lifestyles, fitness and rehabilitation hypertension
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Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
Hypertension
• What is Blood Pressure?– Pressure created by the heart as it pumps
blood through the arteries and the circulatory system
• What do Blood Pressure Numbers Mean?– Top number (Systolic)= Pressure while heart is
beating– Bottom number (Diastolic)= Pressure while
heart is resting between beats
Lifestyles, fitnessand rehabilitation
Hypertension
• Normal Blood Pressure– Blood Pressure of < 140/ 90– Blood Pressure of 130 to 139/ 85 to 89 should
be closely watched
• High Blood Pressure– Blood Pressure > 140/ 90
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• How can I tell if I have High Blood Pressure?– Usually NO SYMPTOMS!– “The Silent Killer”–May have: • Headache• Blurry vision• Chest Pain• Frequent urination at night
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• Blood Pressure Measurement– Sphygmomanometer– Systolic pressure= pressure when 1st sound is
heard– “Diastolic pressure= pressure when last sound
is heard
• Blood Pressure Cuff Size– Small – children and small adults– Average– Large – overweight and large adults
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
American Heart AssociationRecommended Blood Pressure Levels
BP Category
Systolic (mmHg)
Diastolic (mmHg)
Follow-up
Optimal < 120 and < 80 Recheck
2 years
Normal < 130 and < 85 Recheck 2 years
High Normal
130-139 or 85-89 Recheck 1 year
Lifestyles, fitness And Rehabilitation
American Heart AssociationRecommended Blood Pressure Levels
BP Category
Systolic (mmHg)
Diastolic (mmHg)
Follow-up
Stage 1(mild HTN) 140-159 or 90-99
Confirm within months
Stage 2(moderate HTN)
160-179 or 100-109Evaluate within 1 month
Stage 3(severe HTN)
180 or > or 110 or >Evaluate immediately
Lifestyles, fitness And Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• What Causes High Blood Pressure?– Cause unknown in 90 to 95% of cases =
Primary Hypertension– Secondary Hypertension = 5 to 10%• Kidney Abnormalities• Narrowing of certain arteries• Rare tumors• Adrenal gland abnormalities• Pregnancy
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• What Causes High Blood Pressure?– Controllable Risk Factors• Increased salt intake• Obesity• Alcohol• Stress• Lack of exercise
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• What Causes High Blood Pressure?– Uncontrollable Risk Factors• Heredity• Age
– Men between age 35 and 50– Women after menopause
• Race– 1 out of every 3 African Americans– Higher incidence in non-Hispanic blacks and
Mexican Americans
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• Women and High Blood Pressure– Birth Control Pill– Pregnancy– Overweight– After Menopause– African Americans
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• How does High Blood Pressure develop?– Certain nerve impulses cause arteries to
become larger (dilate) or smaller (contract)
– If vessels wide open blood flows easily
– If vessel narrows pressure inside increases causing hypertension
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• What does High Blood Pressure do to my Body?– Stroke– Congestive heart failure– Kidney failure– Heart attack– Heart rhythm problems– Aneurysm
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• What Can I Do?– High blood pressure is a lifelong
disease– Blood pressure can be controlled not
cured– Controlling blood pressure will reduce
the risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure and kidney disease
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• What Can I Do?– Loose weight if your overweight– Get regular physical activity– Avoid excessive alcohol– Stop smoking–Manage your stress
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• What Can I Do?– Decrease salt intake– Eat for heart health– Discuss the use of oral contraceptives
with your doctor– Discuss the use of some medications
with your doctor
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• Ten Commandments for Blood Pressure Control– Know your blood pressure• Have it checked regularly
– Know what your weight should be• Keep it at that level or below
– Don’t use excessive salt in cooking or at meals• Avoid salty foods
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
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Hypertension
• Ten Commandments for Blood Pressure Control– Eat a low-fat diet• According to AHA regulations
– Don’t smoke cigarettes• Or use tobacco products
– Take your medicine exactly as prescribed• Don’t run out of pills even for a single day
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
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Hypertension
• Ten Commandments for Blood Pressure Control– Keep your appointments with the doctor– Follow your doctors advice about
exercise–Make certain family members have their
blood pressure checked regularly– Live a normal life in every other way!
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Hypertension
• Medication for High Blood Pressure– Diuretics• Rid the body of excess fluids and salt
– Beta-blockers• Reduce the heart rate and the work of the
heart
– Calcium antagonists• Reduce heart rate and relax blood vessels
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• Medication for High Blood Pressure– Angiotensin II receptor blockers(ACE)• Interfere with the bodies production of
angiotensin, a chemical that causes the arteries to constrict (narrow)
– Vasodialators• Cause the muscle in the wall of the blood
vessels to relax, allowing the vessel to dialate (widen)
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• Medication for High Blood Pressure– Sympathetic nerve inhibitors• Sympathetic nerves go from the brain to all
parts of the body, including the arteries• Cause arteries to constrict raising blood
pressure• These drugs reduce blood pressure by
inhibiting these nerves from constricting blood vessels
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• Home Blood Pressure Monitoring–Mercury sphygmomanometer• Standard for BP monitoring• No calibration• May be bulky• Need a second person to use machine• May be difficult for hearing impaired or
patients with arthritis
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• Home Blood Pressure Monitoring– Aneroid equipment• Inexpensive, lightweight and portable• Two person operation/need stethoscope• Delicate mechanism, easily damaged• Needs calibration with mercury
sphygmomanometer
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation
Hypertension
• Home Blood Pressure Monitoring– Automatic equipment• Contained in one unit• Portable with easy-to-read digital display• Expensive, fragile• Must be calibrated• Requires careful cuff placement
Lifestyles, Fitnessand Rehabilitation