Life style influence on trace element content in mushrooms sporocarps.

Juan A. Campos and

Rosario García-Moreno

1 km2

ELEMENTAL QUANTITATIVE AND

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS BY X RAY

FLUORESCENCE

Mg Ca Sc Rb Sn Ta

Al Fe V Sr Cs W

Si Ni Cr Y Ba Pb

P Cu Co Zr La Th

S Zn Ga Nb Ce U

K Cl Y Mo Hf Nd

L D L= 0.5 ppmError= <2% in repetitive

measurements

Philips-PW2404 Panalytical Magic-Pro

Model

PREVIOUS LITERATURE

Soylak et al 2005

Dursum et al 2006

Ouzoumi et al 2007

Chudzynski et al. 2008

Falandysz 2008

Kalac 2009 Kalac 2010

Campos y Tejera 2011

Campos y Moreno (2011)

V 50 - 200 0.0-0.3 3 - 15 2-15 Cr 0.3 - 1.1 4 - 184 0.4 – 8 0.10 – 2.1 <1 - 2 0.1 - 2 0.5-5 4 -13 5-11 Co 0.5 - 1.5 0.05 – 3 0.1-1 <1 - 1 0.1-3 2 – 6 3-7 Ni 1.7 - 24 2 - 106 0.3 - 10 0.13-1.3 0.4 - 2 1 – 15 1-6 Cu 13 - 50 3 - 60 4 – 33 16 - 58 10 - 50 10 - 70 16->200 4 - 110 4-93 Zn 33 - 89 8 - 143 36 - 97 21 - 260 50 - 200 30 - 150 8–240 57 - 134 15-122 Ga <0.5 <0.15 1 – 3 1-2 Rb 110 - 3200 100 - 400 >10-<1000 6 - 86 16-221 Sr 1 - 90 0.23- 3.7 <1-2 5 - 10 <2 10 - 24 14-21 Zr 1 - 66 1-8 Nb 3 - 13 4-6 Cs <1 - 1 3-12 2 - 38 3-12 Ba 1-19 <1 - 3 0.5-10 13 - 35 14-35 Ce 4 - 27 6-14 Pb 0.75 - 2 0.6 - 5.4 0.05 – 1.4 0.14 – 2.4 <1 - 2 1 - 5 0.2 – 10 1 - 8 2-7 Th 1 - 3 1-3 U 1 - 4 1-3 Nd 1 - 10 1-9

0

20

40

60

80

µg g

-1 D

W

Al V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Rb Sr Zr Nb Cs Ba Ce Pb Th U Nd

a abc

ab abc

abc

abc

abc

abc abcd

bcde e

cde

cde de

e

f f

g g

ab

Metal

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g g-1

DW

) Campos and Tejera, 2011.Biological Trace Elements Research

PREVIOUS LITERATURE

HypothesisThe differences in the occurrence of trace elements in fungi biomass may

reflects the different ecological niches in wich they live and hence their relation

with the inorganic substrate.

ECTOMYCORRHIZAL

SAPROBES

EPIPHYTES

1 Amanita phalloides2 Hebeloma sinapizans3 Lactarius zugazae4 Paxillus involutus5 Russula delica6 Suillus bellini7 Clitocybe maxima8 Entoloma lividum9 Lepista inversa10 Lepista nuda11 Lycoperdon perlatum12 Macrolepiota procera13 Agrocybe aegerita14 Armillaria mellea15 Gymnopilus spectabilis16 Hericium erinaceum17 Inonotus hispidus18 Meripilus giganteus

All data given in this work are in ppm dm

(mg.kg-1 dry matter basis)

Amanita phalloides

Lactarius zugazaeRussula delica

Lycoperdon perlatumMeripilus giganteus

Clitocybe maximaInonotus hispidusPaxillus involutus

Suillus bellini

Gymnopilus spectabilisMacrolepiota procera

Entoloma lividum

Hericium erinaceumArmillaria mellea

Lepista inversaLepista nuda

Agrocybe aegeritaHebeloma sinapizans

DENDROGRAM OF CLUSTER ANALYSIS (Nearest neighbor)

ANOVAF ratio = 1P = 0.929 > 0.05LDS= 15

COMPARISON BETWEEN SPECIES(All trace elements)

Aver

age

cont

ent

ANOVAF ratio = 2P value = 0.11 >0.05LDS= 6

COMPARISON BETWEEN LIFE STYLES(All trace elements)

Ectomycorrhizas Saprobes Epiphytes

Aver

age

cont

ent

Cu

ZnRb

Ba

COMPARISON BETWEEN ELEMENTS(All species)

ANOVAF. ratio = 21P. value = 0.00 <0.05LDS= 11

Aver

age

cont

ent

ELEMENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18ELEMENTS

Means and 95.0 Percent LSD Intervals

Cu RbZn

COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT ELEMENTS FOR THE DIFFERENT HABITATS

ANOVAF ratio = 10P value = 0.00 < 0.05LDS= 17

Ectomycorrhizas

EpiphytesSaprobes

Rb

COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT ELEMENTS FOR THE DIFFERENT

HABITATS

Ectomycorrhizas

Saprobes

Epiphytes

Cu

Zn

Ectomycorrhizas

Saprobes

Epiphytes

ANOVAF ratio = 10P value = 0.00 < 0.05LDS= 17

PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

Tests for NormalityTest Statistic P-ValueShapiro-Wilk W 0.8 0.002 < 0.05

Normality rejected

Density curve

Summary Statistics for Cu Count 18Average 26Standard deviation 23Coeff. of variation 91 %Minimum 4Maximum 93Range 89Stnd. skewness 3 > 2Stnd. Kurtosis 3

Cu

2.8 Std Dev. from the meanClitocybe maxima

Outliers Identification for Cu

Summary Statistics for ZnCount 18Average 61Standard deviation 30Coeff. of variation 50 %Minimum 15Maximum 122Range 107Stnd. skewness 1 < 2Stnd. Kurtosis -1

Tests for NormalityTest Statistic P-ValueShapiro-Wilk W 0.9 0.7 > 0.05

Density Curve

Normality assumed

Zn

Outliers Identification for Zn

No statistically supported outliers

Summary Statistics for RbCount 18Average 52Standard deviation 55Coeff. of variation 105 %Minimum 12Maximum 221Range 209Stnd. Skewness 4 > 2Stnd. kurtosis 4

Tests for NormalityTest Statistic P-ValueShapiro-Wilk W 0.708556 0.00 < 0.05

Density Curve

Normality rejected

Rb

Outliers Identification for Rb

3 Std Dev. from the meanSuillus bellini

CONCLUSIONS

- Cu, Zn and Rb are the trace elements that showed significant differences among the different life styles

- Cu and Zn are more accumulated in saprobes species whereas Rb is more accumulated in ectomycorrhizal species.

- Clitocybe maxima has been indentified statistically as an outlier for Cu with a great accumulation for this element.

- Suillus bellini has been identified statistically as an outlier for Rb with a great accumulation for this element.

Soylak et al 2005

Dursum et al 2006

Ouzoumi et al 2007

Chudzynski et al. 2008

Falandysz 2008

Kalac 2009 Kalac 2010

Campos y Tejera 2011

Campos y Moreno (2011)

Al 53 - 25649 27 - 4800 100 - 500 26 - 120 V 50 - 200 0.0-0.3 3 - 15 2-15 Cr 0.3 - 1.1 4 - 184 0.4 – 8 0.10 – 2.1 <1 - 2 0.1 - 2 0.5-5 4 -13 5-11 Co 0.5 - 1.5 0.05 – 3 0.1-1 <1 - 1 0.1-3 2 – 6 3-7 Ni 1.7 - 24 2 - 106 0.3 - 10 0.13-1.3 0.4 - 2 1 – 15 1-6 Cu 13 - 50 3 - 60 4 – 33 16 - 58 10 - 50 10 - 70 16->200 4 - 110 4-93 Zn 33 - 89 8 - 143 36 - 97 21 - 260 50 - 200 30 - 150 8–240 57 - 134 15-122 Ga <0.5 <0.15 1 – 3 1-2 Rb 110 - 3200 100 - 400 >10-<1000 6 - 86 16-221 Sr 1 - 90 0.23- 3.7 <1-2 5 - 10 <2 10 - 24 14-21 Zr 1 - 66 1-8 Nb 3 - 13 4-6 Cs <1 - 1 3-12 2 - 38 3-12 Ba 1-19 <1 - 3 0.5-10 13 - 35 14-35 Ce 4 - 27 6-14 Pb 0.75 - 2 0.6 - 5.4 0.05 – 1.4 0.14 – 2.4 <1 - 2 1 - 5 0.2 – 10 1 - 8 2-7 Th 1 - 3 1-3 U 1 - 4 1-3 Nd 1 - 10 1-9

PREVIOUS LITERATURE

Cu

Zn RbCu/Ect Cu/Sap Cu/Epi

0102030405060708090

100

Zn/Ect Zn/Sap Zn/Epi0

102030405060708090

100

Rb/Ect Rb/Sap Rb/Epi0

102030405060708090

100

Summary Statistics Cu Zn Rb

Count 18 18 18Average 26 61 52Std. Dev. 23 30 55Minimum 4 15 12Maximum 93 122 221Stnd. skewness 3 1 4Stnd. kurtosis 3 -1 4

Principal Components AnalysisComponent Percent of Cumulative Number Eigenvalue Variance Percentage1 4.65206 31.014 31.0142 2.34851 15.657 46.6703 2.02472 13.498 60.1694 1.55439 10.363 70.5315 1.34333 8.956 79.4876 0.881901 5.879 85.3667 0.642421 4.283 89.6498 0.538375 3.589 93.2389 0.338782 2.259 95.49710 0.315961 2.106 97.60311 0.138092 0.921 98.52412 0.118449 0.790 99.31313 0.0762198 0.508 99.82114 0.0135909 0.091 99.91215 0.0132027 0.088 100.000

The StatAdvisorThis procedure performs a principal components analysis. The purpose of the analysis is to obtain a small number of linear combinations of the 15 variables which account for most of the variability in the data. In this case, 5 components have been extracted, since 5 components had eigenvalues greater than or equal to 1.0. Together they account for 79.4867% of the variability in the original data.