Life History and the Cost of Reproduction

Group 4

• Reproduction or procreation is the biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents”.

Douglas fir tree

Ecologists refer to the reduction in future reproductive potential resulting from current reproductive efforts as the cost of reproduction.

Reproductive strategies

• There are a wide range of reproductive strategies employed by different species.

Other types of reproductive strategies

• Polycyclic organisms • Semelparous organisms • Iteroparous organisms

Life without reproduction

• The biological study of how the origin of life led from non-reproducing elements to reproducing organisms is called abiogenesis.

Lottery principle

• George C. Williams used lottery tickets as an analogy in one explanation for the widespread use of sexual reproduction.

REFERENCES:• Williams G C. 1975. Sex and Evolution. Princeton (NJ):

Princeton University Press.• Judson, Olivia (2003) Dr.Tatiana's Sex Advice to All

Creation: Definitive Guide to the Evolutionary Biology of Sex. ISBN 978-0-09-928375-1

• "Timeline of same-sex procreation scientific developments". samesexprocreation.com.

• T. M. Sonneborn. Mating Types in Paramecium Aurelia: Diverse Conditions for Mating in Different Stocks; Occurrence, Number and Interrelations of the Types. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 79, No. 3 (Sep. 30, 1938), pp. 411-434. American Philosophical Society. JSTOR 984858.