light vs depth. productivity vs depth productivity vs light pg – gross primary productivity pn –...
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Light vs depth
Productivity vs depth
Productivity vs Light
PG – Gross Primary Productivity
PN – Net Primary Productivity
R - Respiration
Pmax – maximal photosynthesis value
Ic – compensation light intensity
Primary Productivity• Found near Upwelling Areas
SeaWifs Satellite
Primary Productivity• Found near Upwelling Areas
SeaWifs Satellite
Primary Productivity• Nutrients Found near Upwelling Areas
Primary Productivity• Coastal Upwelling Areas South Africa: southwest coast
Primary Productivity• Equitorial Upwelling Areas
Primary Productivity
Protists - ZooplanktonA. Foraminifera (Forams)Foraminifera (Forams)
• Test (shell) made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or agglutinated sediment particles
• Fossil tests used to age geological deposits
• Feed by extending pseudopodia through pores in test
• Pelagic forms (calcareous)
• Often have spines
• Tests may form foraminiferan oozes, esp. in shallow water beneath tropics (white cliffs of Dover – England)
• Benthic forms (calcareous or agglutinated)
• Calcareous tests can be important sources of sand for beaches
Protists - ZooplanktonA. Foraminifera (Forams)Foraminifera (Forams)
Southern England: White Cliffs of Dover
Protists - ZooplanktonA. Foraminifera (Forams)Foraminifera (Forams)
Protists - ZooplanktonA. Foraminifera (Forams)Foraminifera (Forams)
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/imagelibrary/orbulinauniversa.html
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html
Protists - ZooplanktonB. RadiolariansRadiolarians
Protists - ZooplanktonC. Ciliates (Ciliophores)Ciliates (Ciliophores)
Seaweed & Kelp
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedA. Green Algae (Chlorophytes)Green Algae (Chlorophytes)
• Enteromorpha• Often found in polluted areas; Used as bioassay tool
• Ulva (Sea Lettuce)• Found in areas with high nutrient levels
• Valonia (Bubble Algae)• Tropical and subtropical
• Caulerpa• Invasive species (C. taxifolia)
• Codium (Dead Man’s Fingers)• Multinucleated
• Halimeda• Calcareous alga
Ulva
ValoniaCaulerpa
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedA. Green Algae (Chlorophytes)Green Algae (Chlorophytes)
• Enteromorpha• Often found in polluted areas; Used as bioassay tool
• Ulva (Sea Lettuce)• Found in areas with high nutrient levels
• Valonia (Bubble Algae)• Tropical and subtropical
• Caulerpa• Invasive species (C. taxifolia)
• Codium (Dead Man’s Fingers)• Multinucleated
• Halimeda• Calcareous alga
Codium
Halimeda
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedB. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Padina
Sargassum
• Fucus (Rockweeds)• Intertidal and subtidal species; Ecologically important
• Laminaria (Kelp)• Some species consist of a single blade
• Commonly used for food
• Postelsia (Sea Palm)• Usually on exposed rocky shorelines
Laminaria
Laminaria
Fucus
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedB. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedB. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
• Egregia (Feather Boa)• Common on rocky Pacific coast
• Pelagophycus (Elk Kelp)• Large float
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedB. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)• Macrocystis (Giant Kelp)
• May reach 100 m and grow up to 50 cm day-1
• Most common in cold water
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedB. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)• Macrocystis (Giant Kelp)
• May reach 100 m and grow up to 50 cm day-1
• Most common in cold water
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedB. Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)• Kelp Forests
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedC. Red Algae (Rhodophyta)Red Algae (Rhodophyta)• Common in shallow water
• Contain accessory pigments called phycobilins
• Structurally less complex than brown algae
• May be heterotrophic or parasitic
• Some incorporate calcium carbonate into tissues (Why?)
• Coralline red algae
• Many are commercially important
Porphyra
Sebdenia
Halimeda
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedD. Life History of AlgaLife History of Alga
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedD. Life History of AlgaLife History of Alga
Multicellular Algae - SeaweedE. Economic Uses of KelpEconomic Uses of Kelp1. Food Source
2. Productsa. Phycocolloids
• Algin (Extracted from kelp; harvested with boats)
• Carrageenan (Extracted from red algae)
• Emulsifier for dairy products, toothpaste, puddings
• Agar (Extracted from red algae)
• Used to form jellies, thicken mixtures
• Preserves, pharmaceutical applications
b. Other
• Fertilizers, additives in animal feeds
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)A. Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)• Not true grasses (related to lilies)
• Roots, stems and shoots grow from horizontal rhizome
• Flowers typically small and inconspicuous (Why?)
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)A. Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)
1. Eelgrass (Zostera) – Temperate Atl, Pac; Tropical Pac
Eelgrass (Zostera marina)
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)A. Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)
2. Surf grass (Phyllospadix) – Temperate Pac
Surf Grass (Phyllospadix scouleri)
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)A. Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)Seagrasses (50 – 60 species)
3. Turtle grass (Thalassia) – Tropical
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)B. Salt MarshesSalt Marshes
1. Cord grass (Spartina)
2. Pickleweed (Salicornia) Spartina
Salicornia
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)B. Salt MarshesSalt Marshes
1. Cord grass (Spartina)
2. Pickleweed (Salicornia)Spartina
Salicornia
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)C. MangrovesMangroves
Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)C. Mangroves vs Salt MarshesMangroves vs Salt Marshes