light radio-isotopes nuclear astrophysics, neutrino physics and fundamental interactions
DESCRIPTION
Light Radio-isotopes Nuclear Astrophysics, Neutrino Physics and Fundamental Interactions. O. Aviv 1 , D. Berkovits 2 , M. Hass 1 , O. Heber 1 , T. Hirsh 1,2 , V. Kumar 2 , M. Lewitowicz 3 , F. de-Oliveira 3 , G. Ron 4 , S. Vaintraub 1,2. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
April 21, 2023 1
Light Radio-isotopes
Nuclear Astrophysics, Neutrino Physics
and
Fundamental Interactions
O. Aviv1, D. Berkovits2, M. Hass1, O. Heber1, T. Hirsh1,2,
V. Kumar2, M. Lewitowicz3, F. de-Oliveira3, G. Ron4,
S. Vaintraub1,21. The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, ISRAEL
2. Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne, ISRAEL
3. GANIL, Caen, FRANCE
4. LBL, Berkeley, USA
April 21, 2023 2
Or
A glance at current Experimental Nuclear Physics
at the Weizmann Institute
Nuclear Structure Far-From-Stability – Radioactive Beams
Nuclear Astrophysics
Fundamental Interactions
21/04/23 22:34
April 21, 2023 4
Secondary neutrons + fission
BUT
Also light RIB’s
14 UD Pelletron Accelerator at the WI
April 21, 2023 5
“20th Century”
April 21, 2023 6
ECR Ion Source, RFQ and 1st cryo-module in situ
“21st Century”
The SARAF accelerator
at Soreq, Israel.
Summer 2009
Final Commissioning of Phase –I
Nov. 2009 –
1 mA p @ 3.5 MeV
April 21, 2023 7
Two-stage production scheme
Also with a 14 MeV d+t
“neutron generator” at the WI
8
6He and 8Li beams in WIS6He and 8Li beams in WIS
~1010 n/sec 14.1 MeV
WIS d-t NG
Heated Porous BeO or B4C target Extractio
n by diffusion
Ionization
~6∙107 6He/s ~2∙107 8Li/s
High efficiency
Efficiency ?
April 21, 2023 9
6He production (n,) cross section
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10
neutron energy (MeV)
Cro
ss s
ecti
on
(m
b) Bass 1961
Savilev 1958Stelson 1957Stelson 1957MCNP
9Be(n,)6He
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 5 10 15 20
n energy (MeV)
Cro
ss s
ectio
n (m
b)
0.0E+00
5.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.5E+12
2.0E+12
2.5E+12
3.0E+12
3.5E+12
n flu
x pe
r 2
mA
d (
s-1)
9Be(n,2n)
9Be(n,)6He
n in Be target
Production yield of the order of 5∙1012 6He per 1 mA d@40 MeV
Remember also 11B(n,)8Li
10
SARAF/SPIRAL2 d-Li neutron flux is more suitable for 6He production than 8Li
6He vs. 8Li Production using SARAF/SPIRAL2 40 MeV d on
Lithium neutrons
9Be(n,α)6He6He β- t0.5= 807 ms
8Li β- t0.5= 838 ms
11B(n,α)8Li
11
Extraction of RIBExtraction of RIB
ISOLDE Exp. T. Stora at al. 17.4.2009
BeO
BN
April 21, 2023 12
Preliminary results of ISOLDE BeO run – April 2009
See talk by Thierry Stora – this WORKSHOP
21/04/23 22:34מיכאל הס - מפגשים
2009בחזית המדע
Fusion Reactions in the Sun:
The main p-p chain
WI
21/04/23 22:34מיכאל הס - מפגשים
2009בחזית המדע
Theory vs. Experiment for the 3 solar-neutrino experiments
Cl
Ar + e-
E> 0.81 MeV
Ga
Ge + e-
E> 0.23 MeV
SNU SNUSNU
21/04/23 22:34מיכאל הס - מפגשים
2009בחזית המדע
The SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory) Experiment
A D2O Detector
Neutral currents vs Charge Currents
21/04/23 22:34מיכאל הס - מפגשים
2009בחזית המדע
The “Standard Model” of Particle Physics
April 21, 2023 17
The -beam ConceptProduction of an intense collimated neutrino (anti neutrino) beam directed at neutrino detectors via decay of accelerated radioactive ions
Decay
Ring
ISOL target & Ion source
SPL
CyclotronsStorage ring and fast cycling synchrotron
6He 6Li + e- +18Ne 18F + e+ + Li 8Be + e- + v
PS
SPSTo the French Alps
April 21, 2023 18
Mass accretion from a companion into a neutron star (black hole).
Role of 14O, 15O and 18Ne in the physics
of x-ray bursts
4He(15O,)19NEM. Wiescher et al. Erice Conference, 2007
J.L. Fisker et al., arXiv:astro-ph/070241
April 21, 2023 19
g.s.
‘2000
Type II Supernovae 8Li(,n)11B
Example: 6He beta decaySee, e.g, Flechard et al, PRL (2008)
6Li
daughter nucleuse- Electron
eElectron
anti-neutrino
New physics beyond the Standard Model’s
V-A structure
eeLiHe 66
20
cos3
1)(
cos
6
e
eSM
e
e
E
pHedW
E
padW
Pure Gamow-Teller
β-Decay Physics
Transition rate W (inverse lifetime) In case of nonoriented nuclei
In case of oriented nuclei ( - nuclear polarization)
J. D. Jackson, S. B. Treiman and H. W. Wyld, Nucl. Phys. 4, 206 (1957)
...1
ee
e
E
mb
EE
ppadW
...
)()(1
e
ee
e
e
e
e
E
pJR
EE
ppJDJ
E
pAdW
J
Beta-neutrino correlation coefficient
21
Why RNB’s in Traps?
No possibility for detection of neutrinos
Small effects measurements - low energy of ions, multiple scattering, angle resolution
Atoms/Ions - “point source” in a trap
Increase of accuracy in measurements: Angular correlations
Energy
22
Current Status on 6He
April 21, 2023 23
~2 % limit on any possible deviation – hence improve limit
Statistics + systematic limitations
Flechard et al: Paul trap, but “….MOT (Magneto Optical Trap)”
But He is noble gas – metastable state for MOT. LOW EFFICIENCY.
Statistics
Optical resonator Particle resonator
Trapping of fast ion beams using electrostatic field
L
M
V V
Ek, q
V>Ek/q
L=407 mm
Entrance mirror
Exit mirror
Fi
eld
free
regi
on
V1
V4
V2V3
Vz
V1
V4
V2V3
Vz
Field free region
Trapping ion beams at keV energies
• No magnetic fields
• No RF fields
• No mass limit
• Large field free region
• Simple to operate
• Directionality
• External ion source
• Easy beam detection
Why is this trap different
from the other traps?
Detector (MCP)Ek
Neutrals
April 21, 2023 27
Fig. 2 A schematic view of the EST for -decay studies. The radioactive ion, like 6He, moves with Ek-4.2 keV between the reflecting electrodes. The electrons are detected in position sensitive counters while the recoiling ions, due to kinematic focusing, are detected with very high efficiency in either one (determined by the instantaneous direction) of the annular MCP counters.
MPI – HD Participation
)Very (preliminary simulations
April 21, 2023 28
“In- House” Research! R&D steps at the WI
April 21, 2023 29
6He (+ ions) and 8Li (neutrals) production and extractions
EIBT parameters (bunching (pre-trapping),bunch size, timing
(with 4He) --- Re-use hardware from the 14 UD Pelletron
RNB in Trap and detection system
First measurements
SARAF…
http://www.weizmann.ac.il/conferences/NPA5.
April 21, 2023 31
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81
Alpha Energy (MeV)
Cro
ss S
ectio
n (m
b)
0.0E+00
5.0E+09
1.0E+10
1.5E+10
2.0E+10
2.5E+10
3.0E+10
Yie
ld (a
tom
s/se
c) (I
nten
sity
0.1
mA
) Alice Yield [at/s]
O16(a,2n)18Ne
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Proton Energy (MeV)
Cro
ss S
ectio
n (m
b)
0.0E+00
1.0E+11
2.0E+11
3.0E+11
4.0E+11
5.0E+11
6.0E+11
7.0E+11
8.0E+11
9.0E+11
Yie
ld (ato
ms/s
ec) (In
ten
sity 2
mA
)
Alice Yield [at/s]
F19(p,2n)18Ne
Tentative results
Lower yield, but, better extraction..
April 21, 2023 32
8Li energies of interestE(8Li [MeV])
3
6
April 21, 2023 33
R&D Steps
Via neutron converter – 6He, 8Li, ..
Simulations – Geant4, MCNP – PRODUCTION rate of ~1013/mA!!!
Converter design
Target design – Diffusion & Extraction (BeO fibers,
Boron Nitrite fibers)
Direct production – 14,15O, 18Ne,..
Design of targets (heat) for direct production (O and Ne);
materials (gas?), …
Extraction. Nitrogen is “bad”. Perhaps C02? M. Loiselet, LLN
12C(3He,n)14O and 12C(4He,n)15O Experiment: Beam, Team, Detectors (RMS-like, Si ball, EXOGAM..)…
April 21, 2023 34
April 21, 2023 35
Towards a full proposal – objectives and milestones.
2007-2009 FP7 (Task 7.1) . Towards establishing a true collaboration.
Initial target design. R&D studies of both n-converter and direct production.
Test runs:
Soreq neutron generator
Soreq Phase I
GANIL (neutrons from C+C)
ISOLDE (neutrons from 1 GeV spallation)
2009-2011 Target (s) manufacturing. Parameters for experimental setup, synergy with
detector (particle, gamma, separator) projects
2012-……. SPIRAL-II
2012-……. SARAF??...
B4C
April 21, 2023 36
01000
20003000
40005000
6000 400500
600700
800900
10001100
12000.0
2.0x10-6
4.0x10-6
6.0x10-6
8.0x10-6
1.0x10-5
1.2x10-5
1.4x10-5
1.6x10-5
1.8x10-5
2.0x10-5
Va
cuu
m
temp. (celsius)
time (min.)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Te
mp
. (C
)
Time (min)
B
We initiated the heating for Boron Carbide with temperature ~2000 C.
During the first few stages (T=200-5000 C), the heating was put off in between,
as the vacuum deteriorated beyond the limits. But then after it reached 500o C,
the process was continued in steps, so that vacuum may not deteriorate beyond 10 -5.
We initiated the heating for Boron Carbide with temperature ~2000 C.
During the first few stages (T=200-5000 C), the heating was put off in between,
as the vacuum deteriorated beyond the limits. But then after it reached 500o C,
the process was continued in steps, so that vacuum may not deteriorate beyond 10 -5.
GANIL 2010 – test of diffusion-effusion of porous B4C (?)
April 21, 2023 37
The Astrophysical Journal, 650 (2006) 332J.L. Fisker et al.The Importance of 15O() 19Ne to X-Ray Bursts and Superbursts
Arxive-ph/0702412 Feb. 2007
J.L. Fisker et al.
Experimental measurements of the 15O( )19Ne reaction rate vs.
observations of type I X-ray bursts
Nuclear Physics A 718, (2003) 605
B. Davids et al.
Alpha-decay branching ratios of near-threshold states in 19Ne and the
astrophysical rate of 15O(α,γ)19NePRC 67 065809 (2003)
K. E. Rehm et al.
Branching ration of the 4.033 MeV 3/2+ state in 19Ne
Nuclear Physics A 688 (2001)465c.
S. Cherubini et al.
The 15O()19Ne reaction using a 18Ne radioactive beam
Partial sample of representative papers
April 21, 2023 38
SUMMARY
Scientific Case
Calculations and simulations exist – but much more R&D needed
Presented at several recent scientific conferences .
Funds: EC (infrastructure), Local
“Road Map” towards a full experiment – test experiments!
OPEN COLLABORATION – participation welcome!!
β-Decay PhysicsFor pure Fermi or pure Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions
the correlations coefficients become independent of the nuclear matrix elements
The correlations coefficients depends on scalar, vector, axial-vector and tensor coefficients in β-decay
Hamiltonian
For example, 6He β-decay (pure GT) beta-neutrino correlation coefficient can be measured in order to
check the presence of tensor interactions
...1
ee
e
E
mb
EE
ppadW
2'2'22ATAT CCCCa
..])(ˆ[ˆ,,,,
5' chCCOenOpH
TAVPSieiiii
39
April 21, 2023 40
X-Ray Bursts and the “rp” process
The rp process and x-ray bursts - site of nucleo-synthesis
These movies simulate an x-ray burst and the rapid-proton capture (“rp”) process. The calculation begins at T9=T/10^9 K=40 with only neutrons and protons. As time progresses and the temperature drops below T9=10, nucleons assemble into 4He nuclei then into heavier mass nuclides. Once T9 falls below about 4, the QSE among the heavy nuclei begins to break down. Charged-particle reactions freeze out, and flow to higher mass number occurs via nuclear beta decay. This is the classical r-process phase.
A new class of ion trapping devices: The Electrostatic Linear Ion Beam Trap
Physical Principle:
Photon Optics and Ion Optics
are Equivalent
Photons can be Trapped in an
Optical Resonator
Ions can be Trapped in an
Electrical Resonator?
R R
L
V1 V2
V1<V2
V V
Ek, q
V>Ek/q
April 21, 2023 42
Typical X-ray bursts:
• 1036-1038 erg/s• duration 10 s – 100s• recurrence: hours-days• regular or irregular
Frequent and very brightphenomenon !
(stars 1033-1035 erg/s)
April 21, 2023 43
A first experimental approach to the 15O + elastic scattering - Eur. Phys. J. A27, 183 (2006)
F. Vanderbist, P. Leleux, C. Angulo, E. Casarejos, M. Couder, M. Loiselet, G. Ryckewaert,
P. Descouvemont, M. Aliotta, T. Davinson, Z. Liu, and P.J. Woods
Recent experiments have determined (or put limits to ) for levels in 19Ne up to 5.092 MeV excitation energy. A conclusion is that a direct measurement of the 15O(, )19Ne
reaction in the region of astrophysical interest is currently impossible: 15O beams of intensity larger than 1011 pps on target would be required indeed to measure the 15O(a, )19Ne
cross-section in inverse kinematics in the energy region surrounding the first state above threshold, at 4.033 MeV….
April 21, 2023 44
Examples of Reactions with RNB’s for Astrophysics
• 8B(p,)9C
• 8B(,p)11C
• 9C(,p)12N
• 11C(p,)12N
April 21, 2023 45
ISOLDE experiment IS424 (Sept. ’07): (in collaboration with P.J. Woods et al.).
Recent Experiments (in progress)
The use of a 17F beam from the upgraded REX-ISOLDE facility to study the astrophysically important 14O(α,p)17F reaction in time reverse kinematics.
• REX-ISOLDE + MINIBALL• Only ~ 103 17F/s
On-line data of p- coincidences –
Indicating the 1st excited state of 17F
April 21, 2023 46
EURISOL INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY PANEL :…“ .no progress has been made with the study of alternative production schemes
of 6He and 18Ne using low energy beams and strongly recommends that this study be completed…. The outcome of this study is an essential ingredient for the analysis whether it is technically feasible to decouple EURISOL and the beta-beams completely
April 21, 2023 47
GANIL experiment – accepted by GANIL PAC : (in collaboration with Marialuisa Aliotta et al.)
Plan to investigate the direct 14O(,p)17F reaction at four different energies
in the energy region Ecm = 1.0-2.5 MeV
Calculated total S(E) factor.
Constructive (+) and destructive (-)
interference between the Jpp=1-
6.15 MeV state and the direct l=1
partial wave contribution are shown.
April 21, 2023 48
Accelerator artist view
176 MHz 3.8 m 1.5 MeV/u
M/q2
1st cryostat 6 SC HWR 176 MHz 0=0.09
2nd – 6th cryostats 40 SC HWR 176
MHz 0=0.15
40 MeV x 2 mA p / d RF SC linac
April 21, 2023 49
d beam C
β
β
β
β
n
n
6He or 8Li production measurements by betas
9Be or 11Bfoils
Or other pulsed neutron source
√ Easy experiment
√ Calibration of production for future extraction experiments
x All cross sections are already known
x Measuring 6He and 8Li betas is hard
x Only very thin targets are possible
20 sec
3 sec3 sec
20 sec
3 sec
Extra material for)n,2n ,(maybe Pb
April 21, 2023 50
11BN
SEM picture of BN
√ High Melting Point
√ Exists in fibers and nanotubes forms
√ Could be bought in any shape and form.
April 21, 2023 51
9BeO
√ High Melting Point
√ Could be made in fibers form.
√ No need of enrichmentx Very toxic.
ZrO2
April 21, 2023 52
Model dependence of the neutrino-deuteron disintegration cross sections at
low energieshttp://il.arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0702073v1
April 21, 2023 53
sm = 3•10-19 [/eV], but…..
54
8Li Production Experiment8Li Production Experiment
time
irradiationmeasurement
3 sec 3 sec 0.1 sec
April 21, 2023 55
Schematics and pictures of ISOLDE setup
Together with Tierry Stora and the ISOLDE Ion-Source group
Neutrino oscillations “101”
April 21, 2023 56
B4C
April 21, 2023 57
PropertyDensity (g.cm-3) 2.52Melting Point (°C) 2445Hardness (Knoop 100g) (kg.mm-2) 2900-3580Fracture Toughness (MPa.m-½) 2.9 - 3.7 Young's Modulus (GPa) 450 - 470 Electrical Conductivity (at 25°C) (S) 140Thermal Conductivity (at 25°C) (W/m.K) 30 - 42Thermal Expansion Co-eff. x10-6 (°C) 5Thermal neutron capture cross section (barn)
600
Typical properties of boron carbide.Typical properties of boron carbide.
Particle Size 3 100% < 10 microns after one stage grinding
Composition of Particles: Typical Values as % of weight
Crystal Whiskers 3, 5 > 20 Platelet single crystals3, 5 > 10 Isometric crystals3, 5 Remainder to 100%Thickness of Crystal Whiskers and Platelets5
< 2 microns
Surface Area 4 2 - 9 m2/g
April 21, 2023 58
Fusion Reactions in the Sun:The CNO cycle
14O
17F
(,p)
…..
Proposed at GANIL
April 21, 2023 59
14N(d,2n)14O cross section and yield 14N(d,n)15O cross section and yield for a 2 mA deuteron beam for a 2 mA
deuterons beam
But, extraction of atomic oxygen…
Long-learned lesson:
“orders-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity of measurement –
enhanced understanding and possibilities”.