gaxabùdaiw Cgdoio|w}cwoì `h wja Oi|wowqwa `h GaxabùdaiwCgdoio|w}cwoì h Iona}oc)

I`xadma}" =535

Wcmba `h Lìwaiw

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La}woholcwoì………………………………………………………………………………))……x

Gagolcwoì…………………………………………………)……………………………………))xo

Clfi`~bagnadaiw………………………………………………………………………………xoo

Cm|w}clw…………………………………………………………………………………………)xooo

U}`kalw L`xa}cna L`ddqiowoa| oi @y` \wcwa……………………………………………………z

Ljcuwa} @ia

3)5 Oiw}`gqlwo i……………………………………)………………………………………)3

3)3 Mclfn}`qig w` wja \wqgy………………………………………………………………))3

3)= ^jcw o| Boha Cmqigciw0))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

……=

3)< \wcwadaiw `h wja U}`mbad………………………………………………………………=

3)7 @mkalwoxa| h wja |wqgy…………………………………………………………………))<

3)1 ]a|ac}lj Sqa|wo i|………………………………………………………………………7

3)8 \lùa `h wja \wqgy………………………)………………………………………………)1

3)> Kq|woholcwoì `h wja \wqgy…………………………………………………………………)1

Ljcuwa} W~`

=)5 Axcbqcwoì ì Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb| *DGN|/……………………………))8

=)3 @xa}xoa~ `h

DGN|………………………………………………………………………))>

=)= Iona}oc; Wja U`bowol| h U`xa}wy Cbbaxocwo i U}`n}cdda|………………………………:

=)< Iona}oc cig wja DGN|; U}`mbad| cig U`||omobowoa|……………………………………)))33

=)7 Iona}oc cig wja Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb|; U}`|ualw|……………………………)3=

=)1 M}oah Mclfn}`qig cig Jo|w`}y h Omcgci" @y` \wcwa……………………………………)37

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Ljcuwa} Wj}aa

<)5 Oiw}`gqlwo i………………………………………………………………………………38

<)3 Dawj`g`b`ny……………………………………………………………………………)38

<)= Wja l`xa}cna c}ac|;………………………………………………………………………3>

Ljcuwa} H`q}

7)5 ]a|qbw| cig Go|lq||oì…………………………………………………………………))3?

7)3 Cn}olqbwq}a oi @do Cgo`…………………………………………………………………=3

7)= Cn}olqbwq}a cig Uawa} H}cilo|‟| |w }y……………………………………………………=<

Ljcuwa} Hoxa

1)5 Oiw}`gqlwo i………………………………………………………………………………=1

1)3 Boha A||aiwocb|…………………………………………………………………………)=1

1)= Ljcbbaina| w` Boha………………………………………………………………………=8

1)< @nqi~aoiga Xobbcna……………………………………………………………………))=>

1)7 Q}mci Oigonai`q| Omcgci “ Ma}a………………………………………………………))=?

1)8 Clla|| w` |cha ~cwa} uòiw|…………………………………………………………))…))<=

1)> \ciowcwoì oi Cnm`~`………………………………………………………………))…))<=

1): Boha Oigaz………………………………………………………………………………)<<

1)? Boha Aijciladaiw U} kalw………………………………………………………………))<>

1)35 U}`mbad| ail`qiwa}ag gq}oin wjo| aza}lo|a………………………………………………<:

Ljcuwa} \oz

8)5 Lìlbq|oì………………………………………………………………………………<?

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8)3 ]al`ddaigcwoì|………………………………………………………………………75

]aha}aila|………………………………………………………………………………………))7=

Bo|w `h Honq}a|

Honq}a 7)3; @ia `h wja |lj``b| xo|owag oi Og` w`~i……………………………………………))))3?

Honq}a 7)=; Uolwq}a| |j`~oin Jacbwj Hclobowy oi Og` W`~i………………………………………=5

Honq}a =)<; j`|uowcb maggoin|……………………………………………………………………=5

Honq}a 7)7; Ljobg}ai hc}doin ~jai daciw w` ma cw |lj``b………………………………………)=3

Honq}a 7)8; Qiga}n}`qig ~cwa} ~abb g}oag qu…………………………………………………)==

Honq}a 1)3; L}`|| |alwoì `h l`ddqiowoa| oi wja Ma}a czo|……………………………………)<5

Honq}a 1)=; J`q|a| oi Ma}a l`ddqiowy………………………………………………………))<5

Honq}a 1)1 Abalw}olowy |quuby" cwa} cig \ciowcwoì oi Cnm`~`……………………………)<5

Honq}a 1)8; u``} }ahq|a go|u`|cb oi Cnm`~` l`ddqiowy………………………………………<<

LA]WOHOLCWO@I

Wjo| o| w` la}wohy wjcw wja Boha aijciladaiw u}`kalw wacd dadma}| ~owj cm`xa bo|wag icda|

lc}}oag `qw cig l`dubawag wjo| u}`kalw cw wja Oi|wowqwa `h Gaxabùdaiw Cgdoio|w}cwoì `h

Iona}oc" *OGCI/ qiga} dy |qua}xo|oì)

7



PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP

\onicwq}a h \qua}xo|`} GcwaU}`h) H}cilo| @) Anm`fjc}a

VM)C)" Boi)" UjG *Omcgci/T

Gagolcwo`i

Wjo| u}`kalw ~`}f o| gagolcwag w` N`g Cbdonjwy h`} |aaoin q| wj}`qnj wjo| }a|ac}lj a|ualocbby

gq}oin wja }o|fy w}ou| cig qi|cha c}ac| ~a xo|owag) Dcy Jo| icda ma u}co|ag h`}axa})

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CLFI@^BAGNADAIW

@q} |oila}a n}cwowqga w` N`g Cbdonjwy h`} adu`~a}oin q| w` admc}f ì wjo| l`q}|a cig wcfoin q|

wj}`qnj w` wja aig) â ~`qbg bofa w` |j`~ `q} n}acwa|w cuu}alocwoì w` `q} |qua}xo|`} U}`h)

H}cilo| Anm`fjc}a) â lcii`w wjcif y`q ai`qnj h`} y`q} w}adaig`q| |quu`}w cig jabu) â

~a}a d`woxcwag cig ail`q}cnag axa}y woda ~a daw ~owj y`q h`} go}alwoì|)

8



CM\W]CLW

Wja Dobbaiioqd Gaxab udaiw N`cb| *DGN|/ $ ~jolj }cina h}`d jcbxoin azw}ada u`xa}wy w`

jcbwoin wja |u}acg `h JOXCOG\ cig u}`xogoin qioxa}|cb u}odc}y agqlcwoì" cbb my wja wc}naw gcwa

`h =531 $ h`}d c mbqau}oiw cn}aag w` my cbb wja ~`}bg.| l`qiw}oa| cig cbb wja ~`}bg.| bacgoin

gaxabùdaiw oi|wowqwoì|) Wjay jcxa ncbxcio{ag qiu}alagaiwag ahh`}w| w` daaw wja iaag| `h wja

~`}bg‟| u``}a|w ~jolj dcga wja iaag h`} wjo| }a|ac}lj |wqgy iala||c}y)

Boha cmqigciw }abcwa| w` DGN| cig oduclw ì jqdci gaxabùdaiw) Wjay cod w` odu}`xa wja fay

lcucmobowoa| `h jqdci maoin| ai|q}oin c bìn cig jacbwjy boha" maoin agqlcwag" jcxoin c galaiw

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|wcigc}g `h boxoin cig aik`yoin u`bowolcb cig loxob h}aag`d| w` uc}woloucwa oi wja boha `h ìa.|

l`ddqiowy) Hq}wja}" DGN| hclobowcwa a||aiwocb lìgowoì| h`} jqdci gaxabùdaiw wj} qnj

ai|q}oin aixo}ìdaiwcb |q|wcoicmobowy" u}`d`woin asqowy$ a|ualocbby naiga} asqowy cig aicmboin

nb`mcb alì`dol aixo}ìdaiw)

Wja |wqgy azub`}ag xc}o`q| l`ddqiowoa| oi @y` |wcwa `h Iona}oc cig oisqo}ag ì xc}o`q| maiahow|

`h wja DGN| cig j`~ ow jc| oduclwag }q}cb g~abba}| oi wa}d| `h ow| `mkalwoxa|) Mqw wja N`cb|

}asqo}a c ia~ d`daiwqd h`} hc|wa} u}`n}a|| oi cljoaxoin wja|a N`cb|) Wja|a l`ddqiowoa| jcxa

i`w habw wja |quu`}w `h wja N`cb|) Wja n`xa}idaiw| c}a h`lq|oin ahh`}w| w` |u}acg wja|a |a}xola| w`

}q}cb c}ac| cig odu}`xa wjao} `xa}cbb sqcbowy cig |wcigc}g| oi wja l`qiw}y)

Wja }a|uì|omobowy `h cljoaxoin DGN| o| maoin |jc}ag my xc}o`q| clw`}| oi |`loawy cig i`w kq|w

my wja n`xa}idaiw) Wjo| cuu}`clj wjq| j`bg| xc}o`q| clw`}| cll`qiwcmba" oilbqgoin n`xa}idaiw|"

lowo{ai|" l`}u`}cwo i| cig oiwa}icwo icb `}ncio{cwo i| oi ci ahh`}w w` cljoaxa DGN| my wja yac}

=531 cig c| |qlj wja boha aijciladaiw n}`qu |ao{ag wja ùu`}wqiowy w` qiga}|wqgy wja uaùba‟|

azua}oaila| ~owj }a|ualw w` DGN| oi xc}o`q| l`ddqiowoa| oi @y` |wcwa)

Wjo| wja|o| azcdoiag wja l`ddqiowoa| cig wjao} clla||omobowy w` h``g |quuby" jacbwj hclobowy" agqlcwoì"

u`~a} cig |alq}owy oi wja |wcwa) Wja cod o| w` c||a|| wja baxab `h clla||omobowy w` maiahow| `h boha jaila Boha

Cmqigciw ~joba lqwwoin cl}`|| gohha}aiw n`cb| h wja DGN)

Wja }a|ac}lj ~c| azub`}cwoxa cig qi|w}qlwq}ag c| ~a mqobw `q} sqa|woì| cig oiwa}xoa~ |a||oì mc|ag ì

xc}o`q| l`ddqiowoa| cig oigonaia| oi wja @y` |wcwa" Iona}oc) H}`d `q} }a|qbw| ~a ncwja}ag wjcw d`|w `h

wja oigonaia| oi l`ddqiowoa| oi @y` c}a i`w maiaholoc}oa| `h wja boha aijciladaiw u}`n}cdda cig

wja}amy bclf boha cmqigciw)

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U}`kalw L`xa}cna L`ddqiowoa| oi @y` \wcwa

Q}mci “ Q}mci; Cnm`~`

Q}mci Oigonai`q|; Ma}a" Dcu` cig @ka)

]q}cb; Og` w`~i" @nqi~aoiga xobbcna cig @do Cgo`

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Ljcuwa} @ia

Boha Cmqigciw

3)5 Oiw}`gqlwoì

Wja wjo}g ~`}bg l`qiw}oa|" oilbqgoin" ua}jcu| wj}aa$sqc}wa}| `h wja ~`}bg boxa oi c l`qiw}oa| wjcw

jc| i`w }acljag wja baxab `h alì`dol cig oigq|w}ocb gaxabùdaiw |qhholoaiw w` ai|q}a wjao}

oijcmowciw| c doiodqd dac|q}a `h wja ‒h}aag`d h}`d ~ciw— wjcw o| ìa `h wja n`cb `h wja ~`}bg

l`ddqiowy) Wjo| l`qiw}oa| ~jolj c}a b`lcwag bc}naby oi wja w}ùol| cig |qm$w}ùol|" c}a i`~

bcqiljoin wjad|abxa| ì ci c|laigoin lq}xa `h |abh$|q|wcoioin n}`~wj) Wja cuu}`zodcwaby 3=5

l`qiw}oa| cig wa}}ow`}oa| oi wjo| lcwan`}y c}a q|qcbby }aha}}ag w` c| wja ‒gaxabùoin l`qiw}oa|— *`}

cbwa}icwoxaby c| wja ‒alì`dolcbby qiga}gaxabùag l`qiw}oa|—/)

35



Wja wa}d Boha cmqigciw o| ci c|ualw wjcw |qddc}o{a| c ~cy `h boxoin h`} wja naia}cb uqmbol cig

wja |wqgy oiwaig| `xa}|aa j`~ jqdci| oi la}wcoi l`ddqiowoa| ~owjoi @y` \wcwa jcxa cgasqcwa

}a|`q}la| wjcw lci gahoia wjad c| jcxa boha cw ow| hqbba|w `} i`w" ow ~obb aicmba wja n`xa}idaiw |aa

wja mc}}oa}| cig ljcbbaina| `h clla||omobowy w` boha cmqigciw wj}`qnj wja dobbaiioqd gaxabùdaiw

n`cb| *DGN|/)

3)3 Mclfn}`qig w` wja \wqgy

Cll`}goin w` Cgayad` *3?:?/" wja |qowcmobowy cig |q|wcoicmobowy `h ciy jqdci |awwbadaiw *q}mci `}

}q}cb/ h`} alì`dol gaxabùdaiw o| |w}ìnby boifag w` wja baxab `h |a}xolacmobowy cig boxcmobowy)

\a}xolacmobowy lìi`wa| wja sqcbowy `h maoin cmba w` u}`xoga n``g |a}xola| cig wja azwaiw w` ~jolj

wja|a |a}xola| c}a cgasqcwaby cxcobcmba oi ci c}ac) ^joba boxcmobowy" oi wjo| lìwazw" }aha}| w`

`xa}l`doin u`xa}wy" u}`xogoin mc|ol uqmbol |a}xola|" dcoiwcoioin doiodqd baxab `h aixo}ìdaiwcb

|wcigc}g|" cgasqcwa j`q|oin" |alq}owy cig |cha aixo}ìdaiw" clla|| w` cdaiowy cig bac}ioin

oi|wowqwoì|) Cgasqcwa clla|| w` |`locb ~abhc}a |a}xola|" |qlj c| dagolcb |a}xola|" agqlcwoì" u`wcmba

~cwa} |quuby" }`cg|" abalw}olowy" adub`ydaiw ùu`}wqiowoa| awl" c}a |w}ìn oigola| `h gaxabùdaiw

*Cgayad`" 3?:?/) U`wcmba ~cwa} |quuby o| m`wj c hqilwoì `h cgasqcwa cig clla||omba hqilwoìcb

~cwa} oih}c|w}qlwq}a)

3)= ^jcw o| Boha Cmqigciw0

Cmqigciw boha o| c wa}d q|ag w` }aha} w` hqbbia|| `h boha) Ow o| i`w ci `}ncio{ag d`xadaiw `} c

qiosqa g`lw}oia" mqw c icda cuuboag w` wja wacljoin| cig azualwcwoì| `h wja n}`qu| cig uaùba

~j` h`bb`~ la}wcoi wacljoin|) Cmqigciw boha wacljoin| dcy oilbqga azualwcwoì| `h u}`|ua}owy

cig jacbwj" mqw dcy cb|` oilbqga `wja} h`}d| `h hqbbia|| `h boha ~jai hclag ~owj cgxa}|a

lo}lqd|wcila|

33



Cmqigciw boha wacljoin| dcy oilbqga azualwcwoì| `h ujy|olcb cig dcwa}ocb u}`|ua}owy cig n``g

jacbwj cig ~abb$maoin" mqw dcy cb|` oilbqga `wja} h`}d| `h hqbbia|| `h boha" oilbqgoin awa}icb boha"

~jai |qhha}oin) Hqbbia|| `h boha o| i`w dac|q}ag oi wa}d| `h -hqi- cig -boxoin bc}na"- `} oi wa}d|

`h ~acbwj" u}a|wona" u`|owoì" cig u`~a}" mqw oi wa}d| `h hqbhobbag boxa| `h }a|uì|omobowy cig |abh$

}a|w}coiw" cig wja }a~c}g| cig mba||oin| wjcw cll}qa `xa} c bohawoda `h ubac|oin N`g)

3)< \wcwadaiw h wja U}`mbad

Oi cwwaduw| w` daaw wja ljcbbaina| hcloin jqdciowy oi lìwadu`}c}y woda cig dcfa boha cmqigciw

d`woxcwag wja bacga}| oi wja dobbaiioqd |qddow w` }al`ddow wjad|abxa| w` bcqilj c lìla}wag

cwwclf ì u`xa}wy" obbowa}cly" jqina}" qi|cha ~cwa}" go|ac|a cig q}mci aixo}ìdaiwcb gan}cgcwoì

uc}wolqbc}by oi wja ba|| gaxabùag |`loawoa| oilbqgoin Ch}olc)

Wjq|" dciy `}ncio{cwoì| cig n`xa}idaiw| cw gohha}aiw baxab| jcxa c}wolqbcwag cig oiw}`gqlag

|`da u}`n}cdda| c| ~abb c| u`boloa| w` dcfa boha cmqigciw cig cljoaxa DGN| cig |`da `h wja

`}ncio{cwoì| c}a u}`xogoin oiwa}xaiwoì w` xc}o`q| l`ddqiowoa| cig lowoa|)

C| uc}w `h wja ahh`}w w` dcfa boha cmqigciw cig cljoaxa DGN| wc}naw|" n`xa}idaiw jc|

a|wcmbo|jag cnailoa| w` u}`xoga mc|ol| |`locb cdaiowoa| mqw wja}a o| c u}`mbad `h haagmclf ì j`~

~abb wja|a cdaiowoa| c}a clla||ag my wja uqmbol" jaila wjo| |wqgy)

Oi \auwadma} =555" jqig}ag| `h jacg| `h |wcwa daw cw wja Qiowag Icwoì| cig }cwohoag wja QI

Dobbaiioqd Galbc}cwoì) Cbb wja|a bacga}| lcda w`nawja} oi `}ga} w` dcfa boha cmqigciw my

cgùwoin xc}o`q| galbc}cwoì wjcw l`qbg dcfa boha cmqigciw w` cbb wja icwoì|) Wja bacga}|

}a|`bxag w` daaw c iqdma} `h -Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb|- *DGN|/" ~jolj oilbqga jcbxoin

wja u}ù`}woì `h uaùba boxoin oi u`xa}wy cig jqina} my =531" ai|q}oin u}odc}y |lj``boin h`} cbb

ljobg}ai" cig }axa}|oin wja |u}acg `h JOXCOG\" clla|| w` |cha ~cwa}" dcbc}oc cig `wja} dck`}

go|ac|a|)

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Cbb wja dobbaiioqd gaxabùdaiw n`cb| c}a fay| w` dcfoin boha cmqigciw cig mc|ag ì wja|a

DGN| wc}naw" wjo| |wqgy ~obb h`bb`~ wja uc}w `h wja|a DGN| cig |`da `h wja o||qa| ~obb ma }co|ag

gq}oin wja oiwa}clwoì ~owj wja l`ddqiowy dadma}| oi wjo| u}`kalw |wqgy c}ac)

3)7 @mkalwoxa| h wja |wqgy

Wja |wqgy cod| w` azcdoia wja l`ddqiowoa|‟ boha|wyba ~owj }a|ualw w` wja dobbaiioqd

gaxabùdaiw n`cb| cig j`~ hc} ow jc| aijcilag wja uaùba‟| ~cy `h boha oi @y` |wcwa) Wja

h`bb`~oin c}a wja `mkalwoxa| |qddc}o{ag h`} wjo| uq}u`|a;

c/ W` c|la}wcoi wja baxab h c~c}aia|| h wja DGN| cdìn wja lowo{ai|)

m/ W` c|la}wcoi wja baxab h gaxabùdaiw oi |qlj l`ddqiowoa|)

l/ W` oixa|woncwa wja maiahow| `h DGN| oiowocwoxa| oi wa}d| `h boha aijciladaiw cig

u}`la|| ahholoaily)

g/ W` qiga}|wcig wja lq}}aiw |wcwq| `h wja l`ddqiowoa| c| l`duc}ag w` uaa}

l`ddqiowoa|)

a/ Wja hoigoin| `h wjo| |wqgy lci ma q|ag c| c mc|o| h } wja cicby|o| `h wja |ualohol c}ac|

`h lì|oga}cwoì }abaxciw w` l`ddqiowy gaxabùdaiw oi wja xo|owag l`ddqiowoa|

h/ W` c|la}wcoi wja hco}ia|| cig w}ci|uc}aily `h DGN| cig ow| oduclw ì wja lowo{ai|

n/ W` jcxa c ìa$ì$ìa oiwa}clwoì ~owj wja l`ddqiowoa| oi `}ga} w noxa ow| oijcmowciw|

c |ai|a `h oigoxogqcb oiwa}a|w oi wjao} ~abhc}a

3)1 ]a|ac}lj Sqa|woì|

Wja |wqgy cod| w` azub`}a wja xc}o`q| azua}oaila| `h wja l`ddqiowoa|" wja oiwa}clwoxowy maw~aai

wjad cig xc}o`q| oih}c|w}qlwq}a|" cig wja u}`|ualw| `h |q|wcoiag gaxabùdaiw `h jacbwj" u`~a}

cig h``g |quuby oi wjao} l`ddqiowoa|)

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Wja dcoi }a|ac}lj sqa|woì| `h wja |wqgy ail`duc||a| wja lq}}aiw oiowocwoxa| `h DGN|" wja baxab

`h boha Cmqigciw c| ~abb c| wja maiahow| cljoaxag my wja l`ddqiowoa| c| bo|wag mab`~;

3) Noxai wja lq}}aiw |`lo`$u`bowolcb cig alì`dol |owqcwoì `h wja l`qiw}y" ~obb DGN| m}oin

cm`qw Boha cmqigcila oi xo|owag l`ddqiowoa| oi =5310

=) ^jcw c}a wja `mkalwoxa| `h DGN| w` wja|a l`ddqiowoa|0

<) J`~ w}ci|uc}aiw c}a wja DGN n`cb| w wja|a l`ddqiowoa|0

3)8 \lùa `h wja \wqgy

Wjo| |wqgy ~obb }asqo}a c b`w `h woda cig hqig| c| ~abb c| xoga` cig }al`}ga}| h`} oiwa}clwoì) C|

wja u}`kalw oix`bxa| w}cxabboin w` xc}o`q| l`ddqiowoa|" ìa o| m`qig my hqig| cig |chawy `h wacd

dadma}|)

3)> Kq|woholcwoì `h wja \wqgy

Wja |wqgy o| iala||c}y cig }ac|ìcmba c| ow o| |abalwag oi `}ga} w` aicmba wja u}`kalw w` l`xa} wja

l`ddqiowoa| oi Omcgci cig wjao} baxab `h clla||omobowy w` }a|`q}la| cig maiahow| `h boha oi wa}d| `h

jacbwj hclobowoa|" h``g |quuby" |jabwa}" |alq}owy" u`~a} awl)

Boha cmqigciw o| cljoaxag ìby oh DGN| jcxa maai cwwcoiag cig wjo| lci ìby ma dac|q}ag my

cicby{oin wja baxab cw ~jolj l`ddqiowoa| jcxa clla|| w` xc}o`q| oih}c|w}qlwq}a) Ow lci jabu

cljoaxa dciy odu`}wciw uqmbol maiahow| cig c| |qlj" wjo| |wqgy ~obb cicby{a wja oihbqaiwocb hclw`}|

`h DGN| cig ow| }abaxcila w` l`ddqiowoa|)

37



Ljcuwa} W~`

Bowa}cwq}a ]axoa~

=)5 Axcbqcwo i i Dobbaiioqd Gaxab udaiw N`cb| *DGN|/

Cll`}goin w` wja =551 QI Dobbaiioqd U}`kalw }au`}w" wja|a DGN| c}a codag cw u}`xogoin

|quu`}w cig c||o|wcila w` `xa} c mobboì uaùba ~j` c}a ‒|wobb boxoin oi azw}ada u`xa}wy— cig c}a

‒c boha cig gacwj o||qa— h`} wjad) Cll`}goin w` wjo| g`lqdaiw"

Azw}ada u`xa}wy lci ma gahoiag c| ‒u`xa}wy wjcw fobb|"— gau}oxoin oigoxogqcb| `h wja daci| w`

|wcy cboxa oi wja hcla `h jqina}" go|ac|a" cig aixo}ìdaiwcb jc{c}g|) ^jai oigoxogqcb| |qhha}

h}`d azw}ada u`xa}wy cig bclf wja dacna} oil`da iaagag axai w` l`xa} mc|ol iaag|" c |oinba

auo|`ga `h go|ac|a" `} c g}`qnjw" `} c ua|w wjcw ga|w}`y| c jc}xa|w lci ma wja gohha}aila maw~aai

boha cig gacwj)

Wja DGN c}a l`du}o|ag `h aonjw n`cb| cig l`xa} c}ac| oilbqgoin wja aig `h u`xa}wy cig jqina}"

wclfboin ljobg jacbwj cig dcwa}icb jacbwj lìla}i|" wja u}`xo|oì `h qioxa}|cb agqlcwoì cig |`

ì) Aclj n`cb o| hq}wja} m}`fai g`~i oiw` c iqdma} `h |ualohol wc}naw|) Wja wc}naw gcwa |aw h`} wja

}acbo{cwoì `h wja dck`}owy `h wja|a n`cb| ~c| =531) H`} dciy l`ddaiwcw`}|" wja g}c~oin qu cig

odubadaiwcwoì `h wja DGN ~c| |aai c| c }acbo{cwoì ì wja uc}w `h wja ~`}bg‟| bacga}| wjcw wja

u}`d`woì `h jqdci gaxabùdaiw ~c| l}qlocb oh |`locb cig alì`dol u}`n}a|| ~c| w` ma dcga

|q|wcoicmba)

31



=)3 @xa}xoa~ h DGN|

Wja auon}cuj cm`xa my wja h`}da} QI \al}awc}y Naia}cb" F`ho Ciici" cuwby lcuwq}a| wja a||aila

`h wja DGN|" ~jolj o| w` noxa dacioin| w` jqdci boha) Wja DGN| jc| ow| `}onoi oi wja

\auwadma} =555 ncwja}oin `h 3:? Jacg| `h \wcwa cig N`xa}idaiw h`} wja Qiowag Icwoì|

Dobbaiioqd \qddow ~ja}a wja Dobbaiioqd Galbc}cwoì ~c| }cwohoag) ]anc}gag my wja \`locbo|w

Oiwa}icwoìcb *=551/ c| uc}w `h wja |`locb gad`l}cwol cuu}`clj w` n`xa}icila oi c nb`mcb |`loawy"

DGN| }au}a|aiw| ci qiuc}cbbabag nb`mcb l`ddowdaiw w` h}aa jqdci maoin| a|ualocbby wj`|a oi

wja Wjo}g ^`}bg }anoì| h}`d wja mìgcna `h cm| bqwa u`xa}wy cig ~}awljagia||) Wja

Dobbaiioqd Galbc}cwoì" |aa my dciy c| ìa `h wja d`|w xowcb QI g`lqdaiw| oi }alaiw woda"

`hha}| wja oiwa}icwoìcb |`loawy" m`wj }olj cig u``} wja n`bgai ùu`}wqiowy w` jcxa c l`ddì

u`|owoì cig oiwan}cwag xo|oì ì wja ma|w ~cy| w` cgg}a|| cig |`bxa wja dqbwogodai|oìcb

u}`mbad| hcloin jqdciowy cig w` u}`d`wa |q|wcoicmba gaxabùdaiw) Wja Galbc}cwoì‟| aonjw

DGN| l`xa} ~owj wja h`bb`~oin o||qa|" xo{6

3) W` a}cgolcwa azw}ada u`xa}wy cig jqina}) Wja wc}naw o| w` jcbxa wja u}ù`}woì `h uaùba boxoin

ì ba|| wjci '3 gcoby cig wj`|a |qhha}oin h}`d jqina} my =531"

=) W` cljoaxa Qioxa}|cb U}odc}y *Mc|ol/ Agqlcwoì) Wja wc}naw o| w` cljoaxa qioxa}|cb mc|ol

l`dubawoì my =531"

<) W` u}`d`wa naiga} asqcbowy cig ~`dai adu`~a}daiw) Wja wc}naw o| w` w`wcbby `xa}l`da

naiga} go|uc}owoa| oi m`wj u}odc}y cig |alìgc}y agqlcwoì ai}`bdaiw my =551 cig cljoaxa

asqowy cw cbb baxab| my =531"

7) W` }agqla ljobg d`}wcbowy) Wja wc}naw o| w` }agqla ljobg d`}wcbowy }cwa my =< my =531"

1) W` odu}`xa dcwa}icb jacbwj) Wja mc|ol wc}naw o| w` }agqla my ¹ wja u}ù`}woì `h ~`dai gyoin

oi ljobgmo}wj my =531"

38



8) W` l`dmcw JOXCOG\" dcbc}oc cig `wja} go|ac|a|) Wja n}cig wc}naw o| w` |wù cig l`ddaila

w` }axa}|a wja oilogaila `h JOXCOG\ dcbc}oc cig `wja} go|ac|a| my =531"

>) W` ai|q}a aixo}ìdaiwcb |q|wcoicmobowy) Wja wc}naw o| w` }agqla my jcbh wja u}ù`}woì `h

uaùba ~owj`qw clla|| w` lbaci g}oifoin ~cwa} cig mc|ol |ciowcwoì" cig bc|wby"

:) W` gaxabù c nb`mcb uc}wia}|jou h`} gaxabùdaiw) Wjo| n`cb }al`nio{a| wja odu`}wcila `h wja

l`bbcm`}cwoì maw~aai wja jcxa cig jcxa$i`w| w` a}cgolcwa u`xa}wy cig azw}ada jqina})

W` cljoaxa wjo| n`cb" ~`}bg bacga}| }al`nio{ag cig adujc|o{ag wjao} |jc}ag }a|uì|omobowoa| w`

a}cgolcwa u`xa}wy nb`mcbby) Oi wjo| }anc}g|" Wjo}g ^`}bg l`qiw}oa|" }achho}dag wjao} l`ddowdaiw|

w` |w}ainwjai n`xa}icila" oi|wowqwoì| cig u`boloa|" ~joba gaxabùag l`qiw}oa| h`} wjao} `~i uc}w"

ubagnag ci cggowoìcb cig d`}a |q|wcoicmba gamw }aboah cig oil}ac|ag w}cga cig walji`b`ny

ùu`}wqiowoa| h`} wja l`qiw}oa| `h Nb`mcb \`qwj)

=)= Iona}oc; Wja U`bowol| h U`xa}wy Cbbaxocwoì U}`n}cdda|

Cll`}goin w` ]oljc}g *3?>:/ wja u}`mbad| c||`locwag ~owj u`xa}wy oi Iona}oc c}a dqbwohclawag)

Iona}oc jc| i` }ac|ì w` ma c u``} l`qiw}y malcq|a `h wja xc|w alì`dol u`waiwocb| cig jqdci

}a|`q}la| wjcw ow o| aig`~ag ~owj) Mqw ~jy o| Iona}oc wjai bcnnoin majoig c l`qiw}y bofa Bomyc

wjcw }aboa| ìby ì òb h`} |q}xoxcb0 Uqw gohha}aiwby" ~jy lci‟w Iona}oc‟| cn}olqbwq}cb mc|a |a}xa|

c| ci ainoia `h n}`~wj cig gaxabùdaiw c| o| wja lc|a `h L÷wa g‟Oxò}a0 Axai wja cn}olqbwq}a

|alw`} wjcw ~c| u}`do|oin azu`}w| ac}ioin| h`} wja l`qiw}y oi wja ac}by yac}| `h ow| oigauaigaila

i`|a$goxag ~owj wja l`dda}locb u}`gqlwoì cig azu`}wcwoì `h òb) Maw~aai 3?>7 cig 3?>1"

wja}a ~a}a cdmowo`q| cig cnn}a||oxa g}oxa| my wja Iona}oci bacga}|jou w` q|a wja }axaiqa|

cll}qoin h}`d òb w` wclfba wja u}`mbad| `h qiga}gaxabùdaiw oi wja l`qiw}y) \cgby" u`boly

3>



dcfa}| hcobag oi wja u}`la|| `h odubadaiwcwoì" ~jolj qbwodcwaby gamc}}ag wja l`qiw}y w` cljoaxa

wja |wcwag n`cb| *]oljc}g" 3?>:; ===/)

Cfoigaba cig Cgam` *=557/ i`wag wjcw |abh$|qhholoaily cig |abh$ }abocila oi h``g u}`gqlwoì jc|

cb~cy| maai c gcqiwoin wc|f h`} wja u`boly dcfa}| oi Iona}oc" a|ualocbby" chwa} wja aujada}cb òb

m``d `h wja dog$3?>5|) Oi hclw" wjo| ljcbbainoin |owqcwoì o| i`w lìhoiag w` Iona}oc) H``g

u}`gqlwoì o| c dck`} ljcbbaina wjcw wja Ia~ \wcwa| jcxa w` lìwaig ~owj) C }aw}`|ualwoxa b``f cw

wja Iona}oc‟| alì`dol ucwwa}i |j`~| wjcw mah }a wja loxob ~c} wja l`qiw}y }aboag ì ow|

cn}olqbwq}cb mc|a h`} ow| azu`}w ac}ioin| wjcw }au}a|aiwag ‒88 ua} laiw `h wja l`qiw}y‟| h`}aoni

azljcina" ~joba ow }`|a w` ><)7 ua} laiw oi 3?8:— ~jai clwoxowoa| oi wja òb |alw`} ~a}a uc}cby{ag

gqa w` wja l`qiw}y‟| loxob ~c} *3?8>$3?>5/

*]oljc}g" 3?>:/) Wja odu`}wcwoì `h h``g hq}wja} ~}acfag |a}o`q| jcx`l| ì cn}olqbwq}a ~jai

hqbb azubòwcwoì `h òb }a|qdag oi ac}ia|w cig lì|asqaiwby" ‒wja n`xa}idaiw l`qbg wjoif `h i`

`wja} cbwa}icwoxa wjci w` d`}wncna wja l`qiw}y‟| alì`dol hqwq}a w` wja n``g majcxo`q} cig

lìl`}gcila `h wja dqbwoicwoìcb| cig wja b`lcb lcuowcbo|w|— *]oljc}g" 3?>:; ==7/) C}nqoin cbìn

wja |cda boia" ow o| clfi`~bagnag wjcw; \qlla||oxa n`xa}idaiw| jcxa maai mcwwboin w` |wad wja

oilogaila `h u`xa}wy cig jqina}" cig wjao} c||`locwag u}`mbad|) Wja Dobowc}y }anoda `h Naia}cb

_cfqmq N`~ì *3?88$3?>1/ bcqiljag wja Icwoìcb Cllaba}cwag H``g U}`gqlwoì U}`n}cdda

*ICHUU/ oi 3?>= mqw ~owj i` wcinomba }a|qbw) Ow ~c| ~owj wja oiwaiwoì w` |wad wja gawa}o`}cwoì

oi wja cn}olqbwq}cb |alw`} wjcw wja n`xa}idaiw oiowocwag u`boloa| wjcw ~`qbg ail`q}cna u}`gqlwoxowy

malcq|a cn}olqbwq}a o| |wobb ci odu`}wciw |alw`} `h wja Iona}oci alì`dy) Ow ~c| w` wcda wja

|wacgy galboia oi cn}olqbwq}cb u}`gqlwoxowy wjcw oi 3?>8 wja Dobowc}y n`xa}idaiw `h Naia}cb

@mc|cik` oiowocwag wja @ua}cwoì Haag wja Icwoì *@HI/ u}`n}cdda cig wja gaxabùdaiw `h wja

}q}cb c}ac|) J`~axa}" @HI ~c| cb|` c l`b`||cb hcobq}a cig ~c|wa `h dìay c| ow| u}agala||`}" o)a)

3:



ICHUU) Ow o| oi wjo| lìialwoì wjcw ow o| odu`}wciw w` jonjbonjw wjcw wja|a qi|cwo|hclw`}y }a|qbw|

c}a }abcwag w` wja daiwcbowy c||`locwag ~owj ~jcw o| fi`~i" oi wja Iona}oci uc}bcila" c| ‚sqolf

}awq}i|‟) ]oljc}g *3?>:; =<=/ c}nqa| wjcw ‒wja g}oxa h`} ac|y cig }cuog ~acbwj n}acwby lìw}c|w|

~owj wja }on`q} `h hc}d ~`}f cig wja l`}}a|uìgoin bclf `h oiwa}a|w oi bìn$wa}d u}`gqlwoxa

oixa|wdaiw| my Iona}oci u}oxcwa aiw}au}aiaq}|)— Lùyoin wja dobowc}y" wja loxoboci n`xa}idaiw `h

Cbjcko \jajq \jcnc}o *3?>?$3?:</ oiowocwag wja N}aai ]ax`bqwoì U}`n}cdda ~owj wja `mkalwoxa

`h |waddoin wja }o|oin l`|w `h h``g odu`}wcwoì cig oil}ac|a u}`gqlwoxowy oi cn}olqbwq}cb |alw`})

W` cbb oiwaiw| cig uq}u`|a|" wja N}aai ]ax`bqwoì maiahowag ìby l`}}quw u`bowoloci| cig c}dljco}

mq}acql}cw|hc}da}| cig q}mci g~abba}| w` wja go|cgxciwcna `h wja waadoin uùqbcwoì `h naiqoia

hc}da}| ~j` l`qbg jcxa dcga wja iala||c}y wq}i c}`qig oi wja u`xa}wy }agqlwoì g}oxa) Wja

Naia}cb Dqjcddcgq Mqjc}o‟| }anoda *3?:<$3?:1/ oiw}`gqlag wja N` Mclf w` Bcig U}`n}cdda

wjcw |j`~ag |oni| `h odu}`xadaiw oi h``g u}`gqlwoì mah`}a c ucbcla l`qu |~auw wja Mqjc}o‟|

dobowc}y n`xa}idaiw c~cy)

^jai Naia}cb Mcmcinogc |ao{ag u`~a} oi 3?:1" ja oiw}`gqlag c ia~ godai|oì w` wja u`bowol| `h

u`xa}wy cbbaxocwoì u}`n}cdda| oi Iona}oc my noxoin jonj u}o`}owy w` wja uaw u}`kalw `h jo|

|u`q|a" wja Mawwa} Boha U}`n}cdda h`} wja u``} wjcw wc}nawag a|ualocbby ~`dci oi }q}cb c}ac| `h

wja l`qiw}y) Hq}wja}d`}a" wja Mcmcinogc }anoda oiowocwag |`da u`xa}wy$lìw}`bbag dac|q}a| oi

wja ~cfa `h wja odubadaiwcwoì `h \CU wjcw cgxa}|aby chhalwag wja Iona}oci u``}) \qlj

u}`n}cdda| oilbqgag wja Go}alw`}cwa `h H``g" ]`cg| cig ]q}cb Oih}c|w}qlwq}a *GH]]O/" c u}`$

U``} Mcif wjcw ~c| oi|uo}ag my wja Mcinbcga|j azua}oaila `h wja N}cdaai Mcif" cig wja

Icwoìcb Go}alw`}cwa `h Adub`ydaiw *IGA/) Cbb wja|a malcda hcobag u}`kalw| malcq|a `h wja

n}cig l`}}quwoì wjcw ljc}clwa}o{ag wja Mcmcinogc‟| dobowc}y n`xa}idaiw cig `hholocb oiauwowqga

w` wja azalqwoì `h u}`kalw| cig l`|w wja wcz ucya}| c| `xa} ‒355 mobboì Ico}c oi ujciw`d

3?



u}`kalw|— *Abqdobcga" C|c`bq cig Cga}awo" =558; 8>/) D`}a`xa}" wja `qwl`da `h wja Mcmcinogc‟|

u`xa}wy cbbaxocwoì u}`n}cdda| ‒l`qbg i`w w}olfba g`~i w` wja u``}) Cbwj`qnj wja h`}wqia `h

cn}olqbwq}a jc| g~oigbag oi wjo| ua}o`g `h oilbadaiw alì`dy" cn}olqbwq}a |wobb u}`xoga|

adub`ydaiw h`} maw~aai ‒85$>5! `h wja uùqbcwoì)))cig ncoihqbby aincna| cm`qw ?5! `h wja

}q}cb g~abba}|" `h ~jolj ~`dai lì|wowqwa wja dck`}owy)— *Wja QI" =55=/)

=)< Iona}oc cig wja DGN|; U}`mbad| cig U`||omobowoa|

Uqwwoin wja cwwcoidaiw `h wja|a n`cb| oi wja Iona}oci lìwazw" ow o| lbac} wjcw wjay c}a }acb

ljcbbaina|) Hb`~oin h}`d `q} go|lq||oì| ì wja DGN| cm`xa" wja Iona}oci n`xa}idaiw o|

`mxo`q|by `xa}~jabdag my wja wc|f|) Wja u`|owoxa |`locb oduclw| wjcw wja odubadaiwcwoì `h wja

DGN| lci dcfa oi wja boxa| `h Iona}oci| ~a}a lì|oga}ag my wja Oiwa}icwo icb Hoicilocb

Oi|wowqwoì| *OHO|/ oi noxoin gamw }aboah w` Iona}oc) \` hc}" wja Iona}oci n`xa}idaiw |l`}a |jaaw o|

qiodu}a||oxa w` wja azwaiw wjcw wja J`q|a `h ]au}a|aiwcwoxa| jc| wj}acwaiag w` |wù hoicilocb

cbb`lcwoì w` ciy Doio|w}y `} Uc}c|wcwcb wjcw jc| hcobag w` odubadaiw wja DGN| *Wja Xcinqc}g"

=55?/) Wja }acb ljcbbaina wjcw dobowcwa| cncoi|w wja }acbo{cwoì `h wja DGN| o| wj`|a `h u`boly

odubadaiwcwoì malcq|a cgasqcwa mqgnawc}y cbb`lcwoì| jcxa maai dcga my wja n`xa}idaiw)

Hq}wja}d`}a" wja odubadaiwcwo i `h DGN| jc| maai ljc}clwa}o{ag my gaauby aiw}ailjag

l`}}quwoì cig n}`|| oiahholoaily" cig ~c|wahqbia||) H`} azcduba" wja \aicwa }au`}w ì DGN|

ga|l}omag wja DGN| `hhola c| c ‒la||u``b `h l`}}quwoì cig |jcgy gacb|— *Wja Nqc}goci" =55?m/)

L`}}quwoì jc| maai c dck`} u}`mbad malcq|a ‒ow dcfa| wja l`qiw}y qicww}clwoxa w` oixa|w`}| c| ow

}co|a| wja l`|w cig }o|f `h gòin mq|oia|| oi wja l`qiw}y— *QIGU" =557/) Oi cggowoì" wja}a o| wja

u}`mbad `h gqubolcwoì `h u}`kalw| oi wja |cda c}ac| my wja Haga}cb N`xa}idaiw" cig dqbwobcwa}cb

gì`} cnailoa|) Axai wja \aio`} \ualocb C||o|wciw w` U}a|ogaiw Qdc}q Dq|c _c}‟Cgqc" Jckoc

Cdoic C{$[qmco} o| |fauwolcb cm`qw wja u`||omobowoa| `h Iona}oc daawoin wja DGN| my =531 oi

=5



|uowa `h wja jqna hqigoin ~jolj cd`qiw| w` I<=5 mobboì gagqlwag h}`d wja Gamw ]aboah Ncoi|

*G]N/ gax wag w` DGN| u} kalw| cbb `xa} Iona}oc *I~`fa`dc" =55?/) Cbwj`qnj cicby|w|

maboaxa wjcw Iona}oc lci `xa}l`da wja `gg| cig cljoaxa wja DGN| oi wja c}ac| `h qioxa}|cb

u}odc}y agqlcwoì" wja honjw cncoi|w wja |l`q}na `h JOXCOG\" cig odu}`xa ì wja |q|wcoicmobowy

`h ow| aixo}ìdaiw" cig uc}wia} oi nb`mcb gaxabùdaiw" wja hclw |wobb }adcoi| wjcw }agqlwoì `h

ljobg cig dcwa}icb d`}wcbowy" c| ~abb c| ba||aioin u`xa}wy *IUL" =55>/)

=)7 Iona}oc cig wja Dobbaiioqd Gaxab udaiw N`cb|; U}`|ualw|

H}`d wja h`}an oin go|lq||oì|" ow o| cuuc}aiw wjcw Iona}oc o| oiqigcwag ~owj u`xa}wy cig

alì`dol qiga}gaxabùdaiw ~jolj" l`qubag ~owj u``} cgdoio|w}cwoì" bclf `h u`bowolcb ~obb" awl

jcxa dcga ow| yac}ioin w`~c}g| cljoaxoin wja DGN| oi =531 xa}y qi}acbo|wol) Wjai" ~jcw lci

Iona}oc g` w` `xa}l`da wja|a u}`mbad|0 Uqw gohha}aiwby" ~jcw c}a wja ~cy| `qw `h wja u}a|aiw

u}agolcdaiw| w` }acbo{oin wja ogacb| cig b`hwy n`cb| `h wja DGN| my =5310 Baw ow ma lbac}by |wcwag

ja}a wjcw ga|uowa ow| *Iona}oc/ u}a|aiw ljcbbaina| w` wja }acbo{cwoì `h wja n`cb|" wja l`qiw}y jc|

|qhholoaiw }a|`q}la| iaagag w` daaw wja DGN| wc}naw my =531 mqw ~jcw o| `h qwd`|w odu`}wcila

cig }asqo}a h } wjo| w` dcwa}ocbo{a o| h } wja =)1 l`qiw}y‟| bacga}|jou w` `xa}jcqb ow|

lìlauwqcbo{cwoì cig odubadaiwcwoì `h u`boloa| cig u}`n}cdda| w` daaw wja =531 wc}naw|) Oi

|ualohol wa}d|" ~a }al`ddaig wja h`bb`~oin|; Ho}|w" n`xa}idaiw |j`qbg a|wcmbo|j l}agomba cig

ahholoaiw oi|wowqwoì| h`} u}ùa} uqmbol }a|`q}la dcicnadaiw" ~joba wja azo|woin ìa| iaag w` ma

|w}ainwjaiag) Wja odua}cwoxa `h wjo| aigacx`q} o| w` ai|q}a ahholoaiw `} mawwa} |wobb" u}ùa}

qwobo{cwoì `h uqmbol }a|`q}la| *uqmbol n``g|/ ~owj wja `xa}cbb `mkalwoxa `h u}axaiwoin" `} cw bac|w"

doiodo{oin ~c|wa cig oiahholoailoa| `h wja u}axo`q| yac}| wja l`qiw}y ~owia||ag a|ualocbby qiga}

dobowc}y }qba *3?:<$3???/) Oi cggaigqd" wjo| oi|wowqwoìcb }a$ainoiaa}oin}a|w}qlwq}oin" |` w` |cy"

~obb noxa wja ùu`}wqiowy `h ai|q}oin gqa u}`la||" gobonaila" cll`qiwcmobowy" awl) Ow o| odu`}wciw w`

=3



|wcwa ja}a wjcw wja Iona}oci n`xa}idaiw" a|ualocbby qiga} wja u}a|aiw loxoboci cgdoio|w}cwoì jc|

admc}fag ì wjo| aigacx`q}) @ia n``g azcduba `h wjo| oiowocwoxa w` daaw wja DGN| wc}naw|

qiga} wja @mc|cik`‟| cgdoio|w}cwoì *Dcy 3???$Dcy =55>/ o| wja l}acwoì `h wja @xa}|onjw `h

Uqmbol Azuaigowq}a oi Iona}oc *@UAI/) @UAI o| a|wcmbo|jag ~owj wja `xa}|onjw hqilwoì| `h

dìow`}oin wja Gamw ]aboah Ncoi| *G]N|/ cig wjo| l`qbg |a}xa c| c d`gab h`} w~` dck`} }ac|ì|)

Ho}|w" @UAI‟| bacga}|jou o| uc}woloucw`}y" w}ci|uc}aiw" cig oix`bxa| n`xa}idaiw$loxob |`loawy

uc}wia}|jou oi wjcw ow }al`nio{a| cig oilbqga| wja uc}woloucwoì `h m`wj u}oxcwa cig uqmbol |alw`}

*UUU/) \alìg" wja @UAI daljcio|d ~c| a|wcmbo|jag w` w}clf }a|`q}la|) Ga|uowa wja azadubc}y

d`gab u}`xogag my @UAI" ~a |j`qbg ma xa}y lcqwo q| ja}a malcq|a gaxabùdaiw o| xa}y m}`cg

oi gahoiowoì cig ow aiwcob| c b`w `h oigola| wjcw w}ci|laig wja cbb`lcwoì `h G]N| w` |`da

doio|w}oa| cig Uc}c|wcwcb|) Wjo| o| malcq|a6 cll`}goin w` Onmq{`} *=558/ ‒gaxabùdaiw }asqo}a|

n}`~wj cig |w}qlwq}cb ljcina" |`da dac|q}a| `h go|w}omqwoxa asqowy" d`ga}io{cwoì oi |`locb cig

lqbwq}cb cwwowqga|" c gan}aa `h u`bowolcb w}ci|h`}dcwoì cig |wcmobowy" ci odu}`xadaiw oi jacbwj cig

agqlcwoì |` wjcw uùqbcwoì n}`~wj |wcmobo{a|" cig ci oil}ac|a oi q}mci boxoin cig adub`ydaiw)—

*\aa cb|` Fcdmjcducwo" =557/)

Hq}wja}d`}a" a|wcmbo|join l}agomba cig ahholoaiw oi|wowqwoì| c}a iala||c}y mqw i`w |qhholoaiw

lìgowoì| h`} w`wcb w}ci|h`}dcwoì oi `}ga} w` }acbo{a wja DGN| oi =531) Wjo| iaag| w` ma

l`dubadaiwag ~owj" `} n` |oga my |oga ~owj" w}ci|uc}aily cig cll`qiwcmobowy `h wja|a

oi|wowqwoì|" cig wja aiw}ailjdaiw `h n``g n`xa}icila cig }qba `h bc~) Bclf `h cll`qiwcmobowy

cig w}ci|uc}aily jcxa maai dck`} ljcbbaina| `h gaxabùdaiw oi Iona}oc" a|ualocbby ~owj wja

cgxaiw `h dobowc}y }qba) Wja l`qiw}y‟| hoicilocb azua}w| jcxa c n}acw }`ba w` ubcy oi wjo| }anc}g)

=)1 M}oah Mclfn}`qig cig Jo|w`}y h Omcgci" @y` \wcwa

==



Omcgci o| b`lcwag cw {ìa `h w}ci|owoì maw~aai h`}a|w cig n}c||bcig c}ac|) Ow boa| cw bcwowqga >5

=<I cig bìnowqga <5 18A *G}) Cgakqd`fa Ch`bcysi =55=/)Wja lowy boa| maw~aai Bcn`| cig

Cmqkc ~jolj c}a }a|ualwoxaby wja Iona}oc‟| l`dda}locb cig u`bowolcb ia}xa laiw}a|)

Omcgci jcg ljcinag `xa}woda h}`d wja oiowocb }q}cb _`}qmc ~c} lcdu w` c hc}doin xobbcna wjai c

l`bìocb cgdoio|w}cwoxa laiw}a cig c d`ga}i lowy)

Omcgci jc| c uùqbcwoì ~jolj l`du}o|a| |qm n}`qu| |qlj `h Omcgci" Anmc" Okamq" Oka|jc|" "cig

@ig c| ~abb c| `wja} awjiol n}`qu| |qlj c| Ahof6 Jcq|c6 Onm`6Ag`6 Ow|afo}o cig Wox ~j` jcxa

lìw}omqwag |onioholciwby w` wja |`lo` “ alì`dol gaxabùdiw `h wja lowy)

Omcgci o| wja bc}na|w w}cgowoìcb q}mci laiw}a oi wja \qm “ \cjc}ci Ch}olc) Ow jcg c uùqbcwoì

honq}a 3">88"<?? ~owj c u}`kalwag n}`~wj }cwa `h =):! my 3??3

Wja lowy m`c|w| `h jcxoin wja ho}|w }cgo` cig wabaxo|oì w}ci|do||oì |y|wad| oi \qm “ \cjc}ci

Ch}olc" cig wja ho}|w w` jcxa c Qioxa}|owy Wacljoin J`|uowcb c| ~abb c| wja Qioxa}|owy oi Iona}oc)

Omcgci jc| ow| mclfn}`qig oi wja galboia cig hcbb `h @bg @y` Aduo}a) Omcgci o| d`|w u}`mcmby

h`qigag oi 3:=? wja cmcigìag |awwbadaiw `h wja w`~i ~c| }a “ `llquoag my wja cbboag h`}la| `h

Okamq" Oha" cig @y`" jaila wja w`~i lcda w` ma }anc}gag c| ‒c ^c} Lcdu `} W`~i `h ^c}}o`}|—

Omcgci jc| |oila n}`~i oi odu`}wcilacig jc| |a}xag c| cgdo|w}cwoxa laiw}a `h \`qwja}i Iona}oc

*3?78 $3?85/" Lcuowcb `h â|wa}i ]anoì *3?85 $3?8=/" â|wa}i \wcwa *3?8< “ 3?8>/" 3?8> “

3?>8/" @bg @y` \wcwa *3?>8 “ 3??3/ cig @y` \wcwa chwa} wja l}acwoì `h @|qi \wcwa * 3??3 wobb

gcwa/)

Wja xc}o`q| c|ualw| `h gaxabùdaiw `h Omcgci jcg maaibc}naby oihbqailag my ow|u`bowolcb |wcwq| "

cdìn ~jolj o| wja }adoi|laila `h l`bìocb cgdoio|w}cwoì" c| }ahbalwag oi wja N`xa}idaiw

\al}awc}ocw cw Cn`go cig wja N`xa}idaiw ]a|a}xcwoì C}ac| `h Cn`go" @io}afa cig Ka}olj`" c|

~abb c| n}ogucwwa}i`h @fa “ M`bc cig @fa “ Cg` }a|ogaiwocb bccy`qw)

=<



Wja lowy `h Omcgci jc| c bcig|lcua wjcw o| hc|loicwoin" l`dmoioin w}gowoìcb *oigonai`q|/ cig

d`ga}i" c| ~abb c| }q}cb cig q}mci hacwq}a|) Wja oigonai`q| l`}a o| ljc}clwa}o{ag my mqobgoin|

~owj }q|wag }``h| cig dqg ~cbb|" cig c}a oiwa}|ua}ag my d`ga}i c}ac| cw ua}o “ uja}y" ~jolj `qw

w` wja }q}cb c}ac|) Wja }q}cb Omcgci o| ljc}clwa}o{ag ~owj ba|| lowy |awwbadaiw| |qlj c| Ckom`ga oi

Ogg` B`lcb n`xa}idaiw C}ac)

Wja uùqbcwoì |o{a `h Omcgci" oigolcwoin ow| bc}na dc}faw |o{a o| c dck`} xocmobowy u}`|ualw)

Clla||omobowy h}`d j} lowy w` `wja} c}ac| ~owjoi cig `qw|oga wja l`qiw}y" ow| |`locb" cgdoio|w}cwoxa

cig u`bowolcb |wcwq| c}a cbb oigolcw`}| `h ow| u`waiwocb h`} hqwq}a gaxabùdaiw)

Ljcuwa} Wj}aa

]a|ac}lj Dawj`g`b`ny

<)5 Oiw}`gqlwoì

Wja Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb| *DGN|/ o| wja aig }a|qbw `h wja Qiowag Icwoì| Dobbaiioqd

\qddow oi \auwadma} =555 h`lq|oin ì aonjw gaxabùdaiw n`cb|; a}cgolcwa azw}ada u`xa}wy cig

jqina}" cljoaxa qioxa}|cb u}odc}y agqlcwoì" u}`d`wa naiga} asqcbowy cig adu`~a} ~`dai"

}agqla ljobg d`}wcbowy" odu}`xa dcwa}icb jacbwj" l`dmcw JOXCOG\" dcbc}oc cig `wja} go|ac|a|"

ai|q}a aixo}ìdaiwcb |q|wcoicmobowy" cig gaxabù c nb`mcb uc}wia}|jou h`} gaxabùdaiw) Wja|a

|ualohol gaxabùdaiw n`cb| c}a azualwag w` ma cljoaxag ì `} mah`}a wja yac} =531) Wjo| yac} o|

=7



lì|oga}ag c| wja dog~cy uòiw `h wja DGN|) J`~ dqlj }adcoi w` ma gìa cig j`~ dqlj d`}a

w` ma cll`dubo|jag0 J`~ g` DGN| faau ow| u}`do|a0

<)3 Dawj`g`b`ny

Q|oin ga|l}ouwoxa cig azub`}cwoxa }a|ac}lj cuu}`clj" wjo| }au`}w laiwa}| ì u}`xogoin }abaxciw

oih`}dcwoì ì DGN|) \ualoholcbby" wja ogaiwohoag DGN| c}a }abcwag ~owj jqdci }onjw|6 wja

u}a|aiw u}`n}a|| oi cljoaxoin ow| gaxabùdaiw n`cb| c}a oilbqgag6 }ac|ì| h`} |qlla||a| cig

hcobq}a| cw nb`mcb" }anoìcb cig l`qiw}y$|ualohol baxab| c}a azub`}ag6 cig ow| u`||omobowy c| c

qiohyoin xo|oì h`} wja oiwa}icwoìcb l`ddqiowy o| kq|wohoag) Wja u}`n}a|| `h wja DGN| o| dcoiby

mc|ag ì Wja Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb| ]au`}w =55> " c uqmbolby clla||ag cig uqmbo|jag

g`lqdaiw oi wja QI Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb| ~am|owa) Wja }ac|ì| `h |qlla|| `h DGN|

c}a |aai ì wja nb`mcb ahh`}w `h cgg}a||oin wja o||qa| lìh}ìwoin axa}y l`qiw}y" u}`xo|oì w`

uc}wia}|jou cdìn gaxabùag l`qiw}oa| cig nb`mcb gaxabùdaiw oi|wowqwoì|" cig uc}wolqbc}

cwwcoidaiw `h gaxabùdaiw n`cb| oi |ualohol c}ac| bofa wja Ch}olci l`qiw}oa| wj}`qnj oiwan}cwoì

`h icwoìcb u`boloa| cig DGN|) @i wja `wja} jcig" wja }ac|ì| `h hcobq}a `h DGN| c}a |aai ì

wja h`}dqbcwoì `h wja |cog gaxabùdaiw n`cb|" u`bowolcb oiwan}cwoì" cig hoiciloin) Ow o| cb|`

c}nqag wjcw wja DGN| j`bg wja u`waiwocb c| c qiohyoin xo|oì h`} wja oiwa}icwoìcb l`ddqiowy

malcq|a wjay dcoiby |a}xa c| nb`mcb ljcbbaina| `} n`cb| wjcw c|f h`} qiowy cig l`ùa}cwoì cdìn

l`qiw}oa| h`} wjad w` ma cljoaxag)

Wja DGN| o| c}nqag w` ma }``wag ì wja lìlauw `h gaxab udaiw) Cbwj`qnj wja u}`n}a|| `h wja

DGN| o| oilì|o|waiw" wja}a c}a jonj jùa| wjcw wjay c}a |wobb cljoaxcmba) Oi naia}cb" ow o|

}al`ddaigag wjcw wja}a o| |wobb c ha}xaiw iaag w` abolow nb`mcb |quu`}w h}`d cbb baxab| w` hclobowcwa

wja cljoaxadaiw `h aclj gaxab udaiw n`cb| cig u}`d`wa n``g boha w` uaùba cig mawwa}

jqdciowy)

=1



Wjo| u}`kalw gà| i`w h`bb`~ wja i`}dcb lìxaiwoìcb u}`kalw mqw }cwja} h`bb`~ag c u}clwolcb ~cy

cig wjo| dawj`g u}`xogag q| wja ùu`}wqiowy w` daaw cig oiwa}clw ~owj `q} }a|uìgaiw|" bac}i cig

|jc}a boha azua}oaila ~owj aclj l`ddqiowy dadma}|)

Wja}a ~c| i` |w}qlwq}ag oiwa}xoa~ h`} wjo| u} kalw mqw xc}o`q| sqa|wo i| ~a}a c|fag `q}

}a|uìgaiw|) Cbb `q} }a|uìgaiw| ~a}a lj`|ai }cig`dby cig clla||omobowy ~c| cb|` lì|oga}ag oi

wja lcq|a `h lj`|ai `q} }a|uìgaiw|)

Wjo| u}`kalw ~c| bodowag my hoicila cig woda cig c| |qlj ~a l`qbg ìby xo|ow wja h`bb`~oin c}ac

~jolj oilbqga|; Agqlcwoì" Jacbwj" Cn}olqbwq}a" ^cwa} cig \ciowcwoì)

<)= Wja l`xa}cna c}ac|;

Q}mci “ Q}mci; Cnm`~`

Q}mci Oigonai`q|; Ma}a" Dcu` cig @ka)

]q}cb; Og` w`~i" @nqi~aoiga xobbcna cig @do Cgo`

Wja sqa|woì| c|fag g` xc}oa| gauaigoin ì wja b`lcwoì cig aixo}ìdaiwcb ljc}clwa}o|wol|)

=8



Ljcuwa} H`q}

]a|qbw| h}`d L`ddqiowoa| cig Go|lq||oì

7)5 ]a|qbw| cig Go|lq||oì

Oi Og` w`~i" |lj``b|" hc}d|" hc}da}| cig jacbwj laiwa}| ~a}a xo|owag)

Agqlcwoì\lj``b| oi Og` W`~i

Agqlcwoì; \oila ~a ìby xo|owag ha~ |lj``b| ~owj`qw jcxoin ciy oiwa}xoa~ ~owj wja waclja}|" wja

|lj``b mqobgoin ~a}a gobcuogcwag" bclf `h cgasqcwa wcmba| cig mailja| oi wja lbc||}``d" i` |cha

~cwa} uòiw cig naia}cbby" wja |lj``b xo|owag bclf mc|ol hclobowoa| h`} lìgqloxa bac}ioin cig wjo|

jc| c b`w `h ahhalw ì |wqgaiw| cig waclja}|)

Gqa w` u``} oih}c|w}qlwq}a" dcfoin boha cmqigciw dcy ma gohholqbw cig daawoin DGN < o| gco|y)

=>



Honq}a 7)3; @ia `h wja |lj``b| xo|owag oi Og` w`~i

Cb|`" jacbwj laiwa} ~a}a cb|` xo|owag w` c||a|| wja lìgowoì `h wja hclobowy cig c|f wja jacbwj

`hhola} h`} mc|ol oih`}dcwoì) Gq}oin `q} oiwa}clwoì cig c||a||daiw `h wja Jacbwj Laiwa} oi Og`

w`~i" g}qn| ~a}a i`w cxcobcmba" i` ~cwa} ì |owa" i` ~`}foin }ah}ona}cw`}" i` mb``g u}a||q}a

cuuc}cwq|" i` bcm`}cw`}y" i` dcbc}oc wa|woin ì |owa *|boga `} }cuog wa|w/" i` JOX wa|woin ì |owa)

Mc|olcbby" wja laiwa} bclf hclobowoa|)

=:



Honq}a 7)=; Uolwq}a| |j`~oin Jacbwj Hclobowy oi Og` W`~i

Honq}a =)<; j`|uowcb maggoin|

7)3 Cn}olqbwq}a oi @do Cgo`

Bofa~o|a" hc}da}‟| hc}d| ~a}a xo|owag cig mc|ol oih`}dcwo i }abcwoin w` wjao} hc}doin ~c| cb|`

c|fag)

Hc}da}| ~owjoi wja |wqgy c}ac c}a hco}by `bg ~owj c daci cna `h 7? yac}|)

=?



Wjay c}a cb|` i`w maoin |qllaagag my wja y`qina} naia}cwoì) H}`d wja hc}da}‟| xoa~" wja

y`qina} uaùba c}a cmcigìoin wja hc}d h`} n}aaia} uc|wq}a| oi lowoa| cig gqa w` wjo| |dcbb |lcba

hc}doin o| hcloin ljcbbaina| `h oil}ac|a oi h``g u}`gqlwoì) ôwj wjo| ljcbbaina" oil}ac|oin h``g

u}`gqlwoì o| gohholqbw cig dcfoin boha cmqigciw cig daawoin wja DGN o| cb|` nòin w` ma

gohholqbw)

Honq}a 7)7; Ljobg}ai hc}doin ~jai daciw w` ma cw |lj``b

<5



Honq}a 7)8; Qiga}n}`qig ~cwa} ~abb g}oag qu

*3/ Cdìn cbb wja hc}da}| oiwa}xoa~ag" cbb `h wjad g` i`w jcxa clla|| w` odu}`xag |aag

xc}oawoa| cig wjay g` dqbwoubolcwoì `h |aagboin wjad|abxa|) â c}a cb|` dcga w` }acbo{a

wjcw wjay }al`}g b`~ yoabg gqa w` qicxcobcmobowy `h odu}`xag xc}oawoa|)

*=/ Wja aiwo}a hc}da}|" lìho}dag wjcw wjay g` i`w jcxa clla|| w` dol} hoicila w` hoicila

wjao} hc}doin clwoxowoa| cig |oila wjay g` i`w jcxa clla|| w` hoicila" wjay oix`bxa wjao}

hcdoby dadma}| oi hc}doin clwoxowoa|)

Hc}da}| cb|` l`dubcoiw| wjcw bcm`q} c}a i` bìna} cxcobcmba h`} hcdoin clwoxowoa| cig

~ja}a wjay c}a cxcobcmba" wja ljc}na| c}a ì wja jonj |oga h`} wjad w` mac})

*</ Gq}oin `q} xo|ow w` wjao} hc}d|" wjao} hc}d |o{a| }cina| maw~aai 3555 $ =555 jacu| mqw ~a

~a}a dcga w` }acbo{a wjcw wjay jcxa hc}d| `h xc}o`q| |o{a| oi gohha}aiw b`lcwoì|)

*7/ Wja}a c}a i` |cha ~cwa} uòiw| cw wja l`ddqiowy baxab) Wjay dcfa q|a `h qiu}`walwag

~abb" |w}acd| cig |u}oin|)

*1/ Wjay bclf galaiw cll`dd`gcwoì cig acw ~jcwaxa} wjay jcxa cxcobcmba)

*8/ \lj``b ljobg}ai ~a}a oix`bxag oi hawljoin h ho}a~``g|)

Oi wja l`ddqiowy xo|owag oi @do Cgo`" wjay |wobb ucw}ìo{a wja mq|j w` ci|~a} wja lcbb `h icwq}a)

Wjo| o| qijacbwjy cig i`w c goniohyoin u}clwola6 ow nà| cncoi|w wja ogacb| `h |`locb gaxabùdaiw

cig wja }a|qbw `h |qlj clw l`qbg ma gacgby)

Jacbwj `hholocb| |cy‟| wjo| jc| lìwoiqag w` jq}w wja ga|o}a w` u}`d`wa mc|ol |ciowcwoì jcmow|)

Wja e^`}bg Wòbaw Gcy. ~c| dc}fag nb`mcbby ì I`xadma} 3?" =55?) Wja gcy hq}wja} jaonjwai|

wja sqa|w `h dciy Iona}oci| h`} mawwa} wòbaw hclobowoa| w` m``|w |ciowcwoì oi wja l`qiw}y)

@~oin w` oicgasqcwa wòbaw hclobowoa|" dciy Iona}oci|" a|ualocbby oi wja }q}cb c}ac|" |wobb

<3



ucw}ìo|a wja mq|j w` ci|~a} wja lcbb `h icwq}a)

7)= Cn}olqbwq}a cig Uawa} H}cilo|‟| |w`}y

Uawa} H}cilo| o| c don}ciw hc}da} h}`d Maiqa \wcwa) Ja boxa| oi Og`" Omcgci ~owj ìa `h jo| w~`

~oxa| cig |`da `h jo| w~abxa ljobg}ai) Ja lqbwoxcwa| =555 jacu| `h ycd oi 8 hc}d b`lcwoì|

axa}y yac} q|oin u}odowoxa w``b|$jà|" lqwbc||a| cig hcdoby bcm`q})

Jo| ciiqcb oil`da o| I3=5" 555 ~jolj ja |jc}a| ~owj jo| hcdoboa| oi Og` cig mclf j`da oi

Maiqa \wcwa)

Wj}aa `h Uawa} H}cilo| w~abxa ljobg}ai iaxa} cwwaigag |lj``b cig ja mc}aby jcg U}odc}y

agqlcwoì gqa w` u`xa}wy) Ja lcii`w clla|| l}agow malcq|a `h jonj oiwa}a|w }cwa| maoin ljc}nag my

mcif| cig u`~a} w` u}`la|| jo| hc}d u}`gqla h`} xcbqa o| oicgasqcwaby |quuboag |` jo| oil`da

lcii`w ma aijcilag)

Og` B`lcb N`xa}idaiw U}odc}y Jacbwj Laiw}a ~jolj o| wja iac}a|w uqmbol jacbwj laiw}a o| c doba

c~cy) Wjq|" wja clla|| `h jo| hcdoby w` jacbwj lc}a o| bodowag aowja} my l`|w `} go|wcila)

Wja |w`}y `h Uawa} H}cilo| }au}a|aiw| wja boxoin lìgowoì oi wja }q}cb c}ac| `h Omcgci" wja bc}na|w

lowy oi \qm$\cjc}ci Ch}olc)

<=



Ljcuwa} Hoxa

Boha Aijciladaiw D`xadaiw

1)5 Oiw}`gqlwoì

Wjo| ljcuwa} azu}a||a| wja clwoxowoa| cig wja ljcbbaina| azua}oailag wjy my wja boha aijciladaiw

u}`kalw wacd dadma}|) Ow noxa| ci `xa}xoa~ `h wja k`q}iay| dcga oi `xa} 1dìwj| wj}`qnj

xc}o`q| l`ddqiowoa| oi @y` |wcwa `h Iona}oc)

1)3 Boha A||aiwocb|

Azo|waila o| wja |wcwa `h boxoin `} maoin cxcobcmba axai oi gohholqbwoa|) Uawa} H}cilo| bofa dciy

`wja} uaùba boxoin oi }q}cb c}ac| `h @y` |wcwa azo|w oi wja l`ddqiowoa|) Wja Og` L`ddqiowy cb|`

azo|w| cbwj`qnj oi |`da foig `h gohholqbwy)

Wja mc|ol iaag| `h H``g" J`q|oin" Lb`wjoin" Agqlcwoì cig Jacbwj c}a }asqo}adaiw| h`} |q}xoxcb)

ôwj`qw wja|a mc|ol iala||owoa| `h boha" c ua}|ì lci ma |cog w` ma azo|woin mqw i`w |q}xoxoin)

<<



Dci ga|o}a| d`}a wjci |q}xoxcb ~jolj `hwai o| c daci w` ci aig) Wja aig o| wj}oxoin |` ~jai ja

|q}xoxa|" dci |wc}w| w` ga|o}a| jo| wj}oxoin) Ja mal`da| hqbhobbag ~jai jo| ga|o}a| dcwa}ocbo{ag)

Wj}oxoin o| wja |wcwa ~jai ìa mal`da| cig lìwoiqa| w` ma |qlla||hqb" |w}ìn cig jacbwjy) Wja

|`loawy gà| i`w |wù gòin wja }onjw wjoin| `wja}~o|a ow naw| oiw` azwoilwoì) C |`loawy lci n`

oiw` azwoilwoì wj}`qnj don}cwoì ~jai boxoin lìgowoì mal`da| qimac}cmba)

➭ Clla|| o| l}owolcb w` boha6

➭ Clla|| w` h``g cig iqw}owoì6

➭ Clla|| w` agqlcwoì6

➭ Clla|| w` uc}woloucwoì6

➭ Clla|| w` oih`}dcwoì6

➭ Clla|| w` lcuowcb “ l}agown}ciw|)

➭ Clla|| w` adub`ydaiw6

➭ Clla|| w` dc}faww}cga6

➭ Clla|| w` j`q|oin6

➭ Clla|| w` |ciowcwoì6 awl)

Boha o| cb|` c ljcoi ~jolj jc| w` ma fauw boifag w`nawja}) N``g jacbwj cig iqw}owoì c}a iala||c}y

w` u`~a} u}`gqlwoxowy" agqlcwoì ~ogai clla|| w` adub`ydaiw ùu`}wqiowoa| ~jolj ~ogai

ùu`}wqiowoa| w` ac}i oil`da" clsqo}a u}ùa}woa|" w` |cxa dìay cig naw l}agow)

1)= Ljcbbaina| w` Boha)

Wja wj}aa l}owolcb ljcbbaina| w` boha c}a l`|w" |ucla cig go|wcila) Wja|a c}a hclw`}| wjcw }a|w}olw

clla|| w` ùu }wqiowoa|) Mc|ol iala||owoa| h`} |q}xoxcb |qlj c| h``g cig iqw}owoì" j`q|oin"

lb`wjoin" agqlcwoì cig jacbwj donjw ma `qw `h }aclj `h dciy c| c }a|qbw `h l`|w) Wja}ah`}a"

N`xa}idaiw ~`qbg jcxa baiw |quu`}w oi daawoin wja l`|w `h wja|a iala||owoa| wj}`qnj |qm|ogoa|

<7



cig n}ciw| |` wjcw dciy ~`qbg ma cbb`~ag clla|| w` |q}xoxcb) H}aa agqlcwoì" h}aa jacbwj" |`locb

j`q|oin cig go|w}omqwoì `h a||aiwocb l`dd`gowoa| c}a `wja} daci| `h bosqogcwoin wja l`|w

ljcbbaina| w` Boha)

Bodowag |ucla jabu| w` b`lf `qw c bc}na iqdma} `h uaùba `qw `h ùu`}wqiowoa|) C bodowag iqdma}

`h uquob| jcxa clla|| w` Qioxa}|owy agqlcwoì malcq|a `h bodowag hclobowoa|) C bodowag iqdma} `h

lcigogcwa| jcxa clla|| w` adub`ydaiw malcq|a wja adub`ydaiw |ucla o| i`w ~oga ai`qnj)

J`|uowcb ~c}g| ~`qbg i`w cll`dd`gcwa axa}y ucwoaiw }aha}}ag)

\ucla lci ma ~ogaiag my oil}ac|oin wja iqdma} `h hclobowoa|) Oi Og` B`lcb N`xa}idaiw C}ac"

U}odc}y Jacbwj Laiw}a| jcxa w` ma oil}ac|a6 cdmqbcila cig }aha}}cb |a}xola| dq|w ma uqw oi ubcla

cig ahhalwoxa) Wjo| ~`qbg cbb`~ dciy uaùba oi wja l`ddqiowy w` jcxa clla|| w` n``g jacbwj

lc}a)

Uawa} H}cilo| o| bodowag w` uqmbol jacbwj lc}a my ìa doba) Oh jo| ~oha `} ljobg jc| ciy |a}o`q|

jacbwj u}`mbad" ja donjw jcxa w` lc}}y ja} ì jo| |j`qbga} w` wja j`|uowcb c| xajolba| c}a i`w

}acgoby cxcobcmba cig c |alìgc}y jacbwj lc}a o| axai d`}a u}`mbadcwol c| }aha}}cb |a}xola| o| i`w

}a|uì|oxa)

Go|wcila ljcbbaina lci ma wcfai lc}a `h ~owj u}`xo|oì `h l}owolcb oih}c|w}qlwq}a c| ~abb c|

b`lcwoin hclobowoa| lb`|a} w` wja uaùba) Oi Og`" wja}a o| }`cg boifoin Cuawa" C~`wci cig Abayaba w`

@do Cgo` wj}`qnj wja B`lcb N`xa}idaiw) J`~axa}" wjo| gà| i`w }agqla go|wcila oi ow| aiwo}awy)

@ia `h wja }ac|ì| o| wjcw u`~a} o| i`w cxcobcmba w` u}`la|| hc}d u}`gqla h}`d wja l`ddqiowy" |`

i`wjoin o| cww}clwoin xajolqbc} w}chhol w` wja l`ddqiowy cig w}chhol o| c| c }a|qbw" i`w h}asqaiw)

<1



1)< @nqi~aoiga Xobbcna

@nqi~aoiga xobbcna o| uc}w `h Og` ~jolj o| bc}naby cn}c}oci) Ow o| dcga qu `h c uùqbcwoì `h

uac|ciw hc}da}|) Wja xobbcna bclfag clla|| w` abalw}olowy) Wja ìby |`q}la `h ~cwa} o| c gaau ~abb

~owj bowwba u}`walwoì u}`xogag my dadma}| `h wja l`ddqiowy oi Goc|u`}c ~jolj o| oicgasqcwa w`

|a}xa wja l`ddqiowy)

@nqi~aoiga o| go|lìialwag w` wja `qw|oga ~`}bg cbwj`qnj ow o| cbìn c wc}}ag }`cg uc||oin

wj}`qnj Og` L`ddqiowy) Wjay jcxa bodowag clla|| w` oih`}dcwoì c| wja }a|ogaiw| c}a qic~c}a `h

wja Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb|)

Ljobg}ai h}`d @nqi~aoiga jcxa w` w}af w` iaonjm`q}oin xobbcna| *Ofaga `} Og`/ w` cwwaig u}odc}y

|lj``b| ~joba wja iac}a|w jacbwj lc}a hclobowy o| c u}oxcwa dcwa}iowy cig jacbwj laiw}a *@ga}a

Dcwa}iowy Laiw}a/ ~jolj o| c 3)1fd c~cy ~owj`qw ci ahhalwoxa }aha}}cb |y|wad) Ucwoaiw| jcxa w`

c}}cina h`} wjao} w}ci|u`}w oi lc|a `h l`dubolcwoì|)

L`|w `h bcm`q} cig lcuowcb c}a u}`jomowoì h`} wja|a uac|ciw hc}da}| |` wjay }a|`}w w` q|oin wjao}

ujy|olcb ahh`}w| ~owj cwwaigciw jacbwj gy|hqilwoì) U}`gqlwoxowy o| }a|w}olwag" cbwj`qnj ~owj dqlj

ahh`}w|" gqa w` wjao} q|a `h u}odowoxa w``b| `h jà|" lqwbc||a| cig hcdoby bcm`q} c| cncoi|w d`ga}i

w``b|) Wja hc}da}| ac}i bowwba oil`da h}`d wjao} u}`gqla dc}faw o| cbd`|w iì$azo|waiw h`} wjad)

Wja}a o| iaowja} u`~a} w` u}`la|| wjad i`} hclobowoa| w` |w`}a wjad oi cggoin xcbqa) Ci`wja}

hclw } bodowoin oil`da o| wja az`}mowciw l`|w `h jcqbcna) Xajolqbc} w}chhol o| i`w h}asqaiw ì wja

}`cg |` mc}ncoioin o| bodowag cig hqab l}o|o| lci ma go|wq}moin)

<8



Hclw`}oin Og` L`ddqiowy oiw` wja alì`dol u}`la||a| }asqo}a| odu}`xoin l}owolcb oih}c|w}qlwq}a|

|qlj c| u`~a} cig }cob~cy ~jolj uc||a| wj}`qnj @do Cgo`" c xobbcna oi wja l`ddqiowy) Cbb wja

xobbcna| dq|w ma u}`xogag ~owj abalw}olowy" ~cwa} cig |ciowcwoì)

Jacbwj c~c}aia|| u}`n}cdda| |j`qbg ma ail`q}cna| cig |lcbag qu) U}axaiwoxa dagoloia o|

ljacu) U}axaiwoì o| hc} mawwa} wjci lq}a) Wja jacbwj gauc}wdaiw `h Og` B`lcb N`xa}idaiw cig

Icwoìcb @}oaiwcwoì Cnaily lci ma ci ahhalwoxa cnaily oi wjo| go}alwoì) Wjay |j`qbg lc}}y `qw

wja }anqbc} lcduconi h}`d xobbcna w` xobbcna ì |qlj jacbwj o||qa| c| |w}a||" jyua}wai|oì" lcila}"

gocmawa| cig JOXCOG\) ]anqbc} jacbwj ljalf| |j`qbg cb|` ma cgdoio|wa}ag w` wjad h`} ac}by

gawalwo i `h |qlj u}`mbad| c| jyua}wai|oì) Wjo| ~`qbg }agqla b`|| `h azualwcily oi wja

l`ddqiowy)

1)7 Q}mci Oigonai`q| Omcgci $ Ma}a

Ma}a" }au}a|aiwcwoxa `h wja q}mci oigonai`q| c}ac| `h Omcgci o| ci q}mci laiw}a ljc}clwa}o{ag my

w}cgoin clwoxowoa| oiwa}dozag ~owj c}wo|ci|) Dck`}owy `h uaùba |wcyoin oi Ma}a c}a _`}qmc)

Gq}oin `q} xo|ow w` Ma}a dc}faw cig ~cbfoin }`qig |`da |w}aaw|" wja h`bb`~oin `m|a}xcwoì| ~a}a

dcga)

*3/ \w}aaw w}cgoin ~c| l`ddì cdìn ljobg}ai `h qiga} cna)

*=/ Wja }`qigcm`qw ~c| qifauw cig wja bc~i oi|oga ~c| i`w dciolq}ag6

*</ Wja iaonjm`q}j``g ~c| qiubciiag “ j`q|a| ~a}a mqobw jcujc{c}gby6 ow ~c|

gohholqbw w` clla|| |`da `h wja |w}aaw|)

*7/ Bclf clla|| w` |cha ~cwa} uòiw| cig u} ua} |ciowcwo i ~c| bclfoin) Dciy j`q|a|

oi wja iaonjm`q}j``g bclf oimqobw wòbaw|ciowc}y hclobowoa|)

*1/ I` cllauwcmba ~c|wa go|u`|cb hclobowoa|)

*8/ Bclf `h galaiw cll`dd`gcwoì)

<>



*>/ Wja aixo}ìdaiw o| naia}cbby qifauw

*:/ Wja iaonjm`q}j``g o| }oua h`} q}mci }aia~cb wjcw ~`qbg lìxa}w wja dqg mqobgoin

oiw` |cigl}awa |w}qlwq}a| ~owj mawwa} ubciiag bcy`qw)

Wja |w}aawbonjw hqilwoìcbowy l`qbg i`w ma c||a||ag gq}oin `q} xo|ow malcq|a ~a ~a}a wja}a oi wja

gcy)

Oi Ma}a" wja ‒C}ac M`y|— ~a}a cbd`|w axa}y~ja}a cig wja|a c}ac m`y| c}a qiadub`yag y`qin

ua}|ì|" d`|wby dcba|" dciy `h ~j`d c}a oiw` jc}g g}qn|) Wjay c}a ac|oby d`mobo{ag h`} c}dag

xo`baila" cig c}a fi`~i w` ma ahholoaiw oi qibac|join xo`baila oi wja |`loawy)

Uolwq}a| |j`~oin uc}w `h Ma}a

Honq}a 1)3; L}`|| |alwoì `h l`ddqiowoa| oi wja Ma}a czo|

Honq}a 1)=; J`q|a| oi Ma}a l`ddqiowy

<:



1)1 Abalw}olowy |quuby" ^cwa} cig \ciowcwo i oi Cnm`~`

C| ~a fi`~ oi Iona}oc wjcw u`~a} `qwcna| cig mbclf`qw| c}a l`ddì go|ac|a|" Cnm`~` o| i`w

bahw `qw) Wja c}ac o| c wyuolcb d`ga}i q}mci laiw}a oi Omcgci) Ow jc| c hco} bcy`qw" qibofa *wyuolcb

`h oigonai`q| q}mci laiw}a/" cig o| m`wja}ag my wja M`gokc dc}faw" Qioxa}|owy `h Omcgci" Mc}ofc

cig Bcn`|Omcgci azu}a|| ~cy) Cnm`~` j`q|a| c bc}na iqdma} `h |wqgaiw| cig |wchh `h wja

Qioxa}|owy `h Omcgci" }a|ogaiwocb j`q|a| cig |jùuoin laiw}a| oilbqgoin Cnm`~` |jùuoin ~jolj

~c| gaxabùag my @y` \wcwa J`q|oin L`}u`}cwo i) Alì`dol cig `wja} boha oigolcw`}| oi

Cnm`~` c}a mab`~ ~jcw o| i`}dcb *oi|wcbbag lcuclowy/ dcoiby malcq|a `h u``} u`~a} |quuby cig

iì cxcobcmobowy `h a||aiwocb |a}xola|) ]a|ogaiw| cig |jù `~ia}| }aby jacxoby ì naia}cw`}| oi

wja cm|aila `h u`~a} h}`d wja uqmbol cqwj`}owy *U`~a} J`bgoin L`duciy `h Iona}oc/)

Wjo| jc| qiw`bg jc}dhqb ahhalw| ì wja aixo}ìdaiw cig uqmbol jacbwj ~joba wja l`|w `h gòin

mq|oia|| o| oil}ac|ag ~owj`qw ùwodqd `qwuqw) Oil}ac|ag lc}mì oi wja co} o| u}alouowcwoin uqmbol

jacbwj gcina} cig nb`mcb ~c}doin) Bqin cig jac}w go|ac|a| c}a lcucmba `h fobboin d`}a uaùba oi

wja c}ac wjci COG\ cig dcbc}oc) Wjo| c||a}woì l`qbg i`w ma u}`xag aowja} }onjw `} ~}ìn malcq|a

}`qwoia dagolcb lì|qbwcwoì `} ljalf qu o| i`w c uùqbc} u}clwola oi wja l`ddqiowy)

Wja iò|a *h}`d naia}cwoin |aw|/ o| i`w jabuoin wja dcwwa} aowja} c| wja sqoaw cig |a}aiowy wjcw

|j`qbg ma aik`yag oi wja l`ddqiowy o| `hwai qu|aw my iò|a h}`d wj`|a naia}cw`}|)

Oi wja =3|w laiwq}y" abalw}olowy u`~a}| gaxabùdaiw cig oi naia}cwoin abalw}olowy |chawy `h

}a|ogaiw|" aixo}ìdaiw cig uqmbol jacbwj |j`qbg ma c u}odc}y lìla}i `h wja u`boly dcfa}|) \wcwa

cig B`lcb N`xa}idaiw |j`qbg ma adu`~a}ag cig ua}dowwag w` naia}cwa" w}ci|dow cig go|w}omqwa

u`~a} oigauaigaiw `h wja Icwoìcb N}og) L`ddqiowy u`~a} naia}cwoì ~`qbg }agqla qiow l`|w w`

<?



}a|ogaiw|" }agqla iò|a" }co|a u}`gqlwoxowy cig lìxaioaila cig ~ogai adub`ydaiw |ucla) Wja

lq}}aiw u}clwola `h naia}cwoin abalw}olowy my oigoxogqcb j`q|aj bg" wj}`qnj naia}cw`}| oil}ac|a|

wja l`|w mqw }agqla| wja |wcigc}g `h boxoin oi Cnm`~`)

1)8 Clla|| w` |cha ~cwa} uòiw|

Uoua m`}ia ~cwa} o| c bqzq}y oi Cnm`~`) â bac}iw wjcw wja l`ddqiowy jc| ìby aik`yag uoua

m`}ia ~cwa} |quuby h}`d uqmbol |`q}la ìby ìa `} w~ola oi ow| jo|w`}y) ^cwa} |quuby o| dcoiby

h}`d ~abb| cig m`}aj`ba|) Oi |`da `h wja ubcla| xo|owag oi Cnm`~`" wja}a c}a |`bc} u`~a}ag

m`}aj`ba|" jcig uqdu m`}aj`ba| cig gaau ~abb cig qiu}`walwag ~abb|) \`da `h wja|a hclobowoa|

c}a i`w hqilwoìoin cig wjo| dcfa boha gohholqbw h`} wja uaùba `h Cnm`~` c| hcdoboa| |uaig

xcbqcmba woda |l`qwoin h`} ~cwa} h`} g}oifoin cig h`} `wja} g`da|wol q|a|) Wja iqdma} `h |cha

~cwa} uòiw| wjcw c}a cxcobcmba oi Cnm`~` gà| i`w l`ddai|q}cwa ~owj wja uùqbcwoì) Wjay c}a

ha~ oigoxogqcb ~owj |cha ~cwa} uòiw oi wjao} }a|ualwoxa j`da|)

1)> \ciowcwoì oi Cnm`~`

Wja lqbwq}a `h |ciowcwoì o| i`w xo|omba oi Cnm`~`) Cbwj`qnj }a|ogaiw| uc}woloucwa oi wja |wcwa

~oga dìwjby aixo}ìdaiwcb |ciowcwoì" wja lqbwq}a `h |ciowcwoì o| i`w oi wjad) @h ~jcw q|a o|

|~aauoin ~jai wja}a o| i` bowwa} lci w` l`bbalw wja }ahq|a) Wja l`ddqiowy gà| i`w jcxa clla|| w`

cllauwcmba hclobowoa| h`} wja |cha go|u`|cb `h j`q|aj`bg ~c|wa cig wjo| lì|wowqwa jacbwj jc{c}g w`

Cnm`~` l`ddqiowy) ]a|ogaiw| `h Cnm`~` go|u`|a| `h wjao} j`q|aj`bg| ~c|wa oiw` wja iac}my

|w}acd cig }`cg |oga|) Wja gcina}| `h wjo| u}clwola c}a hb``goin cig auogadol| wja ahhalw `h

~jolj lci ma hc} }acljoin)

D`|w `h wja j`q|a| jcxa wòbaw| hclobowoa| mqw i` ~cwa} w` hbq|j oi d`|w `h wja j`q|a| mqw hbq|join

o| c ljcbbaina c| ~cwa} o| i`w }acgoby cxcobcmba) G}c~oin ~cwa} h}`d wja ~abb| lì|qda| woda"

75



ujy|olcb aia}ny cig jacbwj |qhha}| c| c }a|qbw) Clja| cig ucoi| c}a i`w qil`dd`i `i ~owj

~`dai cig ljobg}ai wjcw aincna oi ~cwa} hawljoin aiwa}u}o|a)

Honq}a 1)8; u``} }ahq|a go|u`|cb oi Cnm`~` l`ddqiowy

1): Boha Oigaz

73



Boha Oigaz o| `q} l}acwoì h`} dac|q}oin wja boxcmobowy `h c l`ddqiowy q|oin wja h`bb`~oin

uc}cdawa}|;

o) Clla|| w` h``g cig iqw}owo i6

oo) \alq}owy cig |chawy w` boxa| cig u} ua}woa|6

ooo) Clla|| w` agqlcwo i *bowa}cly/" oih`}dcwoì cig l`ddqiolcwoì6

ox) Clla|| w` u`}wcmba ~cwa} cig \ciowcwoì6

x) Clla|| w` jacbwj lc}a6

xo) Clla|| w` kq|wola6

xoo) Clla|| w lcuowcb6

xooo)Clla|| w` dc}faw w}cga cig adub`ydaiw6

oz) Clla|| w` u bowolcb uc}woloucwoì6

z) \`locb Oiwan}cwoì cig

zo) Go|ubcy h w}q|w

➭ Clla|| w` h``g cig iqw}owoì; C l`ddqiowy lci ma |cog w` ma boxcmba oh wja}a o| ai`qnj

wja}a w` acw) Jqina} o| ci qiubac|ciw ujai`daiì) Iqw}owoìcb h``g dq|w ma cxcobcmba

cig chh`}gcmba)

➭ \alq}owy cig \chawy w` boxa| cig U}ùa}woa|; Wja|a oilbqga }a|uì|a w` l}o|a|) L}o|a|

c}a i`w cb~cy| oiaxowcmba mqw wjay dq|w ma ahhalwoxaby dcicna cig wja}a |j`qbg ma c

daljcio|d h`} wjcw) Oi c l`ddqiowy" boxa| cig u}ùa}woa| dq|w ma |cha cig |alq}ag)

]a|ogaiw| |j`qbg ma cmba w` n` cm`qw wjao} mq|oia||a| ~owj`qw hac} `h d`ba|wcwoì `}

ciy cwwclf) Wja l`ddqiowy |j`qbg ma h}aa `h l}oda `} jc| ci ahhalwoxa l}oda lìw}`b

cig l}o|o| dcicnadaiw daljcio|d ~jolj gà| i`w kaùc}go{a wja alì`dy cig |chawy

`h wja }a|ogaiw| oilbqgoin aixo}ìdaiwcb |q|wcoicmobowy) Wjo| oilbqga cmobowy `h wja

}a|ogaiw| w` d`xa cm`qw ciywoda `h wja gcy h}aaby ~owj`qw `m|w}qlwoì |` c jacbwj

7=



u}`mbad wjcw mal`da| c l}o|o| oi wja doggba `h wja ionjw l`qbg ma cwwaigag w` ~owj`qw

hac} `h maoin `m|w}qlwag d`ba|wag my xonobciwa) \chawy `h boxa| cig u}ùa}woa|

oilbqga h}aag`d h}`d wj}acw| `h aixo}ìdaiwcb jc{c}g|)

➭ Clla|| w` Bowa}cly; Oih`}dcwoì cig L`ddqiolcwoì; ]a|ogaiw| |j`qbg ma cmba w`

clla|| h`}dcb agqlcwoì) Wja|a oilbqga cgqbw bowa}cly cig `wja} h`}d| `h dc||

bowa}cly) ]a|ogaiw| |j`qbg ma cmba w` clla|| oih`}dcwoì wjcw wjay iaag cig wjay

|j`qbg ma cmba w` l`ddqiolcwa ~owjoi wja l`ddqiowy cig ~owj azwa}icb l`ddqiowoa|)

Cxcobcmobowy cig iqdma} `h mc|a |wcwoì| cig l`|w `h co}woda" iqdma} `h |lj``b|" l`|w

`h agqlcwoì cig oih`}dcwoì |y|wad c}a u`||omba daci| `h xa}oholcwoì `h odu}`xag

clla|| w` agqlcwo i" oih`}dcwoì cig l`ddqiolcwoì) Oi |`da l`ddqiowoa|"

oih`}dcwoì c||aw| c}a i`w cxcobcmba w` clla||) Ahhalwoxa gcwc l`bbalwoì cig

dcicnadaiw c}a }asqo}adaiw h`} gaxabùdaiw)

➭ Clla|| w` U`}wcmba ^cwa} cig \ciowcwoì; ^cwa} o| c lc}}oa} `h go|ac|a|" |` ow jc| w` ma

w}acwag `h cbb go|ac|a| *na}d|/) U`}wcmba ~cwa} o| xowcb w` boha cmqigciw) Jynoaia

boha|wyba |j`qbg ma clla||omba) Bowwa} lci| |j`qbg ma u}`xogag oi |w}cwanol b`lcwoì|)

➭ Clla|| w` Jacbwj Lc}a; Jacbwj lc}a cw cbb baxab| |j`qbg ma cxcobcmba" chh`}gcmba cig

clla||omba w` wja }a|ogaiw|) Ci ahhalwoxa }aha}}cb |y|wad ~`qbg boif u}odc}y jacbwj

lc}a w` wja |alìgc}y jacbwj lc}a cig wja |alìgc}y jacbwj lc}a w` wja wa}woc}y

jacbwjlc}a |qm$|y|wad|) ]a|ogaiw| |j`qbg ma cmba w` xo|ow u}odc}y jacbwjlc}a laiw}a|

h`} dagolcb lì|qbwcwoì| cig ljalf qu axai ~jai wja}a o| i` dcioha|wcwoì `h obbia||)

Wjay |j`qbg ma agqlcwag w` wcfa cgxciwcna `h wjo| u}clwola cig wja dagolcb ua}|ìiab

|j`qbg ma ì jcig w` cwwaig w` wjad) Wjo| ~`qbg azu`|a dagolcb u}`mbad| mah`}a

wjay dcioha|w) ]al}acwoì xclcwoì cig dagolcb }ajcmobowcwoì |j`qbg ma chh`}gcmba w`

cbb cig |qig}y wjq| u}`bìnoin boha)

7<



➭ Clla|| w` Kq|wola; Kq|wola cig go|uqwa }a|`bqwoì daljcio|d |j`qbg ma clla||omba w`

cbb }a|ogaiw| o}}a|ualwoxa `h |wcwq| `} naiga})

Kq|wola |j`qbg ma hco} cig ~owj`qw hcx`q}) Wjo| ~cy" w}q|w o| h`|wa}ag cig alì`dy lci

wj}oxa) Wja }onjw `h cbb o| |chanqc}gag cig gaxabùdaiw lci ma h`}|wc}ag) Jqdci

}onjw| `h oigoxogqcb|" o}}a|ualwoxa `h |wcwq| c}a |cl}`|cilw w` gaxabùdaiw)

➭ Clla|| w` lcuowcb; Clla|| w` wja hclw`}| `h u}`gqlwoì bcig" bcm`q} cig lcuowcb o|

l}owolcb w` u}`|ua}owy) Clla||omobowy `h hoicilocb lcuowcb w` hoicila xaiwq}a|" bcig cig

jqdci lcuowcb o| odu`}wciw h`} n}`~wj cig my azwai|oì w` gaxabùdaiw)

➭ Clla|| w` dc}faw w}cga cig adub`ydaiw) Oih}c|w}qlwq}a| dq|w ma oi ubcla w` boif

u}`gqlwoì w` lì|qduwoì) U}`gqlwoì o| `h i` xcbqa oh ow ~`qbg i`w ma lì|qdag)

Clla|| w` adub`ydaiw o| ci oigolcw`} `h boxcmobowy `h c l`ddqiowy) Wja adub`yag jc|

clla|| w` oil`da ~jolj ja lci ma q|a w` naw boha‟| }asqo}adaiw|)

➭ Clla|| w` u`bowolcb uc}woloucwoì; ]a|ogaiw| |j`qbg ma cmba w` oihbqaila galo|oì| wjcw

chhalw wjad) Gaxabùdaiw wj}oxa| ~ja}a uaùba h}aaby abalw wjao} }au}a|aiwcwoxa| ~j`

c}a cb|` cll`qiwcmba w` wjad) Uaùba c}a cbb`~ag w` h`}d cbb`~cila|" c||`locwoì cig

iaw~`}f| c| u}a||q}a n}`qu| h`} wja uq}u`|a `h dcfoin oiuqw| w` n`xa}icila)

Azcduba| `h |qlj cm`qig o| ìa)`}n oi wja Qiowag \wcwa|)

➭ \`locb Oiwan}cwoì; Wjo| o| na}dcia w` gaxabùdaiw c| wja bclf `h ow azu`|a| wja

go|cgxciwcna| |alw`} `h wja |`loawy w` wj}acw `h ciiojobcwoì c| o| `hwai ~owia||ag oi

wja I`}wja}i uc}w `h wja l`qiw}y) Axa}y }a|ogaiw dq|w jcxa asqcb }onjw| u}oxobana| cig

`mboncwoì| c| dadma}| `h wja l`ddqiowy) Wja |awwba} |yig}`da |j`qbg ma go|lc}gag

oi wjcw ~cy |chawy o| u}`d`wag cig boha o| naia}cbby odu}`xag ~jai cbb c}a asqcbby

w}acwag ~owj`qw go|l}odoicwoì `} moc|)

77



Go|ubcy `h w}q|w" cig goniowy; W}q|w o| ci odu`}wciw abadaiw oi gaxabùdaiw) Ci aixo}ìdaiw

hobbag ~owj |q|uoloì cig oiw`ba}cila ~`qbg i`w ma ha}woba h`} gaxabùdaiw c| axa}y |wau| wjcw

c}a u}ù`|ag w` d`xa w`~c}g| gaxabùdaiw ~`qbg ma |q|ualwag cig i`w |quu`}wag) Wja

lqbwq}a `h w}q|w o| c u}ùabba} w` gaxabùdaiw)

Hoicbby" gaxabùdaiw cbb`~| }a|ogaiw| oi c l`ddqiowy w` ma w}acwag ~owj goniowy) Goniowy o| c

n``g oigolcw`} `h loxobo{cwoì cig odu}`xadaiw oi wja sqcbowy `h boha) Wja uolwq}a `h `q} hoabg

w}ou w` Og` l`ddqiowy |j`~| wjcw `q} w}ci|u`}w |y|wad o| i`w goniohyoin ai`qnj) â ~a}a

uclfag oi wja mq| aclj |owwoin cw qud`|w oilìxaioaila) Axai wja u``} oi c gaxabùag

l`ddqiowy jc| jo| goniowy cig jqdci }onjw| `h ~jolj ja o| i`w gaioag) Lowo{ai| lci

ahhalwoxaby gadcig h`} n``g |a}xola gaboxa}y cig wjay g` i`w axai wjoif `h ùu}a||oì oi c

l`ddqiowy wjcw o| |w}qnnboin ~owj gaxabùdaiw" ùu}a||oì o| wja `wja} `h wja gcy cig

i`m`gy gc}a c|f sqa|woì|)

1)? Boha Aijciladaiw U}`kalw

Wacd dadma}| }acbo{ag wjcw ìa gà| i`w iaag w` ~cow qiwob ìa o| lcucmba `h gòin mon

wjoin| w` odu}`xa boha wjcw uaùba ~obb aik`y" mqw boxa| lci ma w`qljag u`|owoxaby wj}`qnj

}a|ac}lj" uqmbolcwoì cgx`lcly" iaw~`}foin cig `wja} daci| wjcw c}a cxcobcmba w` q|)

Wja >>7 b`lcb n`xa}idaiw c}ac| wjcw u}a|aiwby azo|w oi Iona}oc u}`xoga cduba dc}faw h`} `q}

azua}wo|a c| gaxabùdaiw cgdoio|w}cw`}| cig lì|qbwciw|)

Gaxabùdaiw o| boha cig |q|wcoicmba gaxabùdaiw o| ‒Boha Cmqigciw—)

Boha Cmqigciw o| d`}a wjci ci c}wolqbcwoì `h ogac| mqw cm`qw hoigoin ~`}fcmba gaxabùdaiw

|`bqwoì|) Wjo| o| wja uc||oì `h boha aijciladaiw u}`kalw— ~jolj o| wja xajolba `h wjo|

}a|ac}lj uqmbolcwoì" cgx`lcly" iaw~`}foin" w}coioin cig lì|qbwcily h`} boha odu}`xadaiw)

71



Qbwodcwaby" `q} oiwa}a|w o| w` lìw}omqwa oi `q} bowwba ~cy w` odu}`xoin wja sqcbowy `h boha

uaùba aik`y" a|ualocbby oi Iona}oc)

Oh wja ~`}bg cljoaxa| wja DGN|" boha ~obb ma cmqigciw)

155 dobboì uaùba ~obb i` bìna} boxa oi azw}ada u`xa}wy

<55 dobboì uaùba ~obb i` bìna} |qhha} azw}ada jqina}

<15 dobboì d`}a uaùba ~obb g}oif |cha ~cwa}

<5 dobboì d`}a ljobg}ai ~obb boxa mayìg wjao} hohwj mo}wjgcy

=5 dobboì d`}a ~`dai ~obb |q}xoxa ljobg mo}wj

1)35 U}`mbad| ail`qiwa}ag gq}oin wjo| aza}lo|a

W}ci|u`}wcwo i ~c| c mon ljcbbaina gq}oin wjo| aza}lo|a gq}oin `q} xo|ow w` Og` w`~i cig

@nqi~aoga xobbcna) â l`qbgi‟w naw w` wja l`ddqiowy ì woda w` daaw wja l`ddqiowy dadma}|

wjcw ~a jcxa |ljagqbag cuuòiwdaiw ~owj |oila ~a jcxa w` n` my uqmbol w}ci|u`}w)

\`da `h wja l`ddqiowy dadma}| c}a i`w ~obboin w` uc}woloucwa oi wja|a clwoxowoa|)

Oi @nqi~aoga xobbcna" wjay ~a}a }abqlwciw cw wja oiowocb |wcna w` uc}woloucwa oi wjo| clwoxowoa| mqw

chwa} wja aig `h wja clwoxowy" ~a ~a}a w`bg wjcw dciy `}ncio{cwoì| jc| maai l`doin bofa `q}| cig

u}`do|oin wjad `h l`doin mclf w` u}`xoga| oiwa}xaiwoì mqw wjay iaxa} l`da mclf cncoi w`

odubadaiw ~jcw wjay jcxa u}`do|ag wjad gq}oin wjao} xo|ow)

D`xoin h}`d ìa hc}d bcig w` wja `wja} ~c| cb|` c ljcbbaina cig |`da `h wja hc}da}| |cog wjay

~a}a w`` mq|y w` cwwaig w` uaùba)

78



Ljcuwa} \oz

Lìlbq|oì cig ]al`ddaigcwoì

8)5 Lìlbq|oì

Dciy j`q|a| c}a ~owj`qw odu}`xag |`q}la| `h ~cwa} cig |ciowcwoì hclobowoa|)

Wja}a o| ~oga go|uc}owy oi m`wj ~cwa} cig |ciowcwoì l`xa}cna cdìn |wqgy c}ac)

7>



ôwj ~jcw ~a jcxa |aai" n`xa}idaiw" l`}u`}cwa `}ncio{cwoì| cig oigoxogqcb iaag| w` oix`bxa|

oi wja u}`xo|oì `h mc|ol hclobowoa| |qlj c| ~cwa} uòiw|" wòbaw| cig dcfa cxcobcmba ~c|wa go|u`|cb

hclobowoa|)

Cl}`|| wja |wqgy c}ac" cbb wja mc|ol hclobowoa| wjcw l`qbg dcfa boha cmqigciw `} cog| wja

cljoaxadaiw `h DGN| c}a bclfoin) Oigoxogqcb| cig n`xa}idaiw jc| i`w maai ubcyoin wjao} }`ba|)

Naia}cbby" d`|w `h wja u}`n}cdda| oiwa}xaiwoì wjcw ~c| a|wcmbo|jag my n`xa}idaiw w` dcfa boha

cmqigciw bclfag lbac}by gahoia u`boly h}cda~`}f ~owj u}ùa} nqogaboia| h`} dcfoin cmqigciw)

\`da `h wjo| u}`n}cdda| |qhha}ag h} d u`bowy" oi|wcmobowy" u`bowolcb oiwa}ha}aila cig

dcl}àlì`dol| go|b`lcwoì| cig bclf lìwoiqowy)

@i wja ~j`ba" wja|a |ljada| ~`qbg jcxa dcfa boha cmqigciw h`} uaùba6 a}cgolcwa u`xa}wy" d`|w

mc|ol }asqo}adaiw| h`} |q}xoxcb oi wa}d| `h h``g" lb`wjoin" |jabwa}" jacbwj" w}ci|u`}w" agqlcwoì

cig }al}acwoì cdìn|w Iona}oci)

8)3 ]al`ddaigcwoì|

Wja }ac|ì| h`} |qlla||a| `h DGN| c}a |aai ì wja nb`mcb ahh`}w `h cgg}a||oin wja o||qa|

lìh}ìwoin axa}y l`ddqiowy" u}`xo|oì w` uc}wia}|jou cdìn gaxabùag c}ac| cig nb`mcb

gaxabùdaiw oi|wowqwoì|" cig uc}wolqbc} cwwcoidaiw `h n`cb| oi |ualohol c}ac| bofa wja xa}y u``}

l`ddqiowoa| wj}`qnj oiwan}cwoì `h b`lcb n`xa}idaiw u`boloa| cig DGN|)

Wja ho}|w cig |alìg }ac|ì| h`} |qlla|| `h DGN| c}a oiwa}}abcwag) Wja u}a|aila `h wja nb`mcb

c~c}aia|| `h wja iaag w` u}`xoga bìn$wa}d |`bqwo i| w` dck } o||qa| wjcw joiga}| axa}y

7:



l`ddqiowy w` gaxabù cig wja u}`xo|oì w` uc}wia}|jou cdìn gaxabùag l`ddqiowoa| cig

gaxabùdaiw oi|wowqwo i| o| l`ddaigcmba) ^joba ow o| w}qa wjcw d`|w l`ddqiowoa| |w}qnnba

w`~c}g| gaxabùdaiw" dck }owy `h wjao} ahh }w| c}a qi|qlla||hqb oh i`w oi|qhholoaiw) Wjo| o|

malcq|a wjay c}a i`w lcucmba `h |q|wcoioin gaxabùdaiwcb ahh`}w|" wjq|" }asqo}oin |quu`}w h}`d

xc}o`q| |`q}la|) @i cbb baxab|" wja DGN| ucxag ~cy w` c nb`mcb l`ùa}cwoì cig wjo| cbìa l`qbg

ma lì|oga}ag c| c }ac|ì cig dcioha|wcwo i `h |qlla||) Wja |qlla|| o| u`||omba oi d`|w

l`ddqiowoa| u}`xogag wjcw wja}a o| c lìwoiqag cig |q|wcoiag clwoì qiwob =531)

N`xa}idaiw|" l`}u`}cwa `}ncio{cwoì| cig oigoxogqcb| iaag w` mqobg d`}a wòbaw| oi |w}cwanol

b`lcwoì| oi `}ga} w` dcfa boha cmqigciw cig cljoaxa |q|wcoicmba |ciowcwoì cig jynoaia)

â iaag u`bowolcb ~obb" q}naiw |alw`} }ah`}d|" oil}ac|ag oixa|wdaiw|" cig jc}dìo{cwoì `h gì`}

cnailoa|‟ clwoxowoa|)

W` odu}`xa wja ~cwa} |owqcwoì" wja n`xa}idaiw |j`qbg u}`xoga ~cwa} |quuby |`q}la| bofa

m`}aj`ba|" u}`walwag gqn ~abb" c| ~abb |u}oin cig }coi~cwa} jc}xa|w|)

Axa}ym`gy |j`qbg ma oix`bxag oi mq|oia|| `h n``g |ciowcwoì)

Icwoìcb @}oaiwcwo i Cnaily |j`qbg ma oi oix`bxag oi dc|| cgx`lcly cig |ciowo{cwoì `h

l`ddqiowy dadma}| ì wja iaag w` ubcy wjao} }`ba| cl}`|| |alw`}| cig cgùw ahhalwoxa |w}cwanoa|

wjcw ~`qbg d`mobo{a wja Aiwo}a |`loawy)

@ia `h |qlj |w}cwany o| uqmbol agqlcwoì" aibonjwaidaiw cig wja |awwoin `h cnaigc h`} uqmbol

go|l`q}|a)

Hoicbby" wja cgx`lcwa| `h DGN| uc}wolqbc}by wja QI cig ow| `hholocb| |j`qbg lcbb h`} l`bbcm`}cwoxa

cig oiwai|oxa ahh`}w oi l`doin qu ~owj c |jc}ag nb`mcb |w}cwany w` cljoaxa DGN| ~jolj lci

}a|qbw oi boha cmqigciw ~ja}a axa}y oigoxogqcb lci jcxa clla|| w` n``g jacbwj" u`~a}" h``g cig

cbb wja maiahow| `h boha)

7?



]aha}aila|

Cgakqd`fa C) Ch`bcyci Cwbc| `h Iona}oc" Uc}o|" =55=" O\MI = $ :8?15 $ <8? $ 3" O\\I 5<<> “

581: Ch}olci H`}qd cig Iaw~`}f ì Gamw cig Gaxabùdaiw *CH]@GCG/" =551) Wja

U`bowol| `h wja DGN| cig Iona}oc; C L}owolcb Cuu}co|cb `h wja Nb`mcb Uc}wia}|jou h`}

Gaxabùdaiw *N`cb :/) Jc}c}a; CH]@GCG)

C}omonm`bc Ch`bcmo" *Dcy =55?/ Oi|wowqwoìcb Lì|w}coiw| w` Cljoaxoin wja Dobbaiioqd

Gaxabùdaiw N`cb| *DGN|/ oi Ch}olc;

Ckcio" \) ]" Cgamqf`bc" M)L" cig _)M) @yoigcd`bc" =558) ‒Dac|q}oin J`q|aj`bg H``g

15



Oi|alq}owy oi \abalwag B`lcb N`xa}idaiw C}ac| `h Bcn`| cig Omcgci" Iona}oc—" Ucfo|wci

K`q}icb `h Iqw}owoì" x`b)1" i`)3" uu) 8=$8>)

Cfoigaba" \)W) cig C) Cgam`" =557) ‒Wja U`bowolcb Alì`dy `h ]oxa} Mc|oi cig ]q}cb

Gaxabùdaiw Cqwj`}owy oi Iona}oc; C ]aw}`|ualwoxa Lc|a \wqgy `h @~aic$]oxa} Mc|oi

cig ]q}cb Gaxabùdaiw Cqwj`}owy *@]M]GC/—" K`q}icb `h Jqdci Al`b`ny" x`b) 38"

i`)3" uu) 11$8=)

Laloboc @b`nqicnmc *I`x) =1" =55?/6 wja iaag h`} d`}a wòbaw| oi Iona}oc$ Gcoby W}oqduj)

Uc}wia}| oi gaxabùdaiw" Ciiqcb }au`}w =55>

Alì`dol L`ddo||oì h`} Ch}olc *ALC/" =551) Wja Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb| oi Ch}olc;

U}`n}a|| cig Ljcbbaina|) Cggo| Cmcmc; Alì`dol L`ddo||oì h`} Ch}olc)

Abqdobcga" G) @" C|c`bq" W) @) cig \) C) Cga}awo" =558" ‒Cuu}co|oin wja Oi|wowqwoìcb H}cda~`}f

h`} U`xa}wy Cbbaxocwoì U}`n}cdda| oi Iona}oc—" Oiwa}icwoìcb K`q}icb `h Hoicila cig

Alì`dol|" o||qa <" uu) 88$>8)

Haga}cb N`xa}idaiw `h Iona}oc" =557) Iona}oc; Icwoìcb Alì`dol Adu`~a}daiw cig

Gaxabùdaiw \w}cwany *IAAG\/) Cmqkc; Icwoìcb Ubciioin L`ddo||oì)

I~`fa`dc" K" =55?) ‒^jy Iona}oc dcy i`w daaw wja Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb|—" V@i

boiaT; ]aw}oaxag h}`d jwwu;~~~)iona}oci|oicda}olc)l`dc}wolba|<1<53~jy$Iona}oc$

dcy$i`w$daaw$wja$Dobbaiioqd$Gaxabùdaiw$N`cb| *Clla||ag ì 35 @lw`ma} =55?/)

@gqbcic" K) C) cig K) C) @b`dckaya" 3???) ‒Wja Oduclw `h U`xa}wy U}`n}cd ì wja Q}mci U``} oi

Iona}oc)— K`q}icb `h Mbclf \wqgoa|" x`b) =?" i`) 1" uu) 8?1$>51)

13

http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/3530/1/why-Nigeria-may-not-meet-the-Millennium-Development-Goals







@bcgaba Fcy`ga" =55?) ‒Ch}olc cig wja Ljcbbaina `h Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb| *DGN|/—;

]aw}oaxag h}`d 2jwwu;~~~)iona}ocxobbcna|sqc}a)l`dc}wolba|fcy`gafcy`ga$

`bcgabach}olc$cig$wja$ljcbbaina$`h$dobbaioqdgaxabùdaiw$n`cb|$dgn|)jwdb9 *Clla||ag

ì 7 I`xadma} =55?/)

@|oiqmo" W) \" =55<) Q}mci U`xa}wy oi Iona}oc; C Lc|a \wqgy `h Cnana C}ac `h Bcn`| \wcwa"

Iona}oc); ]aw}oaxag h}`d 2jwwu;~~~)ngiaw)`}n9 *Clla||ag =8 I`xadma} =55?/)

]oljc}g" K) C" 3?>:) ‒Chhbqaila cig Qiga}gaxabùdaiw; Wja Iona}oci Azua}oaila—" K`q}icb `h

D`ga}i Ch}olci \wqgoa|" x`b)38" i`)=" uu) ==3$=<?)

\`locbo|w Oiwa}icwoìcb" =551) ‒Galbc}cwoì ì Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb|—" L`qilob

Daawoin `h wja \`locbo|w Oiwa}icwoìcb" Wab Cxox cig ]cdcbbcj)

\`bqg` Ljc}ba|" =558) ‒Lci Iona}oc ma wja Ljoic `h Ch}olc0— Ucua} u}a|aiwag cw wja

H`qiga}| Gcy `h wja Qioxa}|owy `h Maioi" Maioi Lowy" Iona}oc)

Wja Nqc}goci Ia~|ucua}|" =55?c) ‒Iona}oc‟| Qiadub`ydaiw L}o|o|)— Bcn`|" =8 Ham}qc}y)

Wja Nqc}goci Ia~|ucua}|" =55?m) ‒I‟C||admby Qil`xa}| H}cqg oi DGN|" ]oxa} Iona}

U}`kalw|—) Bcn`|" => I`xadma})

Wja Qiowag Icwoì|" =55=) Iona}oc; L`qiw}y U}`hoba) K`jciia|mq}n \qddow ]au`}w" =55=)

Wja Xcinqc}g" =55?) ‒]au| Wj}acwai w` \wcbb =535 Mqgnaw `xa} I335mi U}`kalw|)— Bcn`|" 8

I`xadma})

W}omqia Ia~|ucua}" =55?) ‒Cncoi Lj`ba}c lbcod| >< oi M`}i`" Wc}cmc—) Omcgci" 3: I`xadma})

Qgaj" K" =555) ‒Uaw} baqd ]axaiqa Dcicnadaiw; Wja Iona}oci Ua}|ualwoxa)— Ucua}

u}a|aiwag cw wja ^`}bg McifOHL

1=



Uaw}`baqd ]axaiqa Dcicnadaiw ^`}f|jù" ^c|joinwì GL" Q\C" =<$=7 @lw`ma})

Qn`b`} Gcxog cig Cwcfuq Ba`" =55=) ‒C Wa|wodìocb$Alì`dol L`ddqiowy `h â|w Ch}olci

\wcwa Iaw~`}f h`} Gamw cig Gaxabùdaiw *AL@IGCG/—" Oiwa}icwo icb Uaùba‟|

W}omqicb" U`}w` Cban}a" M}c{ob)

QIGU" =55<) Jqdci Gaxabùdaiw ]au`}w" =55<; Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb|; C L`duclw

Cdìn Icwoì| w` aig Jqdci U`xa}wy) Ia~ _`}f; @zh`}g Qioxa}|owy U}a|| h`} wja

Qiowag Icwoì| Gaxabùdaiw U}`n}cdda)

QIGU" =557) Icwoìcb Dobbaiioqd Gaxabùdaiw N`cb| ]au`}w =557$$Iona}oc) Ia~ _`}f;

@zh`}g Qioxa}|owy U}a|| h`} wja Qiowag Icwoì| Gaxabùdaiw U}`n}cdda

QI Ia~|" =55?) ‒Dobboì| `h Iona}oci Ljobg}ai w` ma oddqio{ag gq}oin QI$mclfag Jacbwj

âaf—; ]aw}oaxag h}`d 2jwwu;~~~)qi)`}nia~|9 *Clla||ag ì 3 Cqnq|w =55?/)

^`}bg Mcif" =55<) ^`}bg Gaxabùdaiw Oigolcw`}| LG$]@D =55<) ^c|joinwì GL; ^`}bg

Mcif) ^`}bg Mcif" =551) ^`}bg Mcif Ch}olc Gcwcmc|a LG$]@D =55<) ^c|joinwì

GL; ^`}bg Mcif)

life abundant

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