life science chapter 2 the cell
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 2
The Cell
![Page 2: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2-1 Cells: The Units of Life
![Page 3: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Microscope: A ToolQ: Why do scientists need to use
microscopes?
A: Cells are small
![Page 4: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Before…
![Page 5: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Compound Microscope
• Combines the power of 2 lenses to enlarge the image and blend light toward your eye
![Page 6: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Eye piece lens X objective lens
10x X 4x Low power
10x X 10x
Medium Power
10x X 40x
High Power
= 40x
= 100x
= 400x
![Page 7: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Eyepiece or ocular lens• Lens closest to the
eye
![Page 8: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Objective Lens• Lens closest to the
specimen or object
![Page 9: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nosepiece• Objectives fastened
to this revolving structure
![Page 10: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stage• Where you place
your slide
![Page 11: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Stage clips• Hold slide in place
![Page 12: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Body Tube• Light travels through
here
![Page 13: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Light Source• Provides light
![Page 14: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Diaphragm• Regulates the light
reaching the objective lens
![Page 15: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Base• Supports the
microscope
![Page 16: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Arm• Holds the body
tube, acts as a handle
![Page 17: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Coarse focusing knob• Used to focus under
low power only
![Page 18: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fine focusing knob• Used to focus under
high power only
![Page 19: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A microscope reverses and inverts the image of an object seen under it
ee
Before viewing under the microscope
While viewing under the microscope
![Page 20: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Things moving under a microscope are actually moving in the opposite direction
![Page 21: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Things moving under a microscope are actually moving in the opposite direction
![Page 22: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Stereoscopic light microscope
• Give you 3D view of an object
• Used to look at thick things light can’t pass through
![Page 23: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Electron Microscopes• Can magnify
things more than 300,000 times
![Page 24: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Transmission electron microscope
• Used to study parts inside a cell
![Page 25: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Scanning Electron Microscope
• Used to see the surfaces of whole objects
![Page 28: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cell Theory1. All organisms are made up of
one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms
3. All cells come from cells that already exist
![Page 34: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
2-2 Cell Structure
![Page 35: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Living cells are dynamic and have several things in common
• Membrane
• Cytoplasm (gel-like material)
• Nucleus (control center)
![Page 36: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
There are 2 basic types of cells
1. Prokaryotic – no nucleus
2. Eukaryotic – has a nucleus
![Page 37: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cell Membrane• Structure that forms the outer
boundary of the cell and allows only certain materials to move in and out of the cell
![Page 38: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Features of the cell membrane
• Flexible
• Double layer of fats with some proteins scattered throughout
![Page 40: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Cytoplasm• Gel-like material inside the cell
membrane
![Page 41: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Organelles• Structures within the cytoplasm of
eukaryotic cells
![Page 42: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Nucleus• Structure that directs all the
activities of the cell
• Contains the DNA
![Page 43: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Chromatin• Made up of protein and DNA
(genetic blue print)
![Page 45: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Folded membrane that moves
materials around in the cell
• Some have ribosomes on them, some don’t
![Page 46: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Ribosomes• Make
proteins
• Some found on ER
• Others in cytoplasm
![Page 48: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Golgi Bodies• The packaging and secreting
organelles of the cell
![Page 49: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Mitochondria• Where food molecules are broken
down and energy is released
![Page 51: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Lysosomes• Digests wastes
and worn out cell parts
![Page 53: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Vacuoles• Storage areas, store water, food, wastes
• Small in animals and large in plants
![Page 54: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Cell Wall• Rigid structure
outside the cell membrane that supports and protects the plant cell
![Page 55: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Chloroplasts• Organelles where light energy is
changed into chemical energy in the form of a sugar called glucose (C6H12O6)
![Page 56: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Chlorophyll• Chemical in chloroplasts that
traps light energy – reflects green light
![Page 58: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Bacterial Cells• Prokaryotic
• Don’t have membrane – bound organelles
![Page 60: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Features of bacterial cells
• Cell wall and cytoplasm
• Single chromosome
• No nuclei
• Ribosomes
![Page 61: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
2-3 Cell Organization
![Page 62: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Nerve Cell• Send impulses
through your body
![Page 63: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Red Blood Cells• Can change
shape
• Flexible
• Move through the duct work of your blood vessels
![Page 64: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Plant Vessel Cell• Transports
water and minerals throughout the cell
![Page 65: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Tissues• Groups of similar cells that do
similar things
• Ex.) smooth muscle tissue
![Page 66: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Organ• A structure made up of different
types of tissues that work together
• Ex.) stomach
![Page 67: Life Science Chapter 2 The Cell](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081518/5481b089b07959380c8b45b2/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Organ System• A group of organs working
together to do a certain job
• Ex.) digestive system