LIFE SCIENCELIFE SCIENCE

What You Need to KnowWhat You Need to Know

Explain that cells are the basic units of structure and Explain that cells are the basic units of structure and function of living organisms, that once life originated function of living organisms, that once life originated all cells come from pre-existing cells, and that there all cells come from pre-existing cells, and that there

are a variety of cell types.are a variety of cell types.

Explain that living cells: a. are composed of a small Explain that living cells: a. are composed of a small number of key chemical elements (C, H, O, N, P, and number of key chemical elements (C, H, O, N, P, and S); b. are the basic unit of structure and function of all S); b. are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things; c. come from pre-existing cells after life living things; c. come from pre-existing cells after life originated; and d. are different from viruses.originated; and d. are different from viruses.

Compare the structure, function, and interrelatedness Compare the structure, function, and interrelatedness of cell organelles in eukaryotic cells (e.g. nucleus, of cell organelles in eukaryotic cells (e.g. nucleus, chromosome, mitochondria, cell membrane, cell wall, chromosome, mitochondria, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cilia, flagella) and prokaryotic cells.chloroplast, cilia, flagella) and prokaryotic cells.

Cell TheoryCell Theory Cells come only from other cells. The old theory was Cells come only from other cells. The old theory was

called spontaneous generation and was disproved by called spontaneous generation and was disproved by Redi.Redi.

Cell theory began with the invention of the Cell theory began with the invention of the microscope by van Leeuwenhoek in the 1600s. microscope by van Leeuwenhoek in the 1600s. Hooke called the “building blocks of living things” Hooke called the “building blocks of living things” cells.cells.

There are two basic cell types: prokaryotes and There are two basic cell types: prokaryotes and eukaryotes that contain membrane-bound organelles.eukaryotes that contain membrane-bound organelles.

Viruses are not living and have only nucleic acids in a Viruses are not living and have only nucleic acids in a protein “coat.” They can only reproduce inside a protein “coat.” They can only reproduce inside a living cell.living cell.

Cell OrganellesCell Organelles Only eukaryotic cells have these:Only eukaryotic cells have these:

a. nucleus – directs all cell functionsa. nucleus – directs all cell functionsb. nucleolus – makes ribosomesb. nucleolus – makes ribosomesc. cell wall – found only in plant cells, hold cell togetherc. cell wall – found only in plant cells, hold cell togetherd. ribosomes – make proteins following DNA directionsd. ribosomes – make proteins following DNA directionse. cytoplasm – clear gel inside the celle. cytoplasm – clear gel inside the cellf. endoplasmic reticulum – site of cellular chemical reactionsf. endoplasmic reticulum – site of cellular chemical reactionsh. Golgi apparatus – sorts and holds proteins until neededh. Golgi apparatus – sorts and holds proteins until neededi. vacuoles – temporary storage of materialsi. vacuoles – temporary storage of materialsj. lysosomes – contain digestive enzymesj. lysosomes – contain digestive enzymesk. mitochondria – transform energy for the cellk. mitochondria – transform energy for the celll. chloroplasts – capture light energy and convert to chemicall. chloroplasts – capture light energy and convert to chemicalm. centrioles – help with cell divisionm. centrioles – help with cell divisionn. cilia and/or flagella – help cell move, if there at alln. cilia and/or flagella – help cell move, if there at all

Pictures of Cell TypesPictures of Cell Types

All cells fall into one of the two major classifications of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes were here first and for billions of years were the only form of life. Eukaryotes are more organized and appeared later. There are some of both on Earth today.

Explain the characteristics of life as indicated by Explain the characteristics of life as indicated by cellular processes and describe the process of cell cellular processes and describe the process of cell

division and development.division and development. Explain the characteristics of life as indicated by Explain the characteristics of life as indicated by

cellular processes including: a. homeostasis; b. cellular processes including: a. homeostasis; b. energy transfers and transformations; c. transportation energy transfers and transformations; c. transportation of molecules; d. disposal of wastes; and e. synthesis of molecules; d. disposal of wastes; and e. synthesis of new molecules.of new molecules.

Summarize the general processes of cell division and Summarize the general processes of cell division and differentiation, and explain why specialized cells are differentiation, and explain why specialized cells are useful to organisms and explain that complex multi-useful to organisms and explain that complex multi-cellular organisms are formed as highly organized cellular organisms are formed as highly organized arrangements of differentiated cells.arrangements of differentiated cells.

Cellular ProcessesCellular Processes There are many cellular processes. We will focus on:There are many cellular processes. We will focus on:

a. homeostasis – regulation of internal environment to help a. homeostasis – regulation of internal environment to help guarantee survivalguarantee survivalb. energy transfers and transformations – making food from b. energy transfers and transformations – making food from light, extracting energy from food (respiration, photosynthesis, light, extracting energy from food (respiration, photosynthesis, fermentation, digestion)fermentation, digestion)c. transportation of molecules – supply cells with nutrientsc. transportation of molecules – supply cells with nutrientsd. disposal of wastes – removal from cells or organismsd. disposal of wastes – removal from cells or organismse. synthesis of new molecules – proteins made in ribosomes, e. synthesis of new molecules – proteins made in ribosomes, following instructions from DNAfollowing instructions from DNA

Cell DivisionCell Division There are two types of cell division:There are two types of cell division:

a. Meiosis – Meiosis is the process that a. Meiosis – Meiosis is the process that shuffles the genesshuffles the genes around. Plants do it, animals do it, and even fungi do it around. Plants do it, animals do it, and even fungi do it (sometimes). Instead of creating two new cells with equal (sometimes). Instead of creating two new cells with equal numbers of chromosomes (like mitosis), the cell does a second numbers of chromosomes (like mitosis), the cell does a second division soon after the first. That second division divides the division soon after the first. That second division divides the number of chromosomes in half. This is sexual reproduction.number of chromosomes in half. This is sexual reproduction.b. Mitosis - The big idea to remember is that mitosis is the b. Mitosis - The big idea to remember is that mitosis is the simple duplication of a cell and all of its parts. It duplicates its simple duplication of a cell and all of its parts. It duplicates its DNA and the two new cells (daughter cells) have the same DNA and the two new cells (daughter cells) have the same pieces and genetic code. Two identical copies come from one pieces and genetic code. Two identical copies come from one original. Start with one; get two that are the same. This is original. Start with one; get two that are the same. This is asexual reproduction.asexual reproduction.

Both types of cell division are very important.Both types of cell division are very important.

Explain the genetic mechanisms and Explain the genetic mechanisms and molecular basis of inheritance.molecular basis of inheritance.

Illustrate the relationship of the structure and function Illustrate the relationship of the structure and function of DNA to protein synthesis and the characteristics of of DNA to protein synthesis and the characteristics of an organism.an organism.

Explain that a unit of hereditary information is called Explain that a unit of hereditary information is called a gene and genes may occur in different forms called a gene and genes may occur in different forms called alleles (e.g., gene for pea plant height has two alleles, alleles (e.g., gene for pea plant height has two alleles, tall and short).tall and short).

Describe that spontaneous changes in DNA are Describe that spontaneous changes in DNA are mutations which may or may not be passed on to mutations which may or may not be passed on to future generations.future generations.

Use the concepts of genetics to explain inheritance.Use the concepts of genetics to explain inheritance.

Hereditary InformationHereditary Information Mendel was one of the first geneticists, working with pea Mendel was one of the first geneticists, working with pea

plants.plants. Chromosomes are made of genes and genes can be of different Chromosomes are made of genes and genes can be of different

types, called alleles. Alleles determine traits.types, called alleles. Alleles determine traits. Genes can be dominant or recessive or neither.Genes can be dominant or recessive or neither. Some traits are determined by more than one gene. Some Some traits are determined by more than one gene. Some

diseases are genetically determined, like cystic fibrosis, etc.diseases are genetically determined, like cystic fibrosis, etc. Genotype is your genetic code; phenotype is the outward Genotype is your genetic code; phenotype is the outward

appearance of those genes or the trait itself.appearance of those genes or the trait itself. Homozygous is when an organism possesses 2 identical genes Homozygous is when an organism possesses 2 identical genes

for a trait; heterozygous is one of each gene. (TT or Tt).for a trait; heterozygous is one of each gene. (TT or Tt). Sex-linked traits, such as red-green color blindness and Sex-linked traits, such as red-green color blindness and

hemophilia, are carried on the sex chromosomes (X and Y in hemophilia, are carried on the sex chromosomes (X and Y in humans).humans).

MutationsMutations

Mutations are changes in DNA sequence. They can Mutations are changes in DNA sequence. They can be caused by errors in replication, transcription, cell be caused by errors in replication, transcription, cell division, or external agents (such as radiation, division, or external agents (such as radiation, chemicals, and even high temperatures).chemicals, and even high temperatures).

Mutations are especially significant if passed from Mutations are especially significant if passed from one generation to another.one generation to another.

Mutations, by effecting the DNA sequence, can also Mutations, by effecting the DNA sequence, can also affect the ability to make important proteins.affect the ability to make important proteins.

It is difficult, or impossible, to repair damaged DNA.It is difficult, or impossible, to repair damaged DNA.

Tracing Inherited TraitsTracing Inherited Traits

Punnett squares are often used.Punnett squares are often used. Pedigrees can also be used.Pedigrees can also be used.

Explain the flow of energy and the cycling of matter Explain the flow of energy and the cycling of matter through biological and ecological systems (cellular, through biological and ecological systems (cellular,

organismal, and ecological).organismal, and ecological).

Describe how matter cycles and energy flows Describe how matter cycles and energy flows in living systems and between living systems.in living systems and between living systems.

Describe how cells and organisms acquire and Describe how cells and organisms acquire and release energy.release energy.

Explain that living organisms use matter and Explain that living organisms use matter and energy to synthesize a variety of organic energy to synthesize a variety of organic molecules and to drive life processes.molecules and to drive life processes.

Energy and Food WebsEnergy and Food WebsAs predators eat As predators eat

prey and prey and consumers eat consumers eat producers, producers, energy is energy is transferred transferred from one from one organism to organism to another.another.

What happens What happens when the when the chain is chain is disrupted? For disrupted? For instance, all instance, all the snakes are the snakes are killed by a killed by a disease. How disease. How does this does this affect the affect the other living other living things?things?

Explain how evolutionary relationships contribute to Explain how evolutionary relationships contribute to an understanding of the unity and diversity of life.an understanding of the unity and diversity of life.

Describe that biological classification Describe that biological classification represents how organisms are related with represents how organisms are related with species being the most fundamental unit.species being the most fundamental unit.

Explain that variation of organisms within a Explain that variation of organisms within a species increases the likelihood that at least species increases the likelihood that at least some members of a species will survive under some members of a species will survive under changing conditions.changing conditions.

Relate diversity and adaptation to structures Relate diversity and adaptation to structures and their functions in living organisms.and their functions in living organisms.

ClassificationClassification

There are 6 Kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, There are 6 Kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals.Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals.

Each Kingdom is then broken down into phylum, Each Kingdom is then broken down into phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Animals in a class, order, family, genus, and species. Animals in a species are the MOST related to each other.species are the MOST related to each other.

Scientific names use the genus and species names Scientific names use the genus and species names ((Genus speciesGenus species). ). Canis rufusCanis rufus is a red wolf, is a red wolf, Canis Canis latranslatrans is a coyote, and is a coyote, and Canis lupusCanis lupus is a grey wolf. is a grey wolf. They are different species because of physical traits. They are different species because of physical traits. Usually one species cannot breed with other species Usually one species cannot breed with other species and produce fertile offspring.and produce fertile offspring.

Survival of the FittestSurvival of the Fittest

Genetic changes can be caused by mutation, Genetic changes can be caused by mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow.genetic drift, and gene flow.

Some genes protect organisms from one thing Some genes protect organisms from one thing but endanger them in other ways. Presence of but endanger them in other ways. Presence of sickle cell anemia gene protects people from sickle cell anemia gene protects people from malaria. Where the person lives may malaria. Where the person lives may determine which is better.determine which is better.

Explain the structure and function of ecosystems Explain the structure and function of ecosystems and relate how ecosystems change over time.and relate how ecosystems change over time.

Explain how living things interact with biotic and Explain how living things interact with biotic and abiotic components of the environment.abiotic components of the environment.

Relate how distribution and abundance of organisms Relate how distribution and abundance of organisms and populations in ecosystems are limited by the and populations in ecosystems are limited by the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials and the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials and the availability of matter, space and energy.availability of matter, space and energy.

Conclude that ecosystems tend to have cyclic Conclude that ecosystems tend to have cyclic fluctuations around a state of equilibrium that can fluctuations around a state of equilibrium that can change when climate changes, when new species change when climate changes, when new species appear as a result of immigration or when species appear as a result of immigration or when species disappear.disappear.

EcosystemsEcosystems EcosystemsEcosystems vary in size. They can be as small as a puddle or vary in size. They can be as small as a puddle or

as large as the Earth itself. Any group of living and nonliving as large as the Earth itself. Any group of living and nonliving things interacting with each other can be considered as an things interacting with each other can be considered as an ecosystem. ecosystem.

Within each ecosystem, there are Within each ecosystem, there are habitatshabitats which may also which may also vary in size. A habitat is the place where a vary in size. A habitat is the place where a populationpopulation lives. A lives. A population is a group of living organisms of the same kind population is a group of living organisms of the same kind living in the same place at the same time. All of the living in the same place at the same time. All of the populations interact and form a populations interact and form a communitycommunity. The community . The community of living things interacts with the of living things interacts with the non-livingnon-living world around it world around it to form the ecosystem. The habitat must supply the needs of to form the ecosystem. The habitat must supply the needs of organisms, such as food, water, temperature, oxygen, and organisms, such as food, water, temperature, oxygen, and minerals. If the population's needs are not met, it will move to minerals. If the population's needs are not met, it will move to a better habitat. The processes of a better habitat. The processes of competition, predation, competition, predation, cooperation, and symbiosiscooperation, and symbiosis occur. occur.

BiomesBiomes are ecosystems where several habitats intersect. are ecosystems where several habitats intersect.

Describe how human activities can impact the Describe how human activities can impact the status of natural systems.status of natural systems.

Describe ways that human activities can Describe ways that human activities can deliberately or inadvertently alter the deliberately or inadvertently alter the equilibrium in ecosystems. Explain how equilibrium in ecosystems. Explain how changes in technology and biotechnology can changes in technology and biotechnology can cause these same kinds of changes.cause these same kinds of changes.

Illustrate how uses of resources at local, state, Illustrate how uses of resources at local, state, regional, national, and global levels have regional, national, and global levels have affected the quality of life.affected the quality of life.

Describe a foundation of biological evolution as the Describe a foundation of biological evolution as the change in gene frequency of a population over time. change in gene frequency of a population over time.

Explain current and historical developments. Explain current and historical developments. Describe how scientists continue to investigate and Describe how scientists continue to investigate and

analyze aspects of evolutionary theory.analyze aspects of evolutionary theory.

Recognize that a change in gene frequency is a Recognize that a change in gene frequency is a foundation for evolution.foundation for evolution.

Explain about natural selection.Explain about natural selection. Describe some historical developments that Describe some historical developments that

occurred in evolutionary thought.occurred in evolutionary thought. Describe how scientists continue to investigate Describe how scientists continue to investigate

and analyze aspects of evolutionary theory.and analyze aspects of evolutionary theory.

Evolutionary ThoughtsEvolutionary Thoughts Things change. The process of cars changing over the Things change. The process of cars changing over the

past 100 years can be thought of as an past 100 years can be thought of as an evolution in evolution in engineeringengineering. When an organism changes over many . When an organism changes over many generations, it might be better suited to live, or more generations, it might be better suited to live, or more likely to die. likely to die.

If the change was that you are a 500-pound bird with If the change was that you are a 500-pound bird with little tiny wings and little tiny legs, chances are you little tiny wings and little tiny legs, chances are you wouldn't move around too well. One day you might wouldn't move around too well. One day you might run out of food and die or be eaten. run out of food and die or be eaten.

Mutations, genetic drift, and migration may help this Mutations, genetic drift, and migration may help this process of evolution.process of evolution.

Fossil evidence shows changes in organisms over Fossil evidence shows changes in organisms over time.time.

Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution

CONVERGENT EVOLUTIONCONVERGENT EVOLUTION This is when two totally different species develop This is when two totally different species develop similar traits. Outside natural factors create a situation similar traits. Outside natural factors create a situation where that skill is a benefit. For example, you are a where that skill is a benefit. For example, you are a plant and I am an animal. We both have animals plant and I am an animal. We both have animals hunting us and eating us. We need protection. So we hunting us and eating us. We need protection. So we both develop spines to poke the hunters. The spines both develop spines to poke the hunters. The spines are made in different ways but do the same job. You are made in different ways but do the same job. You are a cactus and I am a porcupine. are a cactus and I am a porcupine.

Divergent EvolutionDivergent Evolution

DIVERGENT EVOLUTIONDIVERGENT EVOLUTION We start as the same species, but then as more We start as the same species, but then as more generations develop, my group becomes good at one generations develop, my group becomes good at one thing and yours at another. Bird beaks are a good thing and yours at another. Bird beaks are a good example for this one. One species of bird can develop example for this one. One species of bird can develop in different directions depending on what type of in different directions depending on what type of food it eats. Their beaks develop different shapes food it eats. Their beaks develop different shapes after many generations. Charles Darwin used bird after many generations. Charles Darwin used bird development in many of his scientific papers. development in many of his scientific papers.

Explain how natural selection and other Explain how natural selection and other evolutionary mechanisms account for the unity and evolutionary mechanisms account for the unity and

diversity of past and present life forms.diversity of past and present life forms. Analyze how evolutionary mechanisms provide a Analyze how evolutionary mechanisms provide a

scientific explanation for the diversity and unity of scientific explanation for the diversity and unity of past and present life forms.past and present life forms.

Explain that life on Earth is thought to have begun Explain that life on Earth is thought to have begun about 4 billion years ago. During most of the history about 4 billion years ago. During most of the history of Earth, only single celled organisms existed but of Earth, only single celled organisms existed but once cells with nuclei developed, increasingly once cells with nuclei developed, increasingly complex organisms evolved.complex organisms evolved.

Summarize the historical development of scientific Summarize the historical development of scientific theories and ideas, and describe emerging issues in theories and ideas, and describe emerging issues in

the study of life sciences.the study of life sciences. Use historical examples to explain how new Use historical examples to explain how new

ideas are limited by the context in which they ideas are limited by the context in which they are conceived.are conceived.

Describe advances in life sciences that have Describe advances in life sciences that have important long-lasting effects on science and important long-lasting effects on science and society.society.

Analyze and investigate emerging scientific Analyze and investigate emerging scientific issues, such as genetically modified food, stem issues, such as genetically modified food, stem cell research, and cloning.cell research, and cloning.

BiotechnologyBiotechnology

Some examples of biotechnology are:Some examples of biotechnology are:a. imaging (X-rays, scans, etc)a. imaging (X-rays, scans, etc)b. genetic engineeringb. genetic engineeringc. genome projectsc. genome projectsd. newer and better microscopesd. newer and better microscopese. stem cell researche. stem cell researchf. cloningf. cloningg. genetically modified foods.g. genetically modified foods.