light neutrinos in cosmologystatic.sif.it/sif/resources/public/files/va2011/pastor_0728.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Light neutrinos in Cosmology
Pic
ture
fro
m H
ub
ble
ST
Sergio Pastor
(IFIC Valencia)
International School on
AstroParticle Physics ISAPP 2011
Varenna, July 2011
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Light neutrinos in Cosmology
1st lecture
Introduction: neutrinos and the History of the Universe
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This is a neutrino!
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T~MeV t~sec
Decoupled neutrinos (Cosmic Neutrino
Background or CNB)
Neutrinos coupled by weak interactions
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T~
m
Neutrino cosmology is interesting because Relic neutrinos are very abundant:
• The CNB contributes to radiation at early times and to matter at late times (info on the number of neutrinos and their masses)
• Cosmological observables can be used to test standard or non-standard neutrino properties
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Relic neutrinos influence several cosmological epochs
T < eV T ~ MeV
Formation of Large
Scale Structures
LSS
Cosmic Microwave
Background
CMB
Primordial
Nucleosynthesis
BBN
No flavour sensitivity Neff & m evs μ, Neff
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Background evolution: energy densities
Introduction: neutrinos and the History of the Universe
Relic neutrino production and decoupling
Light neutrinos in Cosmology
Neutrinos and Primordial Nucleosynthesis
Neutrino oscillations in the Early Universe
1st lecture
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Light neutrinos in Cosmology
Massive neutrinos as Dark Matter
Effects of neutrino masses on cosmological observables
Bounds on m from CMB, LSS and other data
Future sensitivities on m and N from cosmology
2nd lecture
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Suggested References
Books Modern Cosmology, S. Dodelson (Academic Press, 2003)
The Early Universe, E. Kolb & M. Turner (Addison-Wesley, 1990)
Kinetic theory in the expanding Universe, Bernstein (Cambridge U., 1988)
Recent reviews Neutrino Cosmology, A.D. Dolgov,
Phys. Rep. 370 (2002) 333-535 [hep-ph/0202122]
Massive neutrinos and cosmology, J. Lesgourgues & SP,
Phys. Rep. 429 (2006) 307-379 [astro-ph/0603494]
Neutrino physics from precision cosmology, S. Hannestad
Progr. Part. Nucl. Phys. 65 (2010) 185-208 [arXiv:1007.0658]
Primordial Nucleosynthesis: from precision cosmology to fundamental physics,
F. Iocco, G. Mangano, G. Miele, O. Pisanti & P.D. Serpico
Phys. Rep. 472 (2009) 1-76 [arXiv:0809.0631]
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Background evolution
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Eqs in the SM of Cosmology
The FLRW Model describes the evolution of the
isotropic and homogeneous expanding Universe
a(t) is the scale factor and k=-1,0,+1 the curvature
Einstein eqs
Energy-momentum
tensor of a
perfect fluid
Energy density Pressure
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Eqs in the SM of Cosmology
Eq of state p= = const a -3(1+ )
Radiation =1/3 Matter =0 Cosmological constant =-1
R~1/a4 M~1/a3 ~const
00 component
(Friedmann eq)
H(t) is the Hubble parameter = M+ R+
crit=3H2/8 G is the critical density
= / crit
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Evolution of the Universe
accélération
accélération
décélération lente
décélération rqpide
accélération
accélération
décélération lente
décélération rqpide
inflation radiation matière énergie noire
acceleration
acceleration
slow deceleration
fast deceleration
inflation RD (radiation domination) MD (matter domination) dark energy domination
a(t)~t1/2 a(t)~t2/3 a(t)~eHt
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Evolution of the background densities: 1 MeV now
3 neutrino species
with different
masses
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Evolution of the background densities: 1 MeV now
photons
neutrinos
cdm
baryons
m3=0.05 eV
m2=0.009 eV
m1 0 eV
i= i/ crit
aeq: r= m
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Relic neutrino production and decoupling
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Equilibrium thermodynamics
Particles in equilibrium
when T are high and
interactions effective
T~1/a(t)
Distribution function of particle momenta in equilibrium
Thermodynamical variables
VARIABLE RELATIVISTIC
NON REL. BOSE FERMI
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T~MeV t~sec
Neutrinos coupled by weak interactions
(in equilibrium)
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T = Te = T
1 MeV T mμ
Neutrinos in Equilibrium
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Neutrino decoupling
As the Universe expands, particle densities are diluted and
temperatures fall. Weak interactions become ineffective to
keep neutrinos in good thermal contact with the e.m. plasma
Rate of weak processes ~ Hubble expansion rate
Rough, but quite accurate estimate of the decoupling temperature
Since e have both CC and NC interactions with e±
Tdec( e) ~ 2 MeV Tdec( μ, ) ~ 3 MeV
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T~MeV t~sec
Neutrinos coupled by weak interactions
(in equilibrium)
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T~MeV t~sec
Free-streaming neutrinos (decoupled)
Cosmic Neutrino Background
Neutrinos coupled by weak interactions
(in equilibrium)
Neutrinos keep the energy spectrum of a relativistic
fermion with eq form
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At T~me, electron-positron pairs annihilate
heating photons but not the decoupled neutrinos
Neutrino and Photon (CMB) temperatures
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At T~me, electron-positron pairs annihilate
heating photons but not the decoupled neutrinos
Neutrino and Photon (CMB) temperatures
Photon temp falls slower than 1/a(t)
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• Number density
• Energy density
Massless
Massive m >>T
Neutrinos decoupled at T~MeV, keeping a spectrum as that of a relativistic species
The Cosmic Neutrino Background
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The Cosmic Neutrino Background
• Number density
• Energy density
Neutrinos decoupled at T~MeV, keeping a spectrum as that of a relativistic species
At present 112 per flavour
Massless
Massive
m >>T
Contribution to the energy density of the Universe
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Low Energy Neutrinos
VERY LOW Energy Neutrinos
Non-relativistic?
m312m21
2
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The Cosmic Neutrino Background
• Number density
• Direct detection? Very difficult, if not impossible in the near future… Most promising technique: peak in -decay spectra related to neutrino absorption from the CNB Problem: would need a huge local overdensity of n
Neutrinos decoupled at T~MeV, keeping a spectrum as that of a relativistic species
At present 112 per flavour
Cocco et al, JCAP 06 (2007) 015; Blennow, PRD 77 (2008) 113014;
Kaboth et al, PRD 82 (2010) 062001; Faessler et al, arXiv:1006.1886
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Overdensity of the CNB in the Milky Way
Ringwald & Wong, JCAP 12 (2004) 005
Brandbyge et al, JCAP 09 (2010) 014
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The radiation content of the Universe (Neff)
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At T>>me, the radiation content of the Universe is
At T<me, the radiation content of the Universe is
Relativistic particles in the Universe
r = + =2
15T 4 + 3
7
8
2
15T 4 = 1+
7
83
T4
T4
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At T<me, the radiation content of the Universe is
Effective number of relativistic neutrino species Traditional parametrization of the energy density stored in relativistic particles
Relativistic particles in the Universe
# of flavour neutrinos:
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• Extra radiation: How to get Neff > 3?
Neutrinos in non-standard scenarios: NS Interactions, sterile neutrinos (totally or partially thermalized), relic neutrino asymmetries
Other relativistic particles: scalars, pseudoscalars, relativistic decay products of heavy particles…
Extra relativistic particles
Constraints on Neff from Primordial Nucleosynthesis and other cosmological observables (CMB+LSS)
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Neutrinos and Primordial Nucleosynthesis
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T~MeV t~sec
Decoupled neutrinos (Cosmic Neutrino
Background or CNB)
Neutrinos coupled by weak interactions
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Produced elements: D, 3He, 4He, 7Li and small abundances of others
BBN: Creation of light elements
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Produced elements: D, 3He, 4He, 7Li and small abundances of others
BBN: Creation of light elements
Theoretical inputs:
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Range of temperatures: from 0.8 to 0.01 MeV
BBN: Creation of light elements
n/p freezing and neutron decay
Phase I: 0.8-0.1 MeV n-p reactions
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BBN: Creation of light elements
0.03
MeV
0.07
MeV
Phase II: 0.1-0.01 MeV Formation of light nuclei starting from D
Photodesintegration prevents earlier formation for temperatures closer to nuclear binding energies
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BBN: Measurement of Primordial abundances
Difficult task: search in astrophysical systems with chemical evolution as small as possible
Deuterium: destroyed in stars. Any observed abundance of D is a lower limit to the primordial abundance. Data from high-z, low metallicity QSO absorption line systems
Helium-3: produced and destroyed in stars (complicated evolution) Data from solar system and galaxies but not used in BBN analysis
Helium-4: primordial abundance increased by H burning in stars. Data from low metallicity, extragalatic HII regions
Lithium-7: destroyed in stars, produced in cosmic ray reactions. Data from oldest, most metal-poor stars in the Galaxy
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BBN: Predictions vs Observations
F. Iocco et al, Phys. Rep. 472 (2009) 1
10 =nB /n
10 10 274 Bh2
Baryon-to-photon ratio
after WMAP
Bh2=0.02250±0.00056
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Effect of neutrinos on BBN 1. Neff fixes the expansion rate during BBN
(Neff)> 0 4He
Burles, Nollett & Turner 1999
3.4 3.2 3.0
2. Direct effect of electron neutrinos and antineutrinos on the n-p reactions
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allowed ranges for Neff
(95% CL) Neff
= 3.80-0.70
+0.80
Recent 4He data Izotov & Thuan, ApJ 710 (2010) L67
Larger errors: Aver et al, JCAP 05 (2010) 003
Conservative approach: upper bound on 4He
Mangano & Serpico, PLB 701 (2011) 296
Neff < 1 (95% CL)
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allowed ranges for Neff
from non-BBN data WMAP [7-year], ApJ Supp 192 (2011) 18
(95% CL) Neff
= 3.80-0.70
+0.80
Recent 4He data Izotov & Thuan, ApJ 710 (2010) L67
2.7 < Neff < 6.2 (WMAP+BAO+H0)
Larger errors: Aver et al, JCAP 05 (2010) 003
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Neutrino oscillations in the Early Universe
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Neutrino oscillations in the Early Universe
Neutrino oscillations are effective when medium effects get small enough
Compare oscillation term with effective potentials
Strumia & Vissani, hep-ph/0606054
Oscillation terms prop. to m2/2E
First order matter effects prop. to GF[n(e-)-n(e+)]
Second order matter effects prop. to
GF(E/MZ2 )[ (e-)+ (e+)]
Coupled neutrinos
Expansion of the universe
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Flavour neutrino oscillations in the Early Universe
Standard case: all neutrino flavours equally populated
oscillations are effective below a few MeV, but have
no effect (except for mixing the small distortions f )
Cosmology is insensitive to neutrino flavour after decoupling!
Non-zero neutrino asymmetries: flavour oscillations lead
to (approximate) global flavour equilibrium
the restrictive BBN bound on the asymmetry applies
to all flavors, but fine-tuned initial asymmetries always allow
for a surviving neutrino excess radiation that may show up in
precision cosmological data (value depends on 13)
Mangano et al, JCAP 03 (2011) 035 Poster by S. Sarikas
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What if additional, light sterile neutrino species are mixed with
the flavour neutrinos?
If oscillations are effective before decoupling: the additional species can be brought into equilibrium: Neff=4
If oscillations are effective after decoupling: Neff=3 but the spectrum of active neutrinos is distorted (direct effect of e and
anti- e on BBN)
Active-sterile neutrino oscillations
Results depend on the sign of m2
(resonant vs non-resonant case)
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Active-sterile neutrino oscillations
Dolgov & Villante, NPB 679 (2004) 261
Flavour neutrino spectrum depleted
Additional neutrino fully in eq
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Active-sterile neutrino oscillations
Dolgov & Villante, NPB 679 (2004) 261
Additional neutrino fully in eq
Flavour neutrino spectrum depleted
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Active-sterile neutrino oscillations
Dolgov & Villante, NPB 679 (2004) 261
Additional neutrino fully in eq
Flavour neutrino spectrum depleted
Kirilova, astro-ph/0312569
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Active-sterile neutrino oscillations
Dolgov & Villante, NPB 679 (2004) 261
Additional neutrino fully in eq
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Active-sterile neutrino oscillations
But not always thermalized if multiple sterile states (3+2 schemes),
see Melchiorri et al, JCAP 01 (2009) 036
Cirelli et al, NPB 708 (2005) 215
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End of 1st lecture
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Exercises: try to calculate…
• The present number density of massive/massless neutrinos
n 0 in cm-3
• The present energy density of massive/massless neutrinos 0 and find the limits on the total neutrino mass from 0<1 and 0 < m
0
• The final ratio T /T using the conservation of entropy density before/after e± annihilations
• The decoupling temperature of relic neutrinos using
• The evolution of ( , ,b,cdm) with the expansion for (3,0,0), (1,1,1) and (0.05,0.009,0) [masses in eV]
• The value of Neff if neutrinos decouple at Tdec in [5,0.2] MeV