light matter interactions at very high intensities · 2014-03-06 · • high-intensity lasers •...
TRANSCRIPT
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Claes-Göran Wahlström Department of Physics
Lund University
Light Matter Interactions at Very High Intensities
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Outline
• High-intensity lasers • Laser-produced plasmas • Electron motion in an intense pulse • Acceleration of protons • Acceleration of electrons
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High-intensity lasers
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Part of the old Nova Laser at LLNL
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National Ignition Facility NIF - an Extreme Laser
180 m long
192 beams
1.8 MJ @351 nm
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NIF Target Chamber
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Laser Megajoule LMJ - another Extreme Laser
300 m long
240 beams
2 MJ @351 nm
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NIF and LMJ : Indirect drive, MJ Energy
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Lund Terawatt Laser
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High-intensity lasers
Two approaches: ICF: τ ∼ 1 ns, E ∼ 100 kJ 100 TW T3: τ ∼ 10’s fs E ∼ 1 J 100 TW
API =
τEP =
ICF D = 1 mm I ~ 1 x 1016 W/cm2 T3: D = 5 µm I ~ 5 x 1020 W/cm2
Few shots/day 10 Hz
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Strong-field ionization, Laser-produced plasmas
and Laser - electron interactions
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High-intensity laser – matter interactions
• At high laser intensities: The Electro-Magnetic wave description is more
appropriate than the photon picture.
20
2EcI ε
= 271033.1 EI −⋅=
V/m W/cm2
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Tunneling-ionization Multiphoton-ionization
IP
ground state
Eel
Over-the-barrier-ionization
Regimes of strong field ionization
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Over-the-barrier-ionization
42
9104pth I
ZI ⋅
=
215 W/cm105.1
eV6.241
:
⋅=
==
→ +
th
p
I
IZ
HeHe
W/cm2
Charge state of the created ion
eV
219
1615
W/cm101.1
eV91816
:
⋅=
==
→ ++
th
p
I
IZ
ArAr
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Under dense
Over dense (no light propagation) < >
p
p
ω ω ω ω
Light propagation in plasma
Plasma frequency
e
e p m
n e
0
2
ε ω = At the critical density ωp=ω
nc~ 1021 cm-3 for near IR light
Refractive index <1 vp = c/n >c but vg<c vpvg=c2
c
e p
n
n n − = − = 1 1 2
ω
ω 2
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High-intensity laser – matter interactions
• At ultra-high intensities: The magnetic field component becomes very important.
)( BvEeF
×+−=
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Relativistic laser – matter interactions
2
2
2
)1(
)/(11
)(
mcEmcE
cv
vmp
BvEeFdtpd
k
tot
−=
=
−=
=
×+−==
γ
γ
γ
γ
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Relativistic laser – matter interactions
)(10/101/10
10
2216
218
2
2182
laserCOmwithcmWmwithcmW
cvcm
mWI osc
µλ
µλ
µλ
=
=
≈⇒≥
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Single electron in the laser field
Lorentz force:
Accelerates the electron in the laser forward direction.
)( BvEeF
×+−=
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fsfsTm
87.2
,8.0
===
τ
µλ
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fsfsTm
87.2
,8.0
===
τ
µλ
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Single electron: Transverse acceleration vs time
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Single electron: position
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x
Figure-8 motion in drifting frame Figure-8 motion in lab frame
Lawson Woodward Criterion: no net acceleration in vacuum with an infinite plane wave
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( )2pond IλF −∇∝
The ponderomotive force
• The light pressure pushes electrons away from regions with high intensity
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Basic principles of Laser Particle Acceleration
The laser pulse pushes electrons away
Charge displacement
Quasi-static electric fields
Charged particle acceleration (e-, p+, Z+)
A high-intensity laser interacts with a plasma
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Huge electrostatic fields possible in plasmas
• In RF-based accelerators: E-fields limited by electrical breakdown. E < 50 MV/m => Very long accelerators
• In a plasma: No such breakdown limit. Already a
plasma. => Very compact accelerators
e z n E ~ Ez = 300 MV/m for 1 % Density Perturbation at 1017 cm-3
Ez = 300 GV/m for 100 % Density Perturbation at 1019 cm-3
Ez = 30 TV/m for 100 % Density Perturbation at 1023 cm-3
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Laser acceleration at the Lund High-Power Laser Facility
200 MeV Over 2 mm
10 MeV Over few µm
Electrons
Protons
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Ion acceleration
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few µm
Proton beam generation from overdense plasmas
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Ion acceleration mechanisms
+ + +
Ponderomotive electron
acceleration
- - - - - -
+ + + + + +
Target Normal Sheath Acceleration
(TNSA)
Electron sheath
Protons (and other ions)
E~TV/m
Thin foil with H2O layers
Preplasma
µm
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Typical characteristics
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Applications of laser accelerated ions
Medical applications: Cancer therapy
PET isotope production.
Ion injection to heavy ion accelerators
Proton imaging of electric fields in plasma
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Proton Therapy
Prostate tumor
The rectal portion of the bowel
Depth in tissue
Bragg peak
γ
p+ Abso
rbed
dos
e
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
10 0
10 1
10 2
10 3
10 100 1000 10 4
Ran
ge (c
m)
Ion energy
Proton
Carbon
H20 absorber
Radiation therapy region
/ MeV
• Protons are deposited over a shorter range than x-rays (Bragg peak)
• Insignificant sideways spread (straggling range is ~ 1% of the penetration range)
• A short burst of high-energy protons can maybe breaks more DNA strands (non-linear effects)
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Electron acceleration
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Laser ⇒ Relativistic electrons ⇒ Non-relativistic protons
Electrons (mec2=0.5 MeV) Protons (mpc2=0.9 GeV)
v~c v~5% c
Wkin=1 MeV
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Intense Laser
Gas-Jet
Electron Beam
Nozzle
Underdense Plasma
Electron beam generation in underdense plasmas
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Electron acceleration in plasma wake wave
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Plasma wave generation
• The ponderomotive force pushes electrons out of regions of high intensity • Ions are stationary on the fs timescale. • Induced charge separation pull back electrons • Wave generation most efficient when w0 = cτ = λp
• Plasma wave propagates with a velocity close to c • Strong accelerating and focusing electric fields
( )wavephase
lasergroup vv =
Gas medium
~10 um c v ≈
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Wakefield acceleration 3D PIC simulation of a plasma wave (UCLA)
100 um
1 m radio frequency cavity
100 GV/m
20 MV/m
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Gas targets - Wake-field acceleration
Electron acceleration:
Underdense plasmas: ~ 100 GV/m Over few mm giving few 100 MeV
Proton acceleration:
Thin solid targets: ~TV/m Over few µm giving ~few 10 MeV
Solid targets - Sheet acceleration
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Wave breaking
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ne = 5 x 1018 to 5 x 1019 cm-3
High intensity laser pulse 1 J, 35 fs, 800 nm
Supersonic gas jet target
Collimator + Electromagnet
LANEX screen
Electron energy spectrum
Thomson scattering plasma imaging
f/10 focusing
100 μm
Experimental arrangement
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0 100 2000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
E / MeV
Num
ber o
f ele
ctro
ns /
a.u.
0 100 2000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
E / MeV
Num
ber o
f ele
ctro
ns /
a.u.
e- e- e- e- e- e-
Quasi-monoenergetic wakefield acceleration
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Increasing the maximum energy
5.12
3 1
eL
pd n
L ∝=λλThe electrons reach their maximum
energy after the dephasing length
ep n
emc
E ∝=ω
maxMaximum electric field is
ed n
LeEW 1maxmax ∝=The maximum energy is
To increase Wmax a factor 10: Decrease ne a factor 10 Increase interaction length a factor 30
(from a few mm to several cm)
Diffraction limits the interaction to the order of the Rayleigh length
LR
wzλ
π 20=
m 400nm 800m 10
L
0
µλ
µ
=⇒==
Rz
w
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A Relativistic Channel in Helium Plasma
Helium gas
Gas nozzle
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Relativistic Self-Focusing
I(r)
r
n(r)
r
Focusing Lens ! n(ωp)
ωp(me)
me(v)
v(I)
Light intensity in the focus:
Refractive index in the focus:
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Relativistic channelling
Helium gas
Gas nozzle
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ne = 5 x 1018 to 5 x 1019 cm-3
High intensity laser pulse 1 J, 35 fs, 800 nm
Supersonic gas jet target
Collimator + Electromagnet
LANEX screen
Electron energy spectrum
Thomson scattering plasma imaging
f/10 focusing
100 μm
Experimental arrangement
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Waveguide capillaries
Hollow dielectric capillaries • Preliminary results show excellent guiding • Guiding over several cm possible • Sensitive to laser pointing variation and
spot quality (damage)
L
Material: Glass Length: 3 to 10 cm Inner diam: 100 µm
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Electron beam properties
+ Small source size (~10 µm) + Low divergence (~5 mrad) + Quasi-monoenergetic (∆E/E~10%) + Short duration (<25 fs) + High charge (~100 pC)
- Repetition rate (~1 – 10 Hz) - Stability (today)
100 pC/25 fs= 4 kA
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Progress of accelerator technology
LLC
LBNL
electrons
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Thank you !