life cycle energy analysis of water use system in ara ...iwa-jnc.jp/jigyou/seminar_file/e03.pdf ·...

Life cycle energy analysis of water use system

in Ara river watershed

Hiroaki FURUMAI

Professor, Research Center for

Water Environment Technology

University of Tokyo

IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water LossTokyo, 8 April 2014

IWA Workshop on Water and Energy & Water Loss, Tokyo, 8 April 2014

Content

Energy usage by water sectors in Japan

- Water supply and Sewerage systems

Water resource and water supply in Tokyo

- Water intake from Ara-river

Life cycle assessment for water use system

- Inventory analysis

- Life cycle energy consumption

2

http://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index_j.html

http://www.iwahq.org/1nb/home.html



0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

Ｈ8 Ｈ10 Ｈ12 Ｈ14 Ｈ16 Ｈ18 Ｈ20 Ｈ22

Total power usage in Japan

Average power usage per unit

En

erg

y u

sag

e (

Bil

lio

n k

Wh

/Y

ear）

En

erg

y u

sag

e p

er u

nit

vo

lum

e (

kW

h/

m3）

Energy usage in sewerage system in Japan

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010Japan Fiscal year

0.499kWh/m3

in 2005

0.492kWh/m3

in 2010

7.2 Billion kWh/m3 in 20108.0

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

7.5

Sewerage works statistics下水道統計


Items of energy usage insewerage system in Japan

Pumping in Treatment plant

14%

Wastewater Treatment

48%SludgeTreatment

21%

Pumping station

10%Others in Treatment plant

7%





0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,0001,000,00010,000,000

標準法等焼却あり

標準法等焼却なし

高度処理

OD法等

Treated volume (m3/day)

Energ

y u

sage p

er

unit v

olu

me

(Cru

de o

il e

quiv

ale

nt-

KL/1

03x m

3)

CASP with sludge incineration

CASP without sludge incineration

Advanced treatment

Oxidation ditch and others

Energy usage by different treatment processes

1kL = 10767kWh



65

67

69

71

73

75

77

79

81

83

85

H1

H2

H3

H4

H5

H6

H7

H8

H9

H10

H11

H12

H13

H14

H15

H16

H17

H18

H19

H20

H21

電力

使用

量（

億kW

h）

0.45

0.46

0.47

0.48

0.49

0.50

0.51

0.52

電力

使用

原単

位（

kWh/m

3）

電力使用量原単位

Energy usage in water supply system in Japan

En

erg

y u

sag

e p

er u

nit

vo

lum

e (

kW

h/

m3）

0.52

0.50

0.51

0.49

.0.47

0.48

0.46

0.45

En

erg

y u

sag

e (

Bil

lio

n k

Wh

/Y

ear） 8.5

7.3

7.1

8.1

7.9

7.7

7.5

8.3

6.7

6.5

6.9

Unit power usage

Total power usage

Japan Fiscal year

1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

Water supply statistics水道統計




現在給水人口（万人）

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.1

～0.5

0.5

～1

1～

2

2～

3

3～

5

5～

10

10～

25

25～

50

50～

100

100～

電力

原単

位（kW

h/m3

）

Energy usage by differentpopulation size utilities

En

erg

y u

sag

e p

er u

nit

vo

lum

e (

kW

h/

m3）

Population size for water supply


( x 104 )


Items of energy usage in water supply system in Japan

Water transmission and distribution etc.

94.4%

Water treatment 5.6%

Intake and conveyanceDistribution

Transmission

Treatment plant

Pump motor output





Water resource and water supply in Tokyo

80%

20%

<1%

Tone-Ara river system

Tama river system

Sagami river system

Ara river

Tone river

Tama river

Sagami river


Ara River

Irrigation from Osato

Irrigation from Kushibiki

Saitama Pre.

Tokyo M.G.

Tone River

Saitama municipal water

Tokyo Municipal water

Water intake in Ara river

10

Water supply area

4400 km2

Population in the area

16 million

121 Water purification plants (2.38 x109 m3/year)

Water pipe : 54564 km

56 Sewage treatment plants(2.83 x109 m3/year)

Sewer pipe : 46224 km




Life Cycle Assessment

Disposal

Recyclin

g

Use

Manufacture

Raw Material Mining

Energ

y S

upply

Product

System Boundary

Resource

Resource

Air Emission

Water Emission

Solid Waste

Goal & scope definition

LC inventory analysis

LC impact assessment

LC in

terp

reta

tion

Raw material extraction Landfilling

LCA consists of 4 phases:

Goal & Scope Definition: Define the functional unit and system boundaries

LCI Analysis: Account for all materials and energy of the product/service system over the whole life-cycle.

Whole life-cycle


Life Cycle Assessment:

Inventory Analysis

Dis

posal

Manufa

ctu

reU

se

Raw

Mate

rial

Min

ing

per unit process per functional unit

Input Output

CO2

Waste

Energy

Input Output

Energy

CO2

Input Output

Raw M

CO2

Waste

Input Output

Product

Input Output

Material

CO2

Waste

Energy

Input Output

Energy

CO2

Input Output

Raw M

CO2

Waste

R

Coal

Energy Consumption

… MJ

TotalUM D

Life-Cycle Stage

Input

Crude Oil

Natural Gas

Iron Ore

…

… kg

… L

… m3

… kg

…

Outp

ut

Solid Waste

BOD

…

… kg

… kg

… kg

… kg

…

CO2

CH4

Energy Energy

Product

Material

Waste

Waste Waste

Material

Material

Product




1.4 MJ1.10MJ/MJ

1.0 MJ6.31MJ/kWh

48.2 MJ51.3MJ/kg

…MJ/g … MJ

1.230 MJ

PP Resin 1.000 kg

Naphtha 0.940 kg

0.950 g

SOx

Solid Waste

0.225 g

Life Cycle Assessment:

Inventory Analysis Example

Electricity

CO2

0.11 kWh

Diesel Oil

NOx

…1.002 kg

0.913 g

Air

Em

issio

n…

Input Output

0.159 kWh

Polypropylene (PP) Resin Production

Energy

Total … MJ


System Boundary of

Water Use System

Ground water

Conveyance

DistributionTransmission

Secondary effluent

Sewage collection

Water Treatment

PlantDistribution

Facility

Reclamationplant

WastewaterTreatment

Plant

Municipal Water Demand

Surfacewater

DomesticWater Demand

Reclaimed water use

Water supply and useRainwater use

Ground water use




Water Use System in Ara-river watershed:

LC Energy Consumption

0

2.0 x 109

4.0 x 109

6.0 x 109

8.0 x 109

1.0 x 1010

1.2 x 1010

1.4 x 1010

1.6 x 1010

1.8 x 1010

Watersupply

Wastewatertreatment

Energ

y C

onsum

ption [

MJ/

yr]

Demolition

Pumping to users

Treatment and plant operation

Construction:

Facilities

Construction:

Pipes

Sludgetreatment

Note: Not only electric energy but also chemicals and fuels

Conversion factor6.3 MJ/kWh (LCE)cf 3.6 MJ/kW (Calorie basis)

Water supply: 2.38 x109 m3/year

7.90 x 109

2.82 x 109 13.4 x 109

1.88 x 109

1.17 x 109

5.19 x 109 6.29 x 109

0.53kWh/m3

0.89kWh/m3

0.19kWh/m3

0.42kWh/m3

National average= ap 0.49 kWh/m3

15


Raw Sewage

Secondary

Effluent

Sea-Level (0m)

Drinking Water

Clean water at altitude 100 m

Groundwater -100 m

River good quality

River poor quality

Seawater

-1

-2

-3

0

+0.5

(kWh/m3)

Water

Resource

Reclaimed

Water

Energy Index for Water Quality

+0.27Potential energy

Courtesy to Prof. Ohgaki

Water Supply

Water UseWastewater

Treatment

Water

Reclamation

Water

Purification

Water flow direction

Requir

ed e

nerg

y for

puri

fication




Thank you for your attention

WWTP

DWTP

Enhanced

Infiltration

Water

Recycling

Society

Rainwater

Use

Reclaimed

Water Use

Groundwater

Recharge and Use

Wise use of self-owned water

resources in urban area

Conservation of

Water Environment

Watershed-based Sustainable Urban Water Use

Hiroaki FURUMAI [email protected]


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