life cycle cost analysis of vehicle detection technologies ... · user selected detection...

Life Cycle Cost Analysis ofVehicle Detection Technologiesand Their Impact on Adaptive

Traffic Control SystemsITE 2016 Western District Meeting

July 12, 2016

Christopher Sobie, EIT

1

Introduction

§ Goal: Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) of SignalControl and Vehicle Detection Technologies§ LCCA Tool for Agencies to use in ASCT Selection§ Adaptive / Responsive Signal Control Technologies§ Collect real-time traffic data§ Adapt / respond to improve traffic flow

§ Vehicle Detection Systems§ Invasive detection§ Non-invasive detection

2

Methodology

§ Technology Selection§ ODOT Preference

§ Cost Information§ Practitioner survey§ Technology cost information (initial cost) - vendors§ Annual maintenance costs – agency practitioners

§ Life Cycle Cost Analysis Tool (LCCAT)§ Life cycle cost analysis – basic engineering economics§ Required user savings for more expensive alternatives§ Up to ten alternatives simultaneously§ Signal control and detection selection

3

Motivation

§ Life Cycle Cost Analysis in Transportation§ No life cycle analysis when altering a few key factors

§ Adaptive Signal Control Cost Analysis§ ASCT deployment on the rise§ No connection between specific ASCTs and detection deployment§ Combination of single ASCT and several detection alternatives

§ Operations and Maintenance§ No detailed operational and maintenance costs in analysis

§ Provide Guidance to Agencies for ASCT Selection§ Provide Required Operational Improvements

4

Background – Adaptive Systems

§ Use real-time data§ Optimize cycle lengths, splits, offsets§ Minimize delay, stops, increase flow§ ASCTs in LCCA:§ Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS)§ Trafficware SynchroGreen§ Rhythm Engineering InSync: Fusion§ Northwest Signal (Peek) Transcend§ Coordinated Signal Timing (Baseline)

5

Background – Vehicle Detection

§ Provide traffic signal with information§ Invasive Detection§ Reliable and accurate§ Susceptible to hazards

§ Non-Invasive Detection§ Easier to install and maintain§ Reconfigurable§ Features

§ Resulting error counteracts system benefits§ Five Primary Detection Types§ Loop, video, radar, thermal, hybrid

6

Background – Vehicle Detection

§ Detection in LCCA§ Inductive Loops

§ Sensys Magnetometers

§ Wavetronix SmartSensor Matrix

§ Wavetronix SmartSensor Advanced

§ Iteris VersiCam

§ Traficon FLIR

§ Iteris Vantage Vector

7

Background – Operations and Maintenance

§ Paramount for ASCT and Detection§ Factors Considered§ Agency costs to maintain ASCT System§ Costs to maintain ASCT server/central software§ Detection maintenance visits per year§ Detection troubleshooting visits per year§ Type of traffic control required§ Cost for traffic control for operations and maintenance visits

§ All Detection Life Span = 10 years§ Sensys Magnetometers = 8.5 years

8

Data Collection

§ Agency / Vendor Survey§ Signal Control Costs§ Detection Costs§ Recommended Detection Deployments

§ Responses§ Filled out surveys§ Bid sheets§ Cost estimates§ Emails

9

Data Collection – Signal Control

§ Agency and Vendor Survey

10

Data Collection – Signal Control

11

Coor

dina

ted Intial Cost per Intersection $3,760

Additional Cost per Intersection $0Annual Maintenance Cost $1,200Server or Central Software Cost $0

Sync

hro

Gree

nInitial Cost per Intersection $13,500Additional Cost per Intersection $0Annual Maintenance Cost $0Server or Central Software Cost $20,000

InSy

nc:

Fusio

n

Initial Cost per Intersection $10,000Additional Cost per Intersection $2,750Annual Maintenance Cost $750Server or Central Software Cost $0

SCAT

S

Initial Cost per Intersection $20,000Additional Cost per Intersection $0Annual Maintenance Cost $17,500Server or Central Software Cost $0

Tran

scen

d Initial Cost per Intersection $35,000Additional Cost per Intersection $0Annual Maintenance Cost $0Server or Central Software Cost $0

Data Collection – Vehicle Detection

§ Agency and Vendor Survey

12

Data Collection – Inductive Loop

13

Inductive Loop Detection Purchase $600Inductive Loop Detection Channels 2 channels $150 / cardNumber of Stopbar Detectors per Major StreetApproach / Approach Detection Cost 7 $4,500

Number of Stopbar Detectors per Minor StreetApproach / Approach Detection Cost 4 $2,550

Number of Advanced Detectors per MajorStreet Approach / Approach Detection Cost 2 $1,350

Number of Advanced Detectors per MinorStreet Approach / Approach Detection Cost 2 $1,350

Estimated Lifespan of Detection 15 yearsAnnual Maintenance Visits / Cost per Approach None $0.00Traffic Control Maintenance / Cost perApproach None $0.00

Data Collection – Sensys Magnetometers

14

Sensys Magnetometers Detection Purchase $550Sensys Magnetometers Detection Channels 4 channels $525 / cardOther Costs: Wireless Access Point $5,000 / IntersectionNumber of Stopbar Detectors per Major StreetApproach / Approach Detection Cost 7 $5,625




Estimated Lifespan of Detection 8.5 yearsAnnual Maintenance Visits / Cost per Approach None $0.00Traffic Control Maintenance for Replacementat End of Lifespan / Cost per Approach 1 lane $437.50

Data Collection – Iteris VersiCam

15

Iteris VersiCam Detection Purchase $3,000Iteris VersiCam Detection Channels 4 channels $3,000Iteris VersiCam Advanced Detection Channels 2 channels $1,500Number of Stopbar Detectors per Major StreetApproach / Approach Detection Cost 1 $6,000




Estimated Lifespan of Detection 10 yearsAnnual Maintenance Visits / Cost per Approach 1 $158.25Traffic Control Maintenance / Cost perApproach 1 lane $437.50

Data Collection – Traficon FLIR Thermal

16

Traficon FLIR Detection Purchase $3,538Traficon FLIR Detection Channels 4 channels $4,010Iteris VersiCam Advanced Detection Channels 2 channels $2,610Number of Stopbar Detectors per Major StreetApproach / Approach Detection Cost 1 $7,548





Data Collection – Iteris Vantage Vector

17

Iteris Vantage Vector Detection Purchase $5,880Iteris Vantage Vector Detection Channels 4 channels $1,000Number of Stopbar Detectors per Major StreetApproach / Approach Detection Cost 1 $7,880





Life Cycle Cost Analysis Tool (LCCAT)

§ Developed using Microsoft Excel§ Selection of Signal Control and Detection§ 10 alternatives simultaneously§ Any combination of vehicle detection

§ Net Present Values§ Converts future annual and replacement costs

§ Provides Life Cycle Cost Summary§ Required user savings for more expensive

alternatives

18

LCCAT Introduction Tab

19

LCCAT Alternatives Selection

20

3%1010

Inductive Loop Inductive Loop Inductive Loop Inductive Loop 22

Sensys Magnetometers: Stopbar Sensys Magnetometers: Advanced Sensys Magnetometers: Stopbar Sensys Magnetometers: Advanced

Inductive Loop None Inductive Loop None

Inductive Loop: Stopbar Inductive Loop: Advanced Inductive Loop: Stopbar Inductive Loop: Advanced

Inductive Loop None Inductive Loop None

Video: Iteris VersiCam Radar: Wavetronix SmartSensor Advanced Video: Iteris VersiCam Radar: Wavetronix SmartSensor Advanced

Agency Choice None Agency Choice None

Minor Stopbar Detection

Signal Control4

Vendor Recommended Detection Configuration

Mainline Stopbar Detection


User Selected Detection Configuration

Analysis Parameters

Minor Advanced Detection

Mainline Advanced Detection Minor Stopbar Detection Minor Advanced Detection

Mainline Advanced Detection Minor Stopbar Detection Minor Advanced Detection


SCATS

InSync: Fusion

Signal Control3


Mainline Stopbar Detection Mainline Advanced Detection

Minor Stopbar Detection Minor Advanced Detection


Mainline Stopbar Detection Mainline Advanced Detection

ALTERNATIVE 1

Signal Control1


Mainline Stopbar Detection Mainline Advanced Detection Minor Stopbar Detection Minor Advanced Detection

Mainline Stopbar Detection Minor Advanced Detection

Major Street Approaches

Real Discount Rate (r)

Analysis Period (n)Number of Intersections

Minor Street Approaches



ALTERNATIVE 2

ALTERNATIVE 3

Signal Control2



Mainline Advanced Detection

Mainline Advanced Detection Minor Stopbar Detection Minor Advanced DetectionSCATS

CoordinatedSignal Timing


ALTERNATIVE 4

Mainline Stopbar Detection Mainline Advanced Detection Minor Advanced Detection

LCCAT Analysis Summary

21

Alternative 1 $334,962Alternative 3 $1,107,553Alternative 1 $232,600Alternative 1 $102,362Alternative 2 $27,510

Alternative 1 0.0%Alternative 2 203.1%Alternative 3 230.6%Alternative 4 173.0%Alternative 5 N/AAlternative 6 N/AAlternative 7 N/AAlternative 8 N/AAlternative 9 N/AAlternative 10 N/A

Alternative Signal ControlMainline Stopbar

DetectionAdvancedDetection

Minor StopbarDetection

Minor AdvancedDetection Total Initial Costs

Total PresentAnnual Costs

Total PresentReplacement

CostsLife Cycle

Cost

Alternative 1 CoordinatedSignal Timing

Inductive Loop: StopbarInductive Loop:

AdvancedInductive Loop: Stopbar

Inductive Loop:Advanced $232,600 $102,362 $0 $334,962

Alternative 2 SCATSSensys

Magnetometers:Stopbar

Radar: WavetronixSmartSensor Advanced

SensysMagnetometers:

Stopbar

Radar: WavetronixSmartSensor Advanced $643,600 $344,023 $27,510 $1,015,133

Alternative 3 SynchroGreen Video: Iteris VersiCam Video: Iteris VersiCam Video: Iteris VersiCam Video: Iteris VersiCam $755,000 $352,553 $0 $1,107,553

Alternative 4 InSync: Fusion Thermal: Traficon / FLIR Thermal: Traficon / FLIR Thermal: Traficon / FLIR Thermal: Traficon / FLIR $647,340 $267,251 $0 $914,591

Alternative 5 0 0 0 0 0 $0 $0 $0 $0

Directions: This tab contains the output results from the alternativescomparison

Percent Increase in CostCompared to Lowest Alternative

Alternatives Selected

Lowest Life Cycle CostHighest Life Cycle CostLowest Initial CostLowest Present Annual CostLowest Replacement Cost

$0

$200,000

$400,000

$600,000

$800,000

$1,000,000

$1,200,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Life

Cycl

eCo

stAlternatives

Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Total Present Replacement Costs Total Present Annual Costs Total Initial Costs

Alternative 1 $334,962

Autos Transit TrucksAlternative 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Alternative 2 10.04 0.01 2.11 7.69Alternative 3 11.40 0.01 2.39 8.73Alternative 4 8.56 0.01 1.79 6.55Alternative 5 N/A N/A N/A N/AAlternative 6 N/A N/A N/A N/AAlternative 7 N/A N/A N/A N/AAlternative 8 N/A N/A N/A N/AAlternative 9 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Alternative 10 N/A N/A N/A N/Aa =

$88,500Guidelines for Assigning Values of Time (From AASHTO Red Book)

Average VehicleOccupancy

VehicleClassification

Percent1.50 75%20.00 1%1.05 24%

Required Reduction in Crashes(per 10 years)

$21.24

EquivalentIncap. Injuries

Value of Time per Hour(wage x percentage x occupancy)

$13.92$185.60

EquivalentFatalities

0.000.450.510.38N/AN/A

$20.23100%Truck In-Vehicle Business

$18.56$18.56

k =$1,512,000

N/A

Recommended Percent ofWage / Compensation

Average Wages /Compensation

$0

$334,962$1,015,133$1,107,553$914,591

$0$0$0$0$0

N/AN/AN/A

Directions: This tab contains the user benefits from the alternatives life cycleanalysis

Alternative

Transportation Mode and Trip PurposeAuto Drive Alone / CommuteTransit Bus In-Vehicle Commute

Lowest Life Cycle CostRequired User Time Savings (hr/day)

Life Cycle Cost

50%50%

LCCAT User Cost Summary

22

Results and Discussion

§ Scenarios§ Technology Specific Results§ Vehicle Detection – 1 Intersection | 10 Years§ Vehicle Detection Annual Maintenance Costs§ Signal Control – 10 Intersection | 10 Years

§ Integrated Technology Results§ Detection by Signal Control§ Signal Control by Detection§ Vendor Recommended Installation§ Preferred Detection Installation

§ Inductive Loop Sensitivity Analysis

23

Results – Vehicle Detection 1 Int | 10 years

24

Results – Vehicle Detection 1 Int | 10 years

25

AlternativeRequired User TimeSavings (hour / day)

Required Reduction inCrashes (per 10 years)

Autos Trucks Fatalities IncapacitatingInductive Loop 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

SensysMagnetometer 0.21 0.04 0.01 0.16

WavetronixRadar 0.97 0.20 0.04 0.75

Iteris VersiCam 0.85 0.18 0.04 0.75Traficon FLIR 0.78 0.16 0.03 0.60Iteris Vantage

Vector 0.57 0.12 0.03 0.44

AlternativeTotalInitialCosts

TotalPresentAnnualCosts

TotalPresent

ReplacementCosts

Life CycleCost

PercentIncreasein Cost

Comparedto Lowest

Inductive Loop $19,500 $0 $0 $19,500 0.0%Sensys

Magnetometer $30,700 $0 $4,491 $35,191 80.5%

WavetronixRadar $46,520 $38,949 $0 $85,469 338.3%

Iteris VersiCam $42,000 $35,255 $0 $77,255 296.2%

Traficon FLIR $51,984 $20,327 $0 $72,311 270.8%Iteris Vantage

Vector $33,520 $24,880 $0 $58,400 199.5%

Results – Detection Annual Maintenance

26

Results – Detection Annual Maintenance

27

AlternativeLife Cycle

MaintenanceCost

PercentIncrease in

CostCompared to

LowestInductive Loop $0 N/A

Sensys Magnetometer $0 N/AWavetronix Radar $38,949 91.6%

Iteris VersiCam $35,255 73.4%Traficon FLIR $20,327 0%

Iteris Vantage Vector $24,880 22.4%

Results – Signal Control 10 Int | 10 Year

28

Results – Signal Control 10 Int | 10 Year

29



Total PresentReplacement

Costs

LifeCycleCost

PercentIncrease in

CostComparedto Lowest

CoordinatedSignal Timing $37,600 $102,362 $0 $139,962 0.0%

SCATS $200,000 $149,279 $0 $349,279 149.6%SynchroGreen $335,000 $0 $0 $335,000 139.3%

InSync: Fusion $127,500 $63,977 $0 $191,477 36.8%Transcend $350,000 $0 $0 $350,000 150.1%



Autos Trucks Fatalities IncapacitatingCoordinated

Signal Timing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

SCATS 3.09 0.65 0.14 2.37

SynchroGreen 2.88 0.60 0.13 2.20InSync: Fusion 0.76 0.16 0.03 0.58

Transcend 3.10 0.65 0.14 2.37

Results – Vendor Recommended Install

30

Signal ControlTechnology

Vendor Recommend Detection Configuration

MajorStopbar

MajorAdvanced

MinorStopbar

MinorAdvanced


InductiveLoop

InductiveLoop

InductiveLoop

InductiveLoop

SCATS InductiveLoop None Inductive

Loop None

SynchroGreen AgencyChoice*

AgencyChoice*

AgencyChoice*

AgencyChoice*

InSync: Fusion AgencyChoice* None Agency

Choice* None

Transcend InductiveLoop

AgencyChoice*

InductiveLoop

AgencyChoice*

Agency Choice* = inductive loops for vendor recommended comparison

Results – Vendor Recommended Install

31



TotalPresent

ReplacementCosts

LifeCycleCost

PercentIncreasein Cost

Comparedto Lowest

CoordinatedSignal Timing $232,600 $102,362 $0 $334,962 0.7%

SCATS $341,000 $149,279 $0 $490,279 47.5%SynchroGreen $530,000 $0 $0 $530,000 59.4%InSync: Fusion $295,500 $63,977 $0 $332,477 0.0%

Transcend $545,000 $0 $0 $545,000 63.9%




Signal Timing 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.03

SCATS 2.33 0.49 0.10 1.78

SynchroGreen 2.92 0.61 0.13 2.23

InSync: Fusion 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Transcend 3.14 0.66 0.14 2.40

Signal ControlTechnology

Preferred Detection Configuration

MajorStopbar

MajorAdvanced

MinorStopbar

MinorAdvanced


InductiveLoop LeftTurn Only

InductiveLoop

InductiveLoop

InductiveLoop

SCATS InductiveLoop Radar Inductive

Loop Radar

SynchroGreen Video InductiveLoop Video Inductive

Loop

InSync: Fusion Video Radar Video Radar

Transcend InductiveLoop Radar Inductive

Loop Radar

Results – Preferred Detection Installation

32




Signal Timing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

SCATS 9.59 2.01 0.43 7.34

SynchroGreen 8.05 1.69 0.36 6.16

InSync: Fusion 11.72 2.46 0.53 8.97

Transcend 9.60 2.01 0.43 7.35

Results – Preferred Detection Installation

33



TotalPresent

Replacement Costs

Life CycleCost

PercentIncrease in

CostComparedto Lowest

CoordinatedSignalTiming

$184,600 $102,362 $0 $286,962 0.0%

SCATS $592,600 $344,023 $0 $936,623 226.4%SynchroGreen $629,000 $203,275 $0 $832,275 190.0%

InSync:Fusion $619,100 $461,996 $0 $1,081,096 276.7%

Transcend $742,600 $194,745 $0 $937,345 226.6%

Results – Inductive Loop Sensitivity Analysis

34

Conclusion

§ Detection has great impact on life cycle cost of ASCT§ InSync: Fusion had lower cost than coordinated

signal timing with vendor recommended detection§ Prevailing Factor: Annual Maintenance Costs§ Non-invasive detection traditionally sold as maintenance

free, but require annual maintenance which increases cost§ Cost of higher initial and life cycle costs can be offset

by improvements in safety and efficiency§ Sensys magnetometers only detection requiring

replacement§ Inductive loops life cycle cost is sensitive to life span

35

Thank You!Questions?

36

Christopher Sobie, EIT(414) 412-7854

[email protected]

Literature Review

§ Life Cycle Cost Analysis in Transportation§ Decrease traffic congestion§ Stimulate economic growth§ Mitigate emissions§ Reduce injuries / fatalities

§ Adaptive Signal Control Cost Analysis§ Limited research in this area§ Weighted C/B analysis of detection§ Ongoing maintenance and operational costs not included§ No connection between ASCTs and varying detection

§ Operations and Maintenance§ Paramount for agencies when selecting ASCT technologies

37

Equation 1: Present Value Annual Cost (PVAC)

Equation 2: Present Value Future Cost (PVFC)

Equation 3: Total Present Life Cycle Cost

( ⁄ , , ) = ×(1 + ) − 1

(1 + )

( ⁄ , , ) = ×1

(1 + )

= + +


38

Where:

· IC = Initial cost

· P = Present Value

· A = Annual Payment

· F = Future Payment

· i = discount rate

· n = number of yearsin analysis period

§ Life Cycle Cost Calculation


39

§ Life Cycle Cost Calculation

Equation 4: Initial Cost Signal Control (ICSC)

Equation 5: Initial Cost Vehicle Detection (ICVD)

= × ( + + )

= × ℎ × ( ℎ + )

Equation 6: PV Annual Maintenance Cost Signal Control (AMCSC)

Equation 7: PV Annual Maintenance Cost Vehicle Detection (AMCVD)

= × ( × )

= ×( × ℎ

× ( + ))


40

§ Annual Maintenance Cost Calculations


41

§ Future Expense Cost Calculations

Equation 8: PV Future Expense Cost Vehicle Detection (FECVD)= ×

( × ℎ × )

Equation 8: Value of Time per Hour (VT)

Equation 9: User Time Cost (hour per day over time n)

= × × ℎ

=

− 0

× 365 ×

LCCAT User Cost Summary

42

§ User Time Savings

Where:

· Li = life cycle cost for the ith alternative

· L0 = lowest life cycle cost for all

alternatives in analysis

· VTT = value of time per hour for

transportation mode T

· n = chosen analysis period (years)

· VCP = vehicle classification percentage

Data Collection – Inductive Loop

43

Data Collection – Sensys Magnetometers

44

Data Collection – Iteris VersiCam

45

Data Collection – Traficon FLIR Thermal

46

Data Collection – Iteris Vantage Vector

47

life cycle cost analysis of vehicle detection technologies ... · user selected detection...

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