light of sight - nur al-uyun - a concise biography of the prophet - imam ibn sayyidu'n nas

8/13/2019 Light of Sight - Nur Al-Uyun - A Concise Biography of the Prophet - Imam Ibn Sayyidu'n Nas

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The Light of SightTranslation of Nr al-yn A Concise Biography of the Propheth

IMAM IBN SAYYID AN-NAS

S I R A H ~ S E R I E S


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T H E L I G H T O F S I G H T


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S I R A H ~ S E R I E S

The Light of SightTranslation of Nr al-yn A Concise Biography of the Propheth

IMAM IBN SAYYID AN-NAS(671-734 / 1293-1334)

Translated by

ABU HASAN


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The Light of Sight A Concise Biography of the Prophet

Original Arabic Work by

Imam Ibn Sayyid an-Ns

Translation and Footnotes

Abu Hasan

Acknowledgements

Abu Nibras, Aqdas, Noori

Copyright Ridawi Press

Dhul Qadah1434/September 2013

Version 2.0

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

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The translator can be contacted at:

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Please include the name of the book in the subject of your mail for specific

queries or comments.Permission is hereby granted to reproduce or utilise this

material in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, as long as the

content remains unchanged. This book is also made freely available by Ridawi

Press and can be downloaded from: www.ridawipress.org. Permission is granted to

print this book for free distribution or for sale. We, at Ridawi Press,

acknowledge that it costs money to print and distribute books, and it may

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reasonable price. Ridawi Press does not benefit financially from the sale of

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by permission (royalty-free) of Ridawi Press"


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CONTENTS

Translators Preface

1 Authors Introduction 1

2 The Genealogy of the Prophet 2

3 HisBlessed Birth 4

4 HisBeing Nursed 5

5 Growing Up 6

6 Proclamation of Prophethood 8

7 Campaigns and Sorties 10

8 Pilgrimage 11

9 HisPhysical Attributes 14

10 HisNames 15

11 HisLofty Character 18

12 HisFood and Drink 23

13 HisDress 25

14 Humour 28

15 HisNoble Wives 29

16 HisChildren 33

17 HisUncles and Aunts 35

18 HisSlaves and Bondwomen 37

19 HisFreemen Servants 40


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20 HisGuards 41

21 HisEmissaries 42

22 HisScribes 44

23 Headsmen 45

24 HisLieutenants 46

25 The Ten Given Glad Tidings of Paradise 47

26 HisAnimals 48

27 HisWeapons 50

28 His Clothes and Possessions 52

29 Some of HisMiracles 54

30 HisPassing Away 59

Appendix A: Clarifications 61

Appendix B: Loving the Messenger 66

Appendix C: Visiting the Prophet 69

Appendix D: Intercession 72

Appendix E: Y RaslAllh in adth 75

Appendix F: Prophets are Alive in their Graves 77Appendix G: Further Reading 80

About the Author 83

Transliteration Key 85


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TRANSLATORS PREFACE

one among you has truly believed, until I have become more belovedto him than his children, his parents and all of mankind,1 saidRaslAllh . Early Muslims were mindful of this instruction, and

held it dear to their hearts; they were successful in this world and hope forsuccess in the hereafter.

Many biographies have been written describing the attributes of theProphet , his exceptional character and his immaculate life which is amodel for mankind to follow. Allh tl says:

Verily, it is better for you to follow the

Messenger of Allh; [and] for those who

hope [to meet] Allh and the final day,

and remember Allh tlimmensely.2

Muslims should learn about the Messenger of Allh, and strive to know

more about him

. It is therefore, that scholars approved of gatherings toremember him. This epistle is a concise biography of the Prophet whichis perfect for reading during Mawlid gatherings as it can be read in an houror two. A knowledgeable reciter or scholar can elaborate on any particularaspect of the life of RaslAllh ; about his miracles or attributes or his

1Lit. his son, his father and all of mankind. This is a famous and a adth recorded inBukhr and Muslim among other adth compilations.

2

Srah Al-Azb, 33:21. Even though, in the context of revelation, this is addressed to aspecific group of people, exegetes have considered it as generic.

N


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1

AUTHORS INTRODUCTION

Thus said the meticulous research scholar, the imm, Shaykh FatuddnAbul Fat Muammad ibn Muammad ibn Muammad ibn Sayyidin Ns al-Ymury ar-Rabiy may Allh tl sanctify his secret:

Praise be to Allh tl who opens the doors [of Grace] when He is calledupon; and He, who bestows the means of guidance; Salutations andblessings upon His Prophet Muammad , whom Allh tl sent as aguide to those who accepted guidance; and a proof3upon those who turnedaway; and [salutations be] upon his descendants and his companions wholoved and cherished histradition all their lives.

yn al-Athar f Funn al-Maghz wash Shamyil was Siyar,4 is acomprehensive biography that I have compiled; a copious and ampleresource for seekers of this knowledge. After its completion, I felt that anabridged version would facilitate quick reference, and would be easy toread and to carry. A book that imparts knowledge to the beginner andserves as a review for the master. Hence, I have summarised it in thesepages, and named it The Light of the Sight A Concise Biography of theTrustworthy, the Vouchsafed.5

Thus we begin, with a prayer for aid and guidance from Allh tl andbeseech Him to steer our essay and ease the path to goodness.

3ujjah

4The Gushing Springs of Tradition: On the subject of Battles, Attributes and Biographies.

5Nr al-yn f Talkhi Sratil Amn al-Mamn.


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THE GENEALOGY OF THE PROPHET

He is Muammad2the son ofbdullh,

the son ofbdal-Mualib,

the son of Hshim,

the son ofbdManf,

the son of Qusayy,

the son of Kilb,the son of Murrah,

the son of Kab,

the son of Lu-ayy,

the son of Ghlib,

the son of Fihr,

the son of Mlik,the son of Nar,

the son of Kinnah,

the son of Khuzaymah,

the son of Mudrikah,

the son of Ilys,

the son of Muar,

the son of Nizr,

the son of Ma-dd,

the son ofdnn

Genealogists are in agreement until dnn, and beyond him up untilSayyidun dam7, there is a keen disagreement.


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Hismother is Ladyminah,

the daughter of Wahb,

the son ofbdManf,

the son of Zuhrah,

the son of Kilb,6

the son of Murrah,

the son of Ka-b,

the son of Lu-ayy.7

6Thus the ancestry of RaslAllhhfrom his fathers and mothers side converges at Kilb.

7Bayhaqi in Dalyil an-Nubuwwah(1:183) and Ibn Hishm in his Srah(#1156).


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4

HIS BLESSED BIRTH

Hewas born on Monday, in the month of Rabi al-Awwal, in the Year ofthe [Attack of the] Elephants.8It is said that it was on the secondor thethirdor the twelfthof the month. Other dates have also been mentionedin this regard. His mother bore him during the days of tashrq9near theMiddle Stoning Area.10It is also said that it was perhaps another day.11

On the night of his birth , the palace12of Chosroes shook until the soundof its tremor was heard and fourteen columns13of his palace collapsed; thegrand fire of the Persians extinguished; this fire had been burningcontinuously for a thousand years; and the lake in Swah evaporated.14

8Abraha was an Ethiopian king who attempted to invade Makkah, in an attempt to destroythe Kabah. He came with an army of elephants which were destroyed by a flock of small birdssent by Allh tl. The story is mentioned in the 105 thsrahof the Qurn. The year in whichthis event occurred is known as the Year of the Elephants : m al-fl.

9Ayym al-tashrq: the rising days, the radiant days. These are the 5 days in Dhul ijjah, thetwelfth month of the Islamic year.

10Jamrah al-Wusduring the Rising Days (ayym al-tashrq)

11 Because it depends on the other narrations of birth date, and there are varying reportsconcerning these dates.

12Ywn: palace; it is said that it was the massive palace built by Darius at Persepolis calledApadana. http://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/collections/pa/persepolis/apadana.html

13Wikipedia: This palace was called the Apadana. The King used it for official audiences. Thework began in 515 BC. His son Xerxes I completed it 30 years later. The palace had a grandhall in the shape of a square, each side 60 m long with seventy-two columns, thirteen of whichstill stand on the enormous platform. Each column is 19m high with a square Taurus andplinth. The columns carried the weight of the vast and heavy ceiling. The tops of the columnswere made from animal sculptures such as two headed bulls, lions and eagles.

14Saveh is an ancient city of Persia.


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HISBEING NURSED

He was suckled by almah al-Hudhaliyyah, the daughter of AbDhuayb. While hewas in almahs care, the event of incision of his chestoccurred, when his bosom was filled with wisdom and faith; and after theportion for the devil15was removed from it.HHewas also suckled by Thuwaybahal-Aslamiyyah,16the slave-girl ofAb Lahab.17

Hewas nursed in the care of Umm Ayman Barakahal-abashiyyah,18[a slave-girl owned] by his father19 and whom he inherited. When he grew up, he freed her and she was given in marriage to Zayd ibn al-rithah.

15The wording of adth is: ba-da anistukhrija aushshayni minhu. This adth is ina Muslim261/162, Ibn Hibbn6334, Musnad Imm Amed3/121, and Bayhaqs Dalyilan-Nubuwwah1/135. There are various interpretations of this adth, keeping in mind theprinciple of Ahlus Sunnah, that Prophets are free from sin; one of the best explanation is byQ y in Ikml al-Mlimwherein he says that the portion for shaytan means the portion

which the Devil covets and exploits for his advantage. It was removed before it could beexploited. See Appendix A for clarification.

16 Belonging to the Al-Aslam tribe. There is a difference of opinion whether she becameMuslim; fi Ibn Mandah affirmed that she became a Muslim [Usd al-Ghbah]

17He was the paternal uncle of RaslAllh. He opposed RaslAllhand became an enemy;and on account of his abusiveness, he was damned forever and mentioned by the name inthe Qurn in SrahLahab, 111.

18 The Abyssinian.

19 Umm Ayman was hisfathers slave-girl.


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GROWING UP

His father passed away, when hewas still in his mothers womb. It is alsosaid that hewas either two or sevenor twenty-eight monthsold [whenhis father passed away].20

Hismother passed away, when he was a boy of fouryears. It is also saidthat he was six[when his mother passed away].21

He was then in the guardianship of his grandfather bdul Mualib.When he reached eight years, two months and ten days, hisgrandfather bdul Mualib passed away. His [paternal] uncle Ab lib

took himin his care.

When he was twelve years, two months and ten dayshe set outwith his uncle Ab lib to the Levant. When they reached Bur,22 themonk23 Bar saw him and recognised him by his attributes anddistinguishing marks. Barcame to him , held his hand and said: Thisis the Messenger of the Lord of all worlds, whom Allh tl will send forthas a mercy to the worlds. Verily, when you descended from the valley, thevery stones and trees prostrated and they do not prostrate except for a

prophet. We find the description of his attributes in our books; and it waswell-known to those who came before us. And then he told Ab lib: Ifyou proceed to the Levant, the Jews will kill him. So his uncle turned back[without proceeding further] fearing harm to his nephewslife.

The Prophet set out a second time to the Levant in the company ofMaysarah, a slave of Khadjah , representing her business, before he married her.24 When hereached the Levant, hesat under a tree close

20The well-known and generally accepted report is the first narration, that he was still inhis mothers womb.

21The second report that hewas six years old is widely accepted.

22Bostra; an ancient city in southern Syria.

23Christian monk

24 With Sayyidah Khadjah in his twenty-fifth year.


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to a monastery.25 The monk (of the hermitage) said: None, except aprophet has ever sat under this tree.

Maysarah would say: During the journey, when the sun was very hot, I saw

two angels descend from the sky giving him shade.

After he returned from this journey, he married Khadjah bint26Khuwaylid; and his age was twenty five years, two months and ten days.It is also said that his age was other than what has been mentioned.

When hereached his thirty-fifth year, hewitnessed the rebuilding ofthe Kabah and heplaced the black stone with his own blessed hands.

25ma-h: monastery, hermitage. rhib: monk, ascetic, hermit.

26bint: the daughter of


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PROCLAMATION OF PROPHETHOOD27

When hereached the age of forty yearsand a few days, Allh tl senthim forth as a Messenger bearing glad tidings28 and a Warner29 to allworlds. The archangel Jibrl307came to himin the cave of Hirawith a revelation31from the Lord of the Worlds and said: Read.And hesaid: I am not read.32

Hesaid: And he33clasped me in a tight smothering embrace; he releasedme [from the embrace] and he once again said, Read. And I said: I amnot read. So the third time, he said:34

Read! In the name of thy Lord who hath

created thee. He hath created man from

a congealed clot of blood. Read, in [the

name of] your Lord, the most

Honourable. He who taught by the pen;

and taught man, what he knew not.35

27 bi-thah: to be sent forth on a mission; proclamation of his being a prophet and theannouncement of the message that hewas sent with. See Appendix A for a clarification.

28bashr: one who gives glad tidings of Paradise for believers; one who gives glad tidings offorgiveness and mercy of the Almighty.

29nadhr: one who warns of punishment to the evildoers and infidels; one who warns of the

wrath of the Almighty.30Gabriel in the Judeo-Christian literature

31way

32It is also said that he was asking: What shall I read? See Appendix A for clarification.

33Sayyidun Jibrl

34adth of Bukhr#3, and Muslim#160. In the adth, the angel embraces him three timesand asks him to read; and recites the verse after the third time.

35Srah laq, 96:1-5.


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He received the first revelation as mentioned above on Monday, theeighth day of Rabi al-Awwal.

The people of Makkah then blockaded himand hewas confined to the

hollow36 of Ab lib along with his family for more than three years.When they emerged from the valley [after the blockade was eased] he was forty-nineyears old.

Eight months and twenty-one days after the boycott collapsed, his uncle Ab lib died; [Sayyidah] Khadjahdied three days later.

When he reached fifty years and three months, a party of Jinn of theNabn37came to himand became Muslims.

When he was fifty-one years and nine months, he went on the NightJourney38commencing from the place between Zamzam and the Maqm,39to Jerusalem. The Burq40was brought [again] and he mounted it andwas raised to the heavens; prayer was made obligatory during this journey.

When he reached fifty-three, he migrated from Makkah to Madnahon a Monday, on the 22ndof Rabi al-Awwal, and entered Madnah on aMonday. He resided in Madnah for ten yearsuntil he passed awayfrom this world.

Some of these dates are differed upon by historians, and I have mentioneddates that I have deemed [accurate] in my book yn al-Athar.

36

Shib Ab lib37A well-known city in the Arabian peninsula.

38Al-Isra wal Mirj

39 Maqm Ibrhm: the stone bearing the footprints of Sayyidun Ibrhm; maqm or thestandingplace of Ibrhm.

40A celestial steed. The text gives the impression that Burq was brought for the first time inJerusalem. Whereas, RaslAllhhad already arrived to Jerusalem upon it; and here it is thecommencement of the heavenly ascension of RaslAllh . Burq is a white animal, tallerthan a donkey and shorter than a mule and it stride was as far as it could see. [Muslim]


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CAMPAIGNS AND SORTIES

He undertook twenty-five or twenty-seven wars in this period. Heparticipated in sevenof these himself.

1. Badr2. Uud3. Khandaq(The battle of the Trench)4. Ban Qurayah5. Ban Mualaq6. Khaybar417. unayn8. yif

It is said that he also participated in the battles of Wd al-Qur,Ghbahand Ban Nar.

Hesent smaller sorties on about fiftyexpeditions.

41 Editors Note: There is a variance in the manuscripts that we have examined betweenKhaybar and unayn; and we have listedboth here; as the Prophet participated in thesetwo wars; Imm Ibn ajar attests in Fat al-Br [narrating] from Ms ibn qabah thatRaslAllhparticipated in eightwars. Allh tl knows best.


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PILGRIMAGE

He went on ajj, the major pilgrimage only once after it was madeobligatory; and twiceprior to this.

Heset out for the farewell pilgrimage in the day; heoiled and combedhis hair, perfumed his clothes and stayed overnight in Dhul ulayfah.42

Hesaid: Last night, a herald came to me from my Lord and said: Pray inthis blessed valley and say: I intend for mrah43and ajj.44

So hedonned the iram45for both pilgrimages together.46

He entered Makkah on Sunday morning from the two rising hills; andperformed the awf47of arrival. In three of the rounds he did ramal48and walked at ease in the rest of the four. Heproceeded to afand madethe circuit49on a mount.

Hethen ordered those who could not muster a sacrifice50to suspend theajjand end their irmwith the mrah; hecamped on the ridge of theajnhill.

42About 10 km south of Madnah.

43The minor or lesser pilgrimage.

44The major or greater pilgrimage.

45The pilgrims garb and also the state of being a pilgrim.

46Qirn: to intend both lesser and greater pilgrimage (ajjand mrah) together in the sameirm.

47Circumambulation of the Kbah; seven rounds of the Kbah are required for the completionof the rite.

48To march, with chest protruded and shaking shoulders as in a parade.

49Saor the circuit is a rite in the pilgrimage to go from af to Marw and back again seventimes; starting from af and ending on Marw.

50Hadyi: a sacrificial animal which is obligatory for those who do the two types of ajj: Qirnand Tamatt.


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On the eighth day of Dhul ijjah,51he set out to Min. He prayeduhr, r, Maghrib, sh, and stayed there overnight; healso prayed Fajrthe following morning there.

After sunrise, he went to rafahand a tent was erected for him atNamirah. He stayed there until the sun began to descend,52and he gave a sermon; heprayed in congregation and combined both prayers ofearly and late afternoon. Both were prayed with one adhn53 but withseparate iqmah.54

He then went to the standing place [in rafah] and stood theresupplicating and glorifying his Lord Almighty, and proclaiming Hisgreatness55until sunset.

Hereturned to Muzdalifahafter sunset and stayed there overnight andprayed the Fajr of the following morning there. Hethen stood at Mashral-arm, just until sunrise.56

Hereturned to Minbefore sunrise. [Thereafter,] he stoned the devilat Jamarah al-qabah,57casting seven pebbles. So also, on the remainingthree days of Tashrq, hewent on foot, to stone the devil, and he castseven pebbles in each of the three stoning places. [On the remaining threedays,] hestarted from the smaller stoning place adjacent to Khayf,58andthen the middle one, and then theJamarah al-qabah.

51The day of Tarwiyah.

52After mid-noon.

53The call to prayer.

54The announcement prior to standing for prayer.55Tahlland Takbr

56When orange-red light fills the sky.

57Jamarah, Jamart(pl.): These are three places between Min and Makkah; and a symbolicstoning of the devil is one of rituals in ajj. The stoning place (Jamarah) closer to Makkah isthe Jamarah al-qabah(The Greater Stoning Place); the middle is Jamarah al-Wus(TheMiddle Stoning Place); and the one closer to Min is Jamarah al-ughr(The Smaller StoningPlace).

58Situated in Min; a big mosque is built there.


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He made lengthy supplications at the first and the second place.

Heoffered the sacrifice, the very day he returned to Mina59and thenwent to [Makkah, where hemade the obligatory]60awf al-Ifah; he

made the circumambulation seven times and then went to the well [ofZamzam] and drank from it. He then came back to Min.

He left [Min] on the third day61and camped in Muaab. Sayyidahishah did the mrah[starting from] Tanm.

RaslAllhthen ordered [the company] to prepare for departure. He did the awf al-Wad62and set out to Madnah.

RaslAllh did mrahfour times [other than that during ajj] and allwere performed in Dhul Qadah.

59On the 10thDhul ijjah, after the stoning.

60The circuit of the Kbah after returning from rafah on the 10 this an obligatory ritual in theajj. This is known as awf al-Ziyrahor awf al-Ifah.

61This is the completion of the ajj.

62The farewellawf.


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HISPHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES

RaslAllhwas of medium height and had broad shoulders.Hiscomplexion was white white with a pinkish hue. His hair wouldreach his earlobes. There were no more than twenty grey hairs in both his[blessed] head and beard. His face was radiant and shining like the fullmoon. Hewas the most beautiful to behold.

He was the epitome of dignity, when he kept silent; and when he spoke, there was an effusion of splendour and awe.

From afar, he appeared the most handsome of all; graceful and elegant.And so too from near; he was the most beautiful, comely and pleasant.

Hisspeech was sweet and his forehead ample.63His eyebrows [thin and]long, and they were not joined;64his nose was aquiline thin and straight,and soft cheeks, a full mouth, white and sparkling teeth; and a small andnarrow chink65between the two front teeth. The Seal of Prophethood wasbetween his shoulders [on his back] and the person who described his beauty said: I had not seen anyone more handsome than him before,and I never saw anyone like himafter.

63 Apart from the physical attractiveness of an ample forehead, there are also otherconnotations. In Arabic, the same description is used to signify an amiable person and one

with pleasant nature; and negates frowning and scowling. Thus was RaslAllh , alwayssmiling and a gracious countenance to behold.

64Though they appeared to be joined when observed from a very close range, they were apartwhen viewed from a sitting distance. Regardless, this is to negate synophyrs or a unibrow.Allh tl knows best.

65This was a very narrow separation that enhanced the natural beauty of his blessed teeth;or that the teeth were slightly curved in the lower portion of the front teeth such that a smallopening is formed when the upper teeth sit on the lower ones, which is a mark of attractiveteeth. It may not necessarily be diastema, but regardless, it was beautiful as RaslAllhwasthe most perfect human being and the most beautiful in the creation.


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HISNAMES

RaslAllhhas many names among which are, as he has himself said:I am Muammad,66

I amAmed,67

I am My, the Effacer; by whom Allh tl effaces disbelief,

I am shir, the Gatherer as people will be gathered andassembled by my feet in the hereafter,

and I amqib, the Ultimate; and there is no prophet after me.

In another narration:

I am Muqaff,

I am Nabiyut Tawbah, the Prophet who brings redemption [tosinners,]

I am Nabiyur Ramah, the Prophet of Mercy.

In a report of a Muslim: Nabiyul Malamah, the Prophet of War.68

66He who is the most praised by Allh tl.

67One who praises Allh tl the most.68Editors Note: We did not find this in a Muslim,though Ibn ibbn claimed thusly. Here,it may sound contradictory that he is said to be both a Prophet of Mercy and and a Prophet ofWar; llmah Laj in his Muntah as-Slcites a beautiful explanation from Khab:Thathe was sent with war and sword, is actually a form of mercy. Because it was the way of Allhtl to hasten punishment when they belied prophets of previous nations and wereexterminated; and his community was given the mercy that they were not exterminated,but rather given a chance to revert from their disbelief even if it was under the fear of thesword.


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Allh tl has named himin his book:

Bashr, the Harbinger, the bearer of glad tidings;

Nadhr, the Warner of punishment and Allhs wrath;Sirj, the Light of guidance;

Mnr, the Illuminated;

Raf, the Kind;

Ram, the Merciful;

Ramatun lil lamn, Mercy to all worlds;

Muammad, the Praised One;

Amed, the Praising One;

h;

Ysn;

Muzzamml, the Cloaked One;

Muddaththir, he who is wrapped in his mantle;

Andbd, His Slave, as Allh tl has said:

Glory to Him, who has made his

slave to travel in a part of the night69

And when His slave stood

beseeching Him70

69Srah Isr, :17-1.

70Srah Jinn, :72-19.


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Allh tl has named himNadhrunMubn, a Manifest Warner,as He has said:

And say: Verily I am a Manifest

Warner71

And named himMudhakkr, The Reminder, as He says:

Verily you are he, who reminds...72 Other names have also been mentioned. Most of these names are

descriptive of hisattributes.73

71Srah ijr, :15-89.

72Srah Ghshiyah, :88-21.

73Editors Note: Scholars have collected hisnames and compiled books among which, thefollowing are prominent:

llmah ibn DiyahsAl-Mustawf

Imm SuysAl-Bahjatul Bahiyyah

fi SakhwisAl-Qawl al-Bad

llmah Ysuf Nabhn condensed all these in his Al-Asm fm li SayyidinMuammadminal Asma; he also versified the same in his Asanul Wasyil fiNami Asma an-Nabiyy al-Kmilin which he listed upto 824 names.


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HISLOFTY CHARACTER

Sayyidah ishah was asked about his character, and she said: Hischaracter was the Qurn.He was angered or pleased only for the sakeof his Lord. He did not avenge or become angry for his own self. But,when someone transgressed limits, hewould be angry for the sake of hisLord. And when hewas angry, no one could dare to stand in his presence.

He was the bravest of men, the most generous of them and the mostmagnanimous. Henever said No, to anything that was asked of him.

Hedid not hoard gold or silver;74hedid not even keep it overnight; if

something was left and someone had not taken it by nightfall, he did notcome home until he had found someone deserving and handed it tothem.

Hewould not take anymore than was necessary for the sustenance of hisfamily for a year; and such a provision would be quite ordinary of datesand wheat. Hewould give charity from even this, and sometimes it wouldso happen that his provision would be exhausted before the end of the year.

Hewas the most truthful of men, and the most righteous in speech; hewas the most trustworthy, the most courteous with people and the mosthonourable in transactions and upright in society.

He was the most forebearing of men, and also the most bashful andmodest more bashful than a veiled maiden.

His gaze was always lowered [from bashfulness and humility] and lookedat the earth more often than he would cast his sight on the sky; andusually when hebeheld anything, it was just a quick glance.

He was exceptional in his humility; he accepted invitations fromeveryone, whether rich or poor, freeman or slave.

74dirham: silver, and dnr: gold.


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He was the kindest of men; he would place a bowl for the cat to drinkfrom [and wait] and would not take it away until it had drunk its fill, out ofkindness to the cat.

He was the most chaste of men, and foremost in honouring andconsideration for his companions. He would not stretch his legs whenseated in the midst [of others] and would make room for others [bymoving] if the place was crowded. He would sit such that his kneeswould not touch another person in the assembly.

Whoever saw himsuddenly, would be awestruck; and if he stayed in hiscompany, he would begin to love him.

Hiscompanions would be around him; when he spoke they remainedsilent, intently listening to him; and when he bade them do something,they rushed to fulfil his command. When hemet with someone, hewasthe first to greet with salm.

Hewas courteous with his companions and would miss those who wereabsent; he would ask about them and if they were sick, he would visitthem; and if someone was away,75heprayed for them; and when any ofthem died, hewould do istirj76and pray for the deceased.

If someone was frightened that something would befall them, he wouldwalk with them to their doorstep. He would visit the gardens of his companions and partake from anything offered to him as a guest. He engaged with respectable folk and honoured people of merit; yet, he never turned away from anybody, nor was supercilious with anyone. Ifsomeone asked for forgiveness, he readily accepted their excuse andforgave them. The strong and the weak were equal in his presenceconcerning their rights.

He did not allow anyone to walk behind him and would say: Leavemy back for angels.

75On a journey or for any other reason not present.

76Istirjis to utter the prayer: We belong to Allh tl and to Him is our return which issaid by those who are close to the deceased. Here it indicates his concern for his companions and how much hecared for them.


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Neither would heallow anyone to walk with him when he was riding;he would urge them to ride with him, and if they declined he wouldsay: Hasten, and go where you wish to go.

Hewould serve those who served him; heowned slaves and slavegirls,but henever withheld anything from them or kept himself above themin anything; whether in food, drink or clothing.

Sayyidun Anassays: I was in the service of RaslAllhfor ten years;and by Allh! I was in his company and attended to him at all times,whether hewas at home or travelling. Yet, he served me more than Iwould serve him. Henever reprimanded [anyone] harshly, or even saidAlas! Neither did hequestion me for something I did: Why did you do

so?nor did he ask me for something I did not do: Why did you not do so?

Once RaslAllh was on a journey, and he asked his companions toprepare lamb for dinner. One of them said: O Messenger of Allh! I willslaughter it. Another said: I will skin it. Another said: I will cook it,RaslAllh said: Then I will gather firewood. Hiscompanions said:O RaslAllh! We will take care of it [and you need not trouble yourself].RaslAllh told them: I know that you will take care of it. But I do notwish to be distinct from you or eminent amongst you . Verily Allh tl

does not like that slave of His, who tries to maintain distinction among hiscompanions. So herose and went to gather firewood.

Once during a journey, the caravan stopped for prayer. He tarried andturned to go back. He was asked: O Messenger of Allh, where doyouwish to go? He replied: To tie my camel.His companions said: Weshall tie it for you, O Messenger of Allah and he said: Be self-reliant; anddo not ask for help, even as [little as] a twig.77

Heneither sat nor stood up without first mentioning his Lord. When he

went in a room full of people, hewould sit in the back78and would askhis followers to do the same. He would be courteous to every person in

77Both the printed edition and the manuscript mention l yastain even though, in mostnarrations it is simply: la-yastaghni/ be self-reliant. See Bayhaqs Shub al-mn, #3252.Hence the translation. The idiom: qamatin min siwk, means howsoever insignificant.

78Lit. at the end of the assembly. Because when one arrives after people are already sitting,the only place left would be in the back.


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the audience such that each of them felt that he was the most honoured inthe assembly.

If someone came to sit with him, he would not leave until that person

rose to leave except when he had to go and could not delay; in whichcase, hewould take the persons leave.

Nobody could face RaslAllhwith something that hedid not like.

He did not retribute evil with evil; rather, he would pardon andforgive.

RaslAllh visited the sick, loved the poor, sat with them and attendedtheir funerals; henever despised a poor man on account of his poverty,

nor admired a rich man on account of his wealth. He cherished andthanked for everything he received, howsoever little and neverdenigrated or belittled anything.

Henever criticised food; if he liked something, he would eat; if hedid not like it, he simply avoided it.

Hewas amiable with his neighbours and honoured his guests. Hewasalways smiling and cordial with everyone. He did not do anything that

was not for the sake of Allh tl; except such chores which wereinevitable. If he had to choose between two things, he would choosethe easiest of the two except when the easier choice would result intransgression or severing relation; hewas the farthest from doing so.

Hewould mend his own shoes and sew the tears in his clothes.

Hewould ride a horse, a mule or a donkey; and make his slaves or othersto ride with himon the pillion. Hewould [sometimes] wipe the face ofhis horse with his sleeve or the corner of his mantle.

Heappreciated favourable signs, but disliked augury.

If something occurred that pleased him, he would say: Praise be toAllh, the Lord of all worlds.79

79alamdu lillhi rabbil lamn


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If something happened that displeased him, he would say: Praise be toAllh, always and in every state and condition.80

When dishes were taken away [after food,] he would say: Praise be to

Allh, who has given us food, drink and shelter; and has made us Muslims.

He would usually sit facing the Qiblah, and would remember his Lordoften; hisprayer would be lengthy and his sermon would be short.

Hewould do istighfr,81a hundred times in a single sitting. Sometimeswhen heprayed, gasps would be heard arising from his chest, similar toa person stifling his sobs.

Hewould fast on Mondays82and Thursdays, three days of every month,and on the day of shr.83 He rarely ate on a Friday. Most of hissupererogatory fasts were in the month of Shbn.

His sleep was such that his eyes would sleep, but his heart was awake;in anticipation of revelation. If hesaw something in his dream that hedisliked, he would say: Allh is He [the only God]; and who hath nopartner.84

When hewent to bed, hewould say: O my Lord! Protect me from your

torment on the day you bring forth your slaves [from their graves.]85

Uponwaking up, he would say: Praise be to Allh; He has given us life afterdeath and we shall be assembled in His Presence.86

80alamdu lillhi l kulli l

81To beseech the forgiveness of Allh and implore Him to accept repentance.

82 In a adth of Muslim, he was asked why he fasted on Mondays, and he replied:Because I was born on that day. RaslAllhhimself commemorated the day of his birth;this is the proof from sunnah for the validity of celebrating his mawlid.

83The 10thday of Muarram.

84huwa Allhu l sharka lahu

85rabbi qin dhbaka yawma tabthu bdaka

86al-amdu lillhil ladh ayn bada m amtan wa ilayhin nushr


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HISFOOD AND DRINK

Hedid not partake from alms and charity; but he would partake fromgifts and recompense those who gave him gifts.

Hisfood was neither sumptuous nor extravagant.

Sometimes, he would tie stones upon his belly, to suppress hunger.87Allh tl bestowed upon himthe keys of all the treasures of the earth;but hedid not accept them, and chose the hereafter instead.

He would eat bread with vinegar and he has said: What a splendid

sauce is vinegar!RaslAllhhas eaten the flesh of chicken and houbara.88

Hesavoured calabash89and shoulder meat.90

Hewould use [olive] oil in food; and oil his hair; and hehas said: Use[olive] oil for food and oil your hair; as it comes from a blessed tree.

Hewould eat with three fingers and would lick them [afterward].91

He has eaten [Arabic] bread92made of barley together with dates; andwatermelon with fresh dates; cucumber with fresh dates; and dates withcream; heloved sweets and honey.

He would always drink seated; sometimes he would drink standingup; and he would drink in three draughts, and each time parting the glassfrom his lips.

87This was out of contentment and to teach his followers patience and contentment.

88A bustard found in Arabia.

89Bottle gourd; dubbaor qarin Arabic.

90Of lamb.

91Out of modesty and to indicate that it was opposed to vainglory.

92Pita bread, khubz.


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Healways started from the right side, when hepassed [the chalice of]milk to drink; or when hedrank it himself.93

RaslAllhsaid: When one partakes from the food Allh tl has given,

he should say: O Allh! Make our food blessed and give us even betterfood.94And when Allh tl gives him milk, he should say: O Allh! Makeour drink blessed and increase it for us.95

He has said: Nothing can compensate for both food and drink exceptmilk.

93That is, when hedrank, hedrank with his right hand; and when he passed the bowl,hedid so from the right side.

94allhumma brik lan fhi wa aimn khayran minhu

95allhumma brik lan fhi wa zidn minhu


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HISDRESS

Hewould wear clothes made of wool. Hewould wear layered shoes.96

Hedid not wear ostentatious or grandiose clothes.

The ibarah,97a type of Yemenite cloak with red and white stripes, wasmost beloved to him among apparel.

Among garments, the qam,98was most beloved to him.

When he wore new clothes, he would say: O Allh! I praise you forclothing me. I ask you for its goodness and the goodness for which it wasmade; I seek your refuge from its evil; and the evil apportioned for it.99

Heliked green garments.

Sometimes hewould wear only the lower garment100without anythingelse and tie its two ends between the shoulders.101

On Fridays, hewould don a reddish102cloak and wear a turban.

He would wear a silver signet ring which had the inscriptionMuammad, the Messenger of Allh carved on it; he would wear iton the little finger of his right hand; and sometimes on his left hand.

96makhf: shoes made of multiple layers; or patched.

97Dwd says: ibarahis green garment; [and heloved it because] they are a reminder ofgarments in paradise. Ibn Battal said: ibarah are cotton mantles from Yemen, and used to behighly regarded by them. Qurub said: It is known as ibarah because it is a synonym fordecorated, and beautified. [Fat al-Br]

98Shirt99allahumm lakal amdu kam albastanh; asaluka khayrahu wa khayra m uni lahu; waadhu bika min sharrihi wa sharri m uni lahu.

100izr: it is the lower garment and is unstitched cloth tied at the waist; some have said thatit is the lower garment and starting from the middle of the torso; that which covers theshoulders and back (another unstitched piece of cloth) is known as rid. [Tj al-rs]

101According to one description it is wrapped such that lower half of the torso is covered; andthis narration in the text reinforces that view. Allh tl knows best.

102Scholars have clarified that this was not blinding red; it just had red stripes.


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Heloved perfumes.

Hedisliked foul odours and offensive smells and he has said: VerilyAllh tl has made pleasing to me, women and perfume; and has made

prayer, the coolness of my eyes.

Hewould use ghliyah,103a mixed perfume; or unmixed musk.

Hewould also perfume by fumes of oud and camphor.

Heused to wear kohl made from stibnite;104hewould apply105thricein his right eye and twice in his left eye; he has also applied kohl whenhewas fasting.

Hewould oil his hair and his beard.

When he applied oil, he did so in privacy,106and applied kohl an oddnumber of times.

He liked to begin from the right107 in combing his hair or wearing hisfootwear; in ritual cleaning108and everything that hedid healwayspreferred to start from the right side.

Hewould also look in the mirror.

103Ghliyahis a mixture of musk, ambergris (nbar,) agalloch (d) and oil.

104Stibnite, a mineral containing antimony. Ithmid, in Arabic. Various studies that establishkohl as hazardous to eyes, explain that it is because of lead content. In a study by Carol Parryand Joseph Eaton: Much of the literature on the Middle East and Arab cultural habits thatmentions kohl identifies it as ground antimony. However, testing consistently found antimonylevels of less than 0.1%. Excavations in the Middle East and Africa have frequently turned up

ancient eye makeup containers, which occasionally have contained makeup. When tested,some of these eye makeups were composed primarily of ground antimony.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1567936/pdf/envhper00414-0118.pdf

105It is said that he used an applicator.

106He was very modest and bashful; in another adth, it i s mentioned that he would groomhis hair only in private.

107Tayammun

108Wu


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Henever travelled without the following: a flacon of oil, a vial of kohl, amirror, a comb, a pair of scissors, the toothbrush (miswk,) needle andthread.

He would brush109his teeth thrice before he went to bed and afterwaking from sleep, during his prayers in the night, and when he set outfor the morning prayer.

Hehas also used cupping.110

109With a twig known as miswk.

110ijmah: cupping is a form of ancient treatment by bloodletting.


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HUMOUR

Hewould sometimes jest; yet, healways spoke the truth.A woman came to RaslAllhonce and said: O Messenger of Allh, makeme ride on a camel.RaslAllhsaid: I will make you ride on the calf ofa she-camel.111The woman said: But it will not bear my weight.Peoplethen explained it to her: Is there any camel that is not the calf of a she-camel?

Another woman came to RaslAllh and said: My husband is ill andrequests you to visit him. RaslAllh told her: Perhaps, your husband

is that person who has white in his eyes? The woman returned home andwas tried to pry open her husbands eyes; [startled,] the man exclaimed:What is wrong with you woman? She said: RaslAllh told me thatthere is white in your eyes. The man replied: How nave you are! Is thereanyone who does not have white in their eyes?

Another woman told him: Ya RaslAllh, pray to Allh that He makes meto enter paradise. He told her: O lady,112 old maids will not enterparadise. The old lady went back weeping. RaslAllh said to his

companions: Go and tell her that she will not enter paradise as an old maidas Allh tl has said:

Verily, We created those women exquisite; and

we made them virgins; loving their husbands,

and beloved to them; [damsels] of equal age;

for the people of the right-side.113

Glory be to Allah who bestowed upon himthe most beautiful character.

111Nqah: she-camel;jamal: camel.

112 Umm Fuln; the Arabs address someone politely by their appellation. Fuln is a place-holder meaning so-and-so, as the narrator does not specify the name.

113Srah Wqih, 56:35-38.


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HISNOBLE WIVES

RaslAllh married Khadjah bint Khuwaylid , the daughter ofKhuwaylid as mentioned earlier.114

He then married Sawdahbint115Zamh ibn Qays ibn Abdu Shams ibnAbdu Wudd ibn Naribn Mlik ibn isl ibn mir ibn Lu-ayy. When shebecame old, RaslAllhwished to divorce her; so she gifted her day116toishah and said: I have no inclination towards men. But I wish to beraised among your wives on Judgement day.117 May Allh tl be wellpleased with her.

Hethen marriedishahbint Ab Bakr bdullh ibn thmn ibn miribn mr ibn Kab ibn Sad ibn Taym ibn Murrah. He married her in Makkahtwo years before the migration118 to Madnah. It is also said that it wasthree years prior, when she was a girl of six or seven. She went to live withhim119in Madnah when she was nine. When RaslAllh passed away,she was eighteen. She passed away at the age of fifty-eightor thereabouts.RaslAllh did not marry a virgin other than her; her apellation wasUmm bdullh. May Allh tl be well pleased with her.

Hethen married afahbint mar ibn Al-Khatb ibn Nufayl ibn bd al-zz ibn Riy ibn bdullh ibn Qur ibn Raz ibn diy ibn Kab. It isreported that RaslAllh divorced her and the Archangel Jibrl7came to him with a message: Verily, Allh tl commands you to takeafah back; as she fasts and prays immensely. In another report: As amercy for mar. May Allh tl be well pleased with both of them.

114Hedid not marry another lady, so long as Sayyidah Khadijah was alive.

115Bint: daughter of; Ibn/Bin: son of.

116If a person has many wives, it is necessary to appoint days for each of them equally and inturns.

117So RaslAllhdid not divorce her and she passed away as one of his wives.

118Hijrah.

119In Arab/Islamic cultures, the marriage or the contract takes place first and the bride goesto live with her husband after a short period. In the subcontinent this is known as rukhsati.


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RaslAllh married Umm abbah Ramlahbint Ab Sufyn Sakhr ibnarb ibn Umayyah ibn Abdu Shams ibn Abdu Manf. The marriage tookplace while she was in Abyssinia. Najsh paid a dower of four hundredgold coins120on behalf of RaslAllh . thmn ibn ffn stood as herkinsman.121 It is also said that it was Khlid ibn Sad ibn al - . Shepassed away in 44 AH. May Allh tl be well pleased with her.

He married Umm Salamah Hindbint Ab Umayyah ibn Al-Mughayrahibn bdullh ibn mar ibn Makhzm. She passed away in 62 AH, and wasthe last of his blessed wives to leave this world, and it is also said that itwas Maymnah. May Allh tl be well pleased with her.

He married Zaynab bint Jash ibn Ri-b ibn Yamur ibn abirah ibn

Murrah ibn Kabribn Ghanm ibn Ddn ibn Asad ibn Khuzaymah. She wasthe daughter of Umaymah, his paternal aunt. She passed away inMadnah, in the year 20 AH.She was the first to demise after RaslAllhamong his noble wives. May Allh tl be well pleased with her.

Hemarried Juwayriyahbint rith ibn Ab irr ibn abb ibn yidhibn Mlik ibnal-Mualiq. She was a comely lady, and was enslaved afterthe battle of Ban Mualaq and taken by Thbit ibn Qays ibn Shamms ,who then agreed to free her for a sum.122She came to RaslAllhseekinghelp to pay the sum; RaslAllh said to her: If you wish, I can offer you a better arrangement. I shall pay the sum that is due, and take you inmarriage. She accepted and hepaid the due and married her. She passedaway in the year 56 AH. May Allh tl be well pleased with her.

He married afiyyahbint Huyyibn Akhab [ibn Sanah ibn Thlabahibn bayd] ibn Kab ibn Khazraj an-Nariyyah123from the progeny of [theprophet] Hrn7. She was enslaved after the battle of Khaybar.RaslAllh manumitted her and stipulated her manumission as herdower. She passed away in the year 50 AH. May Allh tl be well pleased

with her.

120dnr

121waliy

122This is known as muktabahin legal parlance.

123Belonging to the Ban Nar, a Jewish tribe.


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Hemarried Maymnahbint rith ibn azim ibn Bujayr ibn Harim ibnRuwaybah ibn bdullh ibn Hill ibn mir; and she was the maternal auntof Khlid ibn Waldand bdullh ibn bbs . She was the last to marry

RaslAllh

. She passed away in the year 51 or 66 AH; and if the latterdate is validated, then she would be the last of his noble wives to leave thisworld. May Allh tl be well pleased with her.

These were the noble wives (except Sayyidah Khadjah) who survivedRaslAllh.

Hemarried Zaynabbint Khuzaymah, known as Umm al-Maskn,124in3 AH. She lived for a short time afterward, perhaps for two or three months,and passed away. May Allh tl be well pleased with her.

Hemarried Fimahbint ak; and RaslAllhgave her the option,when the Verse of Option125 was revealed; and she chose this temporalworld. RaslAllhdivorced her. After this she fell to gathering dung andused to say: I am the wretched womanwho chose the life of this temporalworld.126

Healso married:

Isf, the sister of Diy al-Kalb.May Allh tl be well pleased with her.

Khawla the daughter of Hudhayl or akm. She is the lady who giftedherself to RaslAllh . It is also said that it was [not her, but] UmmShark.

Asmabint Kab al-Jawniyyah. May Allh tl be well pleased with her.

mrah bint Yazd [ibn al-Jawn al-Kilabiyyah] and divorced her beforeconsummating the marriage.

He married a woman from the Ghifr tribe, and he saw white[patches] on her; he sent her back to her family.

124Mother of the poor.

125The verse of Srah al-Azb, 33:28.

126Editors Note: This report is baseless and that none of his noble wives chose the option ofseparation.


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Hemarried a woman from the Tamm tribe, and when he entered herchamber she said: I seek Allhs refuge from you. He said: Allh tlprevents you from that which you seek refuge from; go back to your family.

He married liyah bin abyn; but he divorced her when shearrived at his place.

Hemarried the daughter ofalt, and she died before consummation ofthe marriage.

He married Mulaykah al-Laythiyyah; and when he entered in thechamber and said: Present yourself to me, she replied: Does a queen127present herself to a commoner? RaslAllh pronounced the explicit

divorce.128

Heproposed to a woman from the Murrah tribe and her father said thatshe had vitiligo even though this was not true. When her father returnedhome, he found his daughter afflicted with the disease. 129

Heproposed to a woman through her father, who described his daughterto himand said: Also, she has never had any illness. RaslAllh said,She has no goodness near Allh. Heforsook her.

According to the most reliable reports, the dower for every one of his noble wives was five hundred pieces of silver, except for afiyyah and Ummabbah.May Allh tl be pleased with all of them.

127Meaning herself; and her name Mulaykahmeans little queen.

128Thus it said in abaqtof Ibn Sad reporting from Wqidi, who said that she is the samewoman who sought refuge from him .

129The woman was Jumrahbint rith ibn wf al-Murr al-Ghafn according to abar.


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HISCHILDREN

Qasim, and it is on his account that RaslAllh has the appellation ofAbul Qsim.

bdullh,

ayyib hir; it is also said that ayyib is different from hir (that theyare two sons and not one).

Zaynab,

Ruqayyah,

Umm Kulthm,

and Fimah. May Allh tl be pleased with them all.

His sons passed away in infancy and before the rise of Islm; but hisdaughters lived and all of them accepted Islm.

All hischildren [mentioned above] were borne by Sayyidah Khadjah.

In Madnah, a son Ibrhmwas born from Mriyah; but he passed away asan infant. It is said that he was either seventy days, or seven months, oreighteen months old at the time of his demise.130

All his children except Fimah passed away in his lifetime.131Famah demised six months after the passing of RaslAllh .

Zaynab was married to Abul ibn Rab ibn bdu Shams. She borehim a son named lwho died in infancy; and a daughter Ummah, whomarried Sayyidun l132and survived him; she then married Mughayrahibn Nawfal ibn rith ibn bdul Mualib and bore him a son, Yay.

130The latter narration of eighteen months (one-and-a-half year) old is widely accepted.

131Hislife in this world, because prophets are alive in their graves. See Appendix F.

132The fourth caliph, our master l who married her after the demise of Lady Faimah .


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Sayyidah Fimah was married to Sayyidun l. She bore him thefollowing sons:

asan,

usayn,

and Musin, who passed away in infancy.

and the following daughters:

Ruqayyah,

Zaynab,

and Umm Kulthm.

Ruqayyah [daughter of Sayyidah Fimah] passed away before shereached adulthood.

Zaynabmarriedbdullhibn Jfar133and bore him a sonl;134

Umm Kulthmmarried Sayyidun marand bore him a son Zayd; [aftermar was martyred] she marriedwnibn Jfar whom she survived; andthen married his brother Muammad, surviving him as well; she thenmarried his brotherbdullh.

As for Sayyidah Ruqayyah[the daughter of RaslAllh] she was marriedto Sayyidun thmnand she bore him a sonbdullh. She passed awaythe day Zayd ibn rithahcame to Madnah bringing the good news of thevictory at Badr.

Sayyidun thmnthen married her sister Umm Kulthm, who demisedin the month of Shbn of the year 9 AH. Prior to thmn, Umm Kulthm

was married to taybah and Ruqayyah to tbah, both sons of Ab Lahab.

133Jafar is the brother of l ibn Ab lib.

134She was with her brother Imm usayn inKarbala; and was later imprisoned and sent toDamascus.


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HISUNCLES AND AUNTS

His paternal uncles are:rith,

Qutham,

Zubayr,135

amzah,

bbs,

Ab libwhose name wasbd Manf,

Ab Lahabwhose name wasbdul zz,

bdul Kbah,

ajlwhose name was Mughayrah,

irr,

and Ghaydq.136

His paternal aunts are:

afiyyah,

tikah,

Arw,

Umaymah,

Barrah,

andUmm akmBay.

135Though this is the popular pronunciation, Baladhr says that it is pronounced as Zabr.

136This is a title given to him for his immense generosity. It is said that his name was eitherMub or Nawfal; or ajl mentioned earlier was the same person. Allh tl knows best.


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Only three among them became Muslims:

Sayyidun amzah,

Sayyidunbbs,and Sayyidah afiyyah.

May Allh tl be pleased with them.


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HISSLAVES AND BONDWOMEN

His slaves:Zayd ibnrithah, whom RaslAllhfreed.

his son, Usmahibn Zayd,

Thawbnibn Bujdud,

Ab Kabshah Sulaym, who also participated in the battle of Badrand RaslAllh freed him thereafter; he passed away the daySayyidun marbecame the Khalifah.

Anasah, who was also freed by RaslAllh.

Shuqrn, whose name was li. It is said that he eitherinherited him from his father or bought him from bdur Ramnibn wf. Hethen manumitted him.

Rabathe Nubian; who was also manumitted by RaslAllh .

Yasr, the Nubian; who was martyred by the ran people.

Ab Rfi Aslam,137 who was given to him by bbs as a gift;RaslAllh freed him when he brought the good news thatSayyidun bbs had accepted Islm. And hemarried Aslam toSalm, hisslavegirl, who gave birth to a son named baydullh.

Ab Muwayhibah, who was also manumitted.

Falah, who passed away in the Levant.

Rfi who was [earlier] the slave of Sad ibn al-; who wasalso manumitted by RaslAllh.

Mid-m who was presented to RaslAllhas a gift by Rifh al-Judhm; he was killed in thebattle of Wdal-Qur.

137fi Ibn ajar inAl-Ibahmentioned ten different names for Ab Rfi.


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Karkarah138 the Nubian, presented to RaslAllh as a gift byHawdhah ibn l; RaslAllhmanumitted him.

Zayd, the grandfather of Bill ibn Yasr,

bayd,

Tahmn,

Mabrthe Copt, gifted by Muqawqis,

Wqid, andAb Wqid,

Hishm,

Ab amrah, received as his share from spoils; RaslAllhemancipated him.

unayn,

Ab shb, whose name wasAmar,

Ab bayd,

Safnah, who was Umm Salamahs slave and she freed him on the

condition that he would serve RaslAllh for life. And he said:Even if she did not stipulate that condition, I would never haveseparated from RaslAllh. It is said that his name was Rabor Mihrn.

Ab Hind, who was emancipated by RaslAllh.

Anjashahthe songster,

Ab Lubbah, who was manumitted by RaslAllh.

Many others have also been mentioned; may Allh tl be wellpleased with all of them.

138Or Kirkirah.


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His bondwomen were:

Umm Rfi Salm,

Barakah, who was his governess and whom he inheritedfrom hisfather.

Mriyah,

Raynah, who was enslaved [in the battle of] Banu Qurayah,

Maymnahbint Sad,

Kharah,

and Raw.

May Allh tl be well pleased with all of them.


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HISFREEMEN SERVANTS

His servants among freemen:Anasibn Mlik,

HindandAsma, both daughters of rithah,

Rabhibn Kab,

bdullhibn Masd,

qbahibn mir,

Bill,

Sad,

Dh Mikhmar, the nephew of Negus,

Bukayribn Shaddkh al-Layth,

andAb Dharral-Ghifr.

May Allh tl be well pleased with them all.


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HISGUARDS

Those who served as his guards were:Sadibn Mudh, on the day of the Battle of Badr.

Dhakwnibn bd Qays and Muammadibn Maslamah were hisguards in the Battle of Uud.

Zubayr, in the Battle of the Trench.

bbd ibn Bishr, Sad ibn Abi Waqq and Ab Ayyb in theBattle of Khaybar.

Bilal, in the Wadal-Qur.

May Allh be well pleased with them all.

When the following verse was revealed, RaslAllh abstained fromretaining a guard.

And Allh shall protect you from men.139

139Srah Myidah, 5:67.


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HISEMISSARIES

mr ibn Umayyahd

was his envoy to Najsh, the king of Abyssinia,whose name was Aamah. Najsh placed the missive of RaslAllh uponhis eyes, climbed down from his throne, sat on the ground and acceptedIslm. He died in the year 9 AH, and RaslAllh performed his funeralprayer in absentia.

Diyah ibn Khalfah al-Kalbdwas the emissary to Caesar, the king ofRome, whose name was Hercules. He recognised (and acknowledged) theprophethood of RaslAllhand he contemplated accepting Islm, but theRoman [Christians] opposed him. He feared their displeasure and heldback from becoming a Muslim.

bdullh ibn udhfah al-Sahmd was the emissary to Chosroes, theking of Persians may Allhs damnation be upon him. He tore RaslAllhs letter and [when the news reached him,] he said: May Allh tlcleave his kingdom and rend it asunder.

ibibn Ab Baltahdwas an envoy to Muqawqis, who came close toaccepting Islm. He presented the bondwomen Mriyah and her sister

Srn; and a mule named Duldul, [and it is said that he also sent] a thousandgold coins and garments, twenty of which were made of silk.

mr ibn al-dwas the emissary to Jayfar and bd, the two sons ofJuland and the two kings of Oman. They both became Muslims. And theyrelinquished their authority in favour of the verdict of mr concerningcharity and commandments. He stayed there until the passing ofRaslAllh.

Salibn Amr al-mirdwas the envoy to Hawdhah ibn l, the chief ofYammah, who honoured him and sent his reply to RaslAllh : What abeautiful message that you bring and beckon us towards; I am the oratorof my community and their poet. [I ask you to] grant me autonomy in someparts of the religion. RaslAllh refused and Hawdhah did not acceptIslm.

Shuj ibn Wahb al-Asadiy d was sent to rith ibn Ab Shamir al-Ghassn, the king of Levant. He flung the message of RaslAllh andsaid, I shall invade him. Caesar stopped him from undertaking it.


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Muhjir ibn Ab Umayyah al-Makhzmd was sent as an emissary torith al-Himyari in Yemen.

laibn a-aramdwas sent to Mundhir ibn Sw, the king of Bahrain,

who accepted Islm.

Ab Ms al-Ashriydwas sent to Yemen along with Mudhibn Jabald. The entire Yemeni population and their kings became Muslims withoutany resistance or fight.


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HISSCRIBES

Among those who were his scribes are the four righteously guided caliphs:Ab Bakr,

mar,

thmn,

andl.

And some others:

miribn Fuhayrah,

bdullhibn Arqam,

Ubayyibn Kab,

Thbitibn Qays ibn Shamms,

Khlidibn Sad,

analahibn Rab,

Zaydibn Thbit,

Muwiyah, [ibn Abi Sufyn]

andShurablibn asanah.

May Allhtl be pleased with them all.


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HEADSMEN

Among those who carried executions upon his command were:l,

Zubayr,

Muammadibn Maslamah,

imibn Thbit ibn Ab Aqla,

and Miqdd.



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HISLIEUTENANTS

Those among his companions who were his lieutenants:Ab Bakr,

mar,

l,

amzah,

Jfar,

Ab Dharr,

Miqdd,

Salmn,

udhayfah,

IbnMasd,

mmr,

and Bill.

May Allh tl be well pleased with them all.140

140Sayyidun lreports that RaslAllhsaid: Every prophet was given nine lieutenants[nujaba] or he said aides [nuqaba], and I was given fourteen. We [Tbi] asked: Who arethey? And he [l] replied: I and my two sons, and Jafar, amzah, Ab Bakr, mar, Mubibn mayr, Bill, Salmn, Miqdd, Ab Dharr, mmr and bdullh ibn Masd. [Tirmidhi]


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THE TEN GIVEN GLAD TIDINGS OF PARADISE

The ten who were given glad tidings of paradise are the four righteouslyguided caliphs:

Ab Bakr,

mar,

thmn,

l.

and the following six:

Zubayribn al-wwm,

Sadibn Ab Waqq,

bdur Ramnibn wf,

alahibn baydullh,

Sadibn Zayd,andAb baydah miribn al-Jarr.



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HISANIMALS

There is a difference [among historians] about the horses heowned; andthe names of ten of his horses are:141

Sakb, which he rode in Uud; and he had a blaze,142white legs andunmarked on two legs.143

Murtajiz, that which Khuzaymah ibn Thbit bore witness for,144

Lizz, presented to him by Muqawqis,

Laf,145presented to him by Rabh ibn Ab Bara,

arib, presented to him by Farwah al-Judhm,

Ward, gifted to him by Tamm al-Dr,

ars,

Mulwi,

Sabah which participated in a race and this horse won the

race; RaslAllhwas pleased by this.Bar, a horse he purchased from a Yemeni merchant; and thricewon the race; RaslAllhwiped his face and said: Truly, you arean ocean.

141EditorsNote: li al-Shm has mentioned sixteen horses in Subul al-Hud war Rashd;

the names of seven are agreed upon and included in this list.142A horse with a blaze on it forehead is agharr; and that which has a white mane is artham.

143alq al-yamn: a horse with white legs except for one or two legs.

144RaslAllhbought this horse from someone and he disputed it. Khuzaymah gave witnessin favour of RaslAllh ; and he asked: How can you bear witness when you were notpresent with us? He said: O Messenger of Allh! I bore witness in your favour because, I havebelieved in your message, and that you speak nothing but the truth. RaslAllh said:Khuzaymahs witness is sufficient for anyone for or against. [Usd al-Ghbah, #1446]

145Or Lakhf; mentioned with both and kh(without and with a dot)


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Hehad three mules:

Dul-dulgifted by Muqawqis; it was the first mule that was riddenin Islm.

Fiah,

Ayliyyah, a gift from the king of Aylah.

Healso had a donkey name Yfr.

As for cattle, it is not reported whether he owned any cows or bullock.

Hehad twenty milch camels146in the woods.

Sad ibn bdah had a she-camel sent from the stock of Ban qayl.

Hehad a she-camel named Qasw, and herode on it on the journey toMadnah, during migration. He would not be mounted on any [animal]other than this, during revelation. It is said that this is the very she-camelthat was namedba.

Hehad another she-camel named Jada; and this is the camel that fellbehind in a race, and Muslims were saddened because of this. RaslAllh

said: It is a law of Allh, and befitting that whatever rises in this worldshould wane and decline.147 It is also said that the losing camel wasanother one.

Hehad hundreds of sheep.

Hehad an ewe named Ghaythah, and he would drink its milk.

Hehad a white cockerel.

146liqah

147Lit. It is a law of Allh, that He does not let anything to rise in this world, except that Hemakes it fall eventually.


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HISWEAPONS

He had nine swords:Dhul Fiqr, which came from the spoils of Badr from the Banuajjj of the Sahm tribe. RaslAllh2saw in his dream thatthe blade of this sword was splintered; and he interpreted as beingrouted in battle. The battle of Uud took place and Muslims weredefeated.

Three swords came from the campaign of BanQaynuq:

Qala,

Battr,

atf,

Healso had the following:

Mikhdam,

Rasb,

another sword that he inherited from his father,148

b, which was given to him by Sad ibn bdah,

and Qab; which was the first sword in Islm, that RaslAllh wore in a scabbard.

He had four lances: Muthwiy,149and three others from Ban Qaynuq.

He had an iron tipped staff.150He had a crook151of an arms length.He hada walking stick152named rjn.

148Its name was mathr, and was the first sword owned by RaslAllh.

149And another named muthnor muthn[Mawhib]

150nzah: shorter than a spear and longer than a walking stick.

151Mijan: a short stick curved on the top.

152Mikharah: walking stick.


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He also had a baton153named Mamshq.

He had four bows154and a quiver.155

He had a shield which was gifted to him and had an insignia of an eagle; heplaced his hand upon the mark and it was erased.

Anas ibn Mlik said that the pommel156and the quillon157were made ofsilver; and there were rings of silver on the hilt of RaslAllhs sword.

He had two armours158that he received from [the spoils of] Ban Qaynuqnamed Sughdiyyahand Fiah. He had another armour named Dhat al-Fuul, which he wore on the day of the battle of Badr and unayn.It is alsosaid that he possessed the mail worn by Sayyidun Dwd7whenhe slayed Goliath.159

He had an aventail160named Sabgh.

He had a leather belt161with three loops of silver; its clasp and prong werealso made of silver.

His flag was white.

153Qab: longer than a wand, it is used to point during a speech, etc. Usually, carried by peoplein authority.

154Qisiyy: pl. of qaws, a Bow. [other plural is aqws] Zawra, Rawa, afra, Shawa,Katm,and Sadd.

155Named Kfr

156Nalu sayf: the lower most portion of a sword.

157Qabh: the hand-guard; between the blade and the hilt. It is also said that it is the guardbelow the quillon.

158Body armour.

159Jlt

160Mighfar: helm or camail; a curtain of metal rings worn under a helmet (or attached to it)covering the neck and shoulders. Armour for the head and neck.

161Minaqah


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HISCLOTHES AND POSSESSIONS

When RaslAllh passed away from this world, he left behind twoibarah mantles, an Omani lower-garment,162two uhrcloaks, a uhrshirt, another Sul163 shirt, a Yemeni Jubbah,164and napkin;165a whitecloak, three or four tight-fitting skull caps, and a dyed166blanket.167

Hehad a pouch in which he kept his ivory comb, a vial of kohl, a pair ofscissors and a toothbrush.

His bed was made of leather filled with palm fibres. He had a gobletreinforced168with silver scraps in three places; and another goblet.169

Hehad a basin made of stone.170Hehad a brass vessel in which hewould mix Henna and Katam171and apply this mixture on his head. He also had a goblet of glass, and a bucket made of brass.

Healso had a cauldron;172and a measure which he used to measure[grain] given as charity during Eid al-Fir; and another smaller measuringvessel.173

162izr

163uhr and Sul are places in Yemen.

164Long shirt; Shaykh bdul aqq says thatjubbahand qamare synonyms.

165khamah: a square piece of chiffon-like cloth.

166muwarrasah: reddish or yellowish dye.

167milafah: similar to a blanket.

168Because it was cracked; it is said that Sayyidun Anas patched it for him.

169The names of his goblets as given in Mawhibare: Rayynand Mughth

170It is said that he used this to do wu.

171Katamis a plant found in Yemen whose extract gives a burgundy dye; the colour of Hennais red; the colour of the dye when both are mixed is reddish-black. [Fat al-Br]

172Zurqn says citing Musnad Imm AmedandAb Dwdthat it was big and required fourmen to lift it.

173andmudd


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Hehad a couch and a velvet quilt.174

He had a signet ring made of silver, and its bezel was also made ofsilver175 and the inscription: Muammad, Messenger of Allh carved

upon it. It is also said that it was a steel ring gilded with silver.

Najsh had presented him with a pair of plain socks, which hewore.

Hehad a black cloak, and a turban named Sab, which he gifted tol; sometimes, when hesaw l wearing it, hewould say: l comesto you on a cloud.176

He had two garments for Fridays, other than which he usually woreon other days.

He had a towel which he would use to wipe his blessed face, afterablution.

174In which he would wrap himself.

175 There is some disagreement among scholars; some have said that its bezel had anAbyssinian agate (qq) gemstone set in it; others say that it was a different ring which hediscarded later. [Zurqn, Shar al-Mawhib]

176sabmeans, a cloud.


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SOME OF HISMIRACLES

The Qurn is the greatest miracle brought by him.The cleaving of his chest.

Heinformed [the Meccans] about Jerusalem.

The splitting of the moon.

When a cabal of Quraysh conspired to kill him and surrounded his house,hecame out in front of them, but they were blinded; their chins droopedto their chest and hestood in front of them, took a handful of gravel andsaid: Disgraced are these faces, and threw it on their heads. Whosoeverwas hit by gravel that day was slayed on the day of Badr.

In the battle of unayn, hethrew a handful of dust in the faces of enemyfighters and Allh tl caused them to be vanquished.

A spider spun the web at the entrance of the cave.

That which transpired with Surqah ibn Mlik when he pursued RaslAllhduring his migration; his horse sank in solid ground.

He passed his blessed hand on the back of a young she-goat that hadnever mated, but began to give milk.

And the ewe of Umm Mabad [which gave milk copiously after beingtouched by RaslAllh]

Heprayed to Allh tl to strengthen Islm by Sayyidun mar.

Hisprayer to ward off heat and cold from Sayyidun l.

RaslAllhput his saliva on ls sore eye and he was cured immediately;his eye was never sore ever after.

Herestored the eye of Qatdah ibn Nmn after it had popped out andflowed on his cheek; and this eye became his better eye.

He prayed to Allh tl to bestow upon bdullh ibn bbs, themeaning of the Qurn and knowledge ofthe religion.


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He prayed for Jabirs camel and it became the fastest animal; prior tothat, it was the slowest.

And he prayed for increase [barakah] in the dates of Jbir, by which he

repaid his lenders and still thirteen piles of dates were left over.

Heprayed for rain and it rained for a week, and then they asked him topray for the rain to subside and when heprayed, the clouds vanishedand the skies cleared.

Heprayed for the punishment of tbah, the son of Ab Lahab and a liondevoured him in Zarqa in the Levant.

A tree bore witness that he was the Messenger of Allh, in the report of

the bedouin whom RaslAllhinvited to Islm. The bedouin asked: Doyou have any witness for what you say? RaslAllhsaid, Yes. This tree,and he beckoned the tree to come. The tree came walking to him andbore witness three times; and thereafter went back to its place.

Once he commanded two trees separated by distance to join together;they came together and then separated again by his command. He sent aperson to bring palm trees and to say: RaslAllh bids you both to jointogether. RaslAllhrelieved himself and then ordered them to go back

to their places.

Once when hewas resting, a tree came to him cleaving the earth; whenhewoke up, hewas informed of this and hesaid: This tree soughtpermission of the Lord to come and salute me; it was given permission.

Rocks and trees saluted him in the night before he received the revelation:as-salmu layka y RaslAllh, and this was indicated by RaslAllh when he said: I recognise those rocks in Makkah that saluted me beforerevelation.

A block of wood wept, pining for him.

Pebbles in his fist uttered the glorification of Allh.

So also food [uttered tasb].

A piece of cooked lamb informed him that it was poisoned.


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A camel complained to him of [its master that he gave her] less fodderand more labour. A gazelle requested himto set her free so that it couldnourish its kid and return; so heset her free and the deer pronouncedthe two shahadah.177

He informed of the very places where polytheists would be slayed inBadr; none of them missed those [marked] places.

Heforetold that a group of his followers would sail in the sea for a holywar; and that Umm arm bint Miln would be with them; and thus itcame to pass.

Hetold thmn: You will suffer intense tribulation and it transpired as

heforetold, and Sayyidun thmn was martyred in his own house.He told the Anr: Verily you will be oppressed after me. And thus ithappened in the time of Muwiyah.178

He said about asan: This son of mine is a sayyid.179 Allh tl willmake him the means for reconciliation and peace between two greatarmies of Muslims.

Heinformed of the slaying of nsiyy the liar, the very night he was slayed

and the name of the person who slayed him.He told Thbit ibn Qays: Live well and die a martyr. And he wasmartyred in Yammah.

A man became an apostate and joined the polytheists. News reachedRaslAllh that he had died, and he said: The earth will not accepthim. And thus it happened.

Hetold a man eating with his left hand: Eat with your right. He said, I

am not able to do so. Hesaid You are not able. The man could not lifthis hand to his mouth ever again.

177The two shahdah, or the Kalimah: L ilha ill Allh Muammad RaslAllh.

178Because the administrators and governors of Sayyidun Muwiyahwere unjust withthe people of Madnah.

179leader, master.


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Heentered Makkah after Victory and idols were hung on the Kbah; hehad a cane in his hand with which he pointed to the idols and said:Truth has come and falsehood vanquished. And the idols fell.

The story of Mzin ibn Ghabah al-y,180Sawd ibn Qrib181and otherslike them.

A lizard bore witness that hewas the Messenger of Allh.

During the Battle of the Trench, he fed a thousand warriors with only a182 of wheat and a few dates they were all satiated as the foodincreased immensely. He put together food that was available andcovered it with a rug and prayed for increase; and then food was

distributed to the whole army and it sufficed.Ab Hurayrahonce came to him with a few dates in his hand and askedRaslAllh to pray for an increase (and blessing) in them. He prayedand Ab Hurayrahsays: I have given from these dates such and such apile in the way of Allh; and we would eat from it and feed others from ituntil they were lost during the caliphate of Sayyidun thmn.

Heonce prayed upon a bowl of porridge183for the People of the Bench.184Ab Hurayrahsays: I stood up hitching myself, expecting him to call me

when everybody stood up; the bowl did not have much and there were onlycrumbs pasted around the bowl. RaslAllhgathered it and it became amouthful; hepicked it in his fingers and said: Eat, in the name of Allh.Ab Hurayrah says: By He, in whose Hands my life rests I kept eatingfrom it until I was fully sated.

Once, water spouted from his blessed fingers and a host of men drankfrom it and made ablutions. They were a thousand and four hundred men.

180In short: He was a priest guarding idols; he heard the idol giving him news of the advent ofthe Prophet. The man broke the idol and joined the Prophet .

181He was a soothsayer who was informed by a genie about the advent of the Prophet .

182A measure about half a bushel or so.

183thard:pieces of bread are dunked in meat soup.

184ahl as-uffah


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Once, a glass of water was brought to RaslAllh. He put his four fingersin it and said: Come! and all present made ablutions and they wereseventy or eighty in number.

During the Battle of Tabk, the companions passed by water which wouldnot quench the thirst of even one man; and people were intensely thirsty.They complained to himof this. So RaslAllhtook out an arrow fromhis quiver and planted it; water gushed out and a multitude used the waterand they were thirty thousand men.

A group of people complained to RaslAllh about the salinity of waterin their well; RaslAllhcame to one of his companions, and stood at thewell and spat in it. Water of that well became sweet and soft.

A woman came to himwith her bald child; and RaslAllhstroked theboys head his hair grew and the disease disappeared. The news of thismiracle reached the people of Yammah. A woman took her child toMusaylamah185and he touched the head of that child that child becamebald and baldness remained in his offspring.

The sword of kkshah was broken in the Battle of Badr; RaslAllh gave him a lath, which became a sword in kkshahs hand; and itremained with him forever.

In the Battle of the Trench, when trenches were being dug, a rock posedgreat difficulty as it was unmoved by hoes and pickaxes. RaslAllh hitit once and it was pulverised.

Hetouched the broken leg of Ab Rfi, and it was repaired instantly, asif nothing had happened to it.

The miracles of RaslAllhare so many that a mere volume is insufficientto list them all.186

185The false prophet, the great liar.

186EditorsNote: A comprehensive collection of his miracles has been compiled by llmahYsuf an-Nabhn in his book: ujjatullhi l al-lamn f Mjizti Sayyidil Mursaln.


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HISPASSING AWAY

RaslAllh passed away from this world, at the age of sixty-three, onMonday187at noon on the 12thof Rabi al-Awwal; after being unwell forfourteen days. He was interred on Wednesday.

When his last moments were near, hewould dip his hand in a bowl at hisbedside, and wipe his blessed face with the water in it and say: O Allh!Aid me [and comfort me] in the throes of death.188

Sayyidah Fimah said: Oh, the agony! The agony of your suffering, myfather!

RaslAllh said: There will be no suffering for your father after thisday.

He was enwrapped in a ibarah cloak; it is said that it was angels whoenveloped him.

Some of his companions were bewildered and refused to believe that hehad passed away, as it is reported about Sayyidun mar. Sayyidunthmn became speechless with shock and Sayyidun l sat down in utter

grief. None was steadfast and judicious on that day , except Sayyidun AbBakr and bbs.

People then heard from the door of his blessed chamber: Do not give himan ablution; heis pure and cleansed. They heard a second voice whichsaid: Give him the ablution; because the first voice was that of the devil,and I am Khir. And he paid his condolences and said: Allh tl givessuccour from every affliction; and it is He who gives comfort after [thepassing of] the deceased; and recompense for [being patient during] every

bereavement. So put your trust in Allh tl, and hope from him. Verily,afflicted are those who are deprived of reward [for patience].

There was a disagreement [among companions] concerning the ritualablution; should it be performed in the clothes he was wearing or

187Suhayli argued that it is impossible for the date of his passing to be the 12thof Rabi.

188Allhumma ainn l sakartil mawt.


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without. Allh tl made them to fall in sleep; and a voice was heard, butnobody knew who the speaker was: Bathe him in his clothes. So, thecompanions bathed him without removing his clothes.

Those who undertook the service of ablution were:l,bbsand his twosons Fal and Qathum; his bondmen Usmah and Shuqrn; and wasattended by Aws ibn Khawl from the Anr. Sayyidun l wiped hisblessed body but nothing was issued, at which he said: May Allh tlbless you; immaculate in life and in death.

His shroud was made of three pieces of white Sul cloth, which did notinclude either a [stitched] shirt or a turban, but only consisted ofunstitched wraps.

Muslims prayed at his funeral

light of sight - nur al-uyun - a concise biography of the prophet - imam ibn sayyidu'n nas

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