Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle

Assessment

Cradle to Grave Analysis

Cradle to Grave Analysis

What is a Life Cycle Assessment?

What is a Life Cycle Assessment?

• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)– Life Cycle Analysis– “Cradle to Grave”

• Comprehensive accounting of a products “flows” to and from the environment– Qualitative vs. Quantitative– As simple or as complex as desired

• Uses of LCA– “Greeness” of a product or process– Comparisons of technology– Feasibility

• Value of LCA’s for Scientific Inquiry– Bridges science, individual and corporate

responsibility, planning and thinking, recycling and for some reason students love it…

• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)– Life Cycle Analysis– “Cradle to Grave”

• Comprehensive accounting of a products “flows” to and from the environment– Qualitative vs. Quantitative– As simple or as complex as desired

• Uses of LCA– “Greeness” of a product or process– Comparisons of technology– Feasibility

• Value of LCA’s for Scientific Inquiry– Bridges science, individual and corporate

responsibility, planning and thinking, recycling and for some reason students love it…

Stages of an LCAStages of an LCA

Stages of an LCAStages of an LCA

It’s not a Cycle!!!

Recycling

Recycling

Environmental Impact throughout Lifecycle

Environmental Impact throughout Lifecycle

• Inputs– Energy

– Raw materials

• Outputs– Emissions to

air

– Emissions to water

– Solid waste

• Health & Safety

• Inputs– Energy

– Raw materials

• Outputs– Emissions to

air

– Emissions to water

– Solid waste

• Health & Safety

Example: AutomobileExample:

Automobile

Example: EtOH

Example: EtOH

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/345.pdf

to page 4to page 2

Brineextraction

-

Brinepurification

-

Brineelectrolysis

-

HClproduction

-

brine

H2

NaOH

Cl2

HCl

Natural gasextraction

-

Natural gasprocessing

-natural gas

Crude oilextraction

-

Oilrefining

-crude oil naphtha

Dehydrogenation

-

Catalyticreforming

-

ethylene

propylene

butenespygasH2

butadiene

benzenetoluene

xylenes

p-xylene

p-xyleneseparation

-

pipeline ethylene

pipeline propylene

pentane

Steamreforming

-

Ammoniaproduction

-

Cracking

-

Hydrogenation

-

cyclohexane

syngas

ammonia

H2Methanolproduction

-

Acetic acidproduction

-

methanol

acetic acidchlo

rin

e

ele

ctro

lytic

hyd

rog

en

hyd

rog

en c

hlo

ride

pen

tan

e

tolu

ene

p-x

ylen

e

ben

zen

e

crac

ker

hyd

rog

en

pro

pyl

ene

eth

ylen

e

but

adi

ene

met

hano

l

nat

ura

l gas

carb

on m

ono

xid

e

refo

rme

r hy

dro

gen

am

mo

nia

CO

to page 1 Page 3

topage

4

Example: Plastics

to page 5to page 3 to page 1

Oxidation

-nitric acid

Anilineproduction

-

aniline

Acrylonitrileproduction

-

acrylonitrile

HCNproduction

-HCN

Cumeneproduction

-

Catalyticrearrangement

-

acetone

phenolcumene

ethy

lene

prop

ylen

e

amm

onia

natu

ral g

as

benz

ene

Nitrobenzeneproduction

-

hydr

ogen

Acetone cyanohydrinproduction

-

acetone cyanohydrin

acry

loni

trile

phen

ol

acet

one

acet

one

cyan

ohyd

rin

Ethylbenzeneproduction

-

Styreneproduction

-

Propylene oxideproduction

-

ethylbenzene styrene

propylene oxide

styr

ene

prop

ylen

e ox

ide

Ethylene oxideproduction

-

Ethylene glycolproduction

-

Propylenepolymerisation

-

Oriented filmextrusion

-

Injectionmoulding

-

Polymerisationfor LDPE

-

Blowmoulding

-

Filmextrusion

-

Polymerisationfor LLDPE

-

Polymerisationfor HDPE

-

Pipeextrusion

-

Blowmoulding

-

ethylene

ethylene oxide

ethylene glycol

ethy

lene

oxi

de

ethy

lene

gly

col

PP resinLDPE resin

HDPEresin

LLDPE resin

LDPE bottles

LDPE film

HDPE pipe

HDPE bottles

OPP film

PP mouldings

propylene

Page 4

topage

5

frompage

3

Example: Plastics

to page 7to page 5 to page 1

Polymerisationfor EPS

-

Polymerisationfor GPPS

-

Polymerisationfor HIPS

-

Thermoforming

-

EPS

GPPS

HIPS

PS trays

Butadienepolymerisation

-

polybutadiene

styr

ene

butadienepentane

ABS masspolymerisation

-

ABS graftcopolymerproduction

-

ABSpolymerisation

-

Compounding

-SAN

production-

SAN

acrylonitrile

ABS

styrene

Adiponitrileproduction

-

Adipic acidproduction

-

Cyclohexanolproduction

-

Hexamethylenediamine

production-

Nylon 66salt prod’n

-

Nylon 66Production

-

Compounding

-

Hexamethylenediamine

production-

nylon 66 salt

nylon 66

glass filled nylon 66

adipic acid

cyclohexanoladiponitrile

hydrogen acrylonitrile cyclohexane

nitr

ic a

cid

buta

dien

e

natu

ral g

as

amm

onia

glass fibre

Page 6

topage

7

frompage

5

Example: Plastics

to page 8to page 6 to page 1

Allyl chlorideproduction

-

Epichlorohydrinproduction

-

Bisphenol-Aproduction

-

Liquid epoxyresin prod’n

-

prop

ylen

e

chlo

rine

acet

one

allyl chloride

epichlorohydrin liquid epoxy resin

bisphenol-A

phen

ol

Phosgeneproduction

-

Polycarbonateproduction

-

carb

on

mon

oxid

e

chlo

rine

phosgene

polycarbonate

On-site steamgeneration

-steam

On-site electricitygeneration

-electricity

met

hano

l

anili

ne

Formaldehydeproduction

-

MDAproduction

-

MDIproduction

-

formaldehye

MDA

MDI

MD

I

tolu

ene

nitr

ic a

cid

hydr

ogen

Dinitrotolueneproduction

-

TDAproduction

-

TDIproduction

-

dinitrotoluene

TDA

TDI

TD

I

Page 7

topage

8

frompage

6

Example: Plastics

to page 7 to page 1

ethy

lene

oxi

de

prop

ylen

e ox

ide

prop

ylen

ePolyol production- (A wide variety

of materials are used - only asmall sample are shown here)

Animal fatproduction

-

Glycerolproduction

-

Saponification

-

Sugarproduction

-

Sucroseproduction

-

glycerol polyols

TD

I

MD

I

pent

ane

Polyurethanerigid foamproduction

Polyurethaneflexible foamproduction

PUR rigid foam

PUR flexible foam

methanolHC

l

Methyl chlorideproduction

-

Chlorosilanesproduction

-

Siliconeproduction

-

Siliconproduction

-

Cokeproduction

-

Coal mining& processing

-

Wood growing& harvesting

Charcoalproduction

-

silicones

Quartzmining

-

to page 9

Contact:www.silicones-europe.com

Oxidation

-

Hydrogenation

-

cyclohexane phenol

cyclohexanone

Oximeproduction

-

Caprolactamproduction

-

Nylon 6production

-

Compounding

-oxime

caprolactam

nylon 6

glass filled nylon 6

glass fibre

Page 8

topage

9

frompage

7

Example: Plastics

to page 8 to page 1

styr

ene

buta

dien

e

ethy

lene

acet

ic a

cid

prop

ylen

e

acry

loni

trile

Latexpolymerisation

-

Vinyl acetateproduction

-

Vinyl acetatedispersionproduction

-

Acrylic acidproduction

-

Acrylic acidester

production-

Acrylicdispersionproduction

-

styrene-butadienedispersion

vinyl acetatedispersion

acrylic dispersions

Acrylic acidproduction

-

Contact:www.cefic.be

Contact:www.cefic.be

Contact:www.cefic.be

Page 9

frompage

8

Example: Plastics

Impact Assessment

Impact Assessment

• Human health

• Environmental effects

• Depletion of resources

• Human health

• Environmental effects

• Depletion of resources

The Toothbrush…

The Toothbrush…

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