light wight concrete
DESCRIPTION
Light weight concreteTRANSCRIPT
SEETHI SAHIB MEMORIAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
TIRUR-5
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING2014-2015
Seminar report on
Lightweight Concrete
Submitted by:-
ANOOP.KRoll No: 5
Reg.No: 12011146
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
SSM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
TIRUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
2014-2015
CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that this is the bonafide record of seminar on
Lightweight Concrete has been presented by ANOOP.K, sixth semester
Civil Engineering, SSMPTC, Tirur on……………………………. In par-
tial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Diploma in Com-
puter Engineering under Directorate Of Technical Education, Kerala
State during the year 2014-2015.
Staff in charge: Head of Section:
External Examiners: Internal Examiner:
Place:
Date:
2Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to praise the god for blessing me to
complete this seminar successfully.I am deeply incepted to Mr.
Mohammed Iqbal M (Head of department in Civil engineering, Seethi
Sahib Memorial Polytechnic College ,Tirur) for providing me the
opportunity to present the seminar on this topic.
I extended my unexplainable gratitude towards all of my
teachers; especially to Mr. Abdul Naser Kokkodi(Lecturer in Civil
engineering, Seethi Sahib Memorial Polytechnic College, Tirur) &
librarians who gave me a lot of information and supports for this
seminar.I gave my heart full thanks to my friends & family, whom
offered me all kind of supports for this.
3Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 05
INTRODUCTION 06-07
BASIC CHARECTERS 08-09
HISTORY OF LWC 10-11
ADVANTAGES OVER NWC 12-13
APPLICATIONS 14
NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 15-16
CONCLUSION 17
REFERENCE 18
ABSTRACT4
Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
Lightweight concretes can either be lightweight aggregate con-
crete, foamed concrete or autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). Such light-
weight concrete blocks are often used in house construction. Nearly all
LWACs are fire resistant. In addition, depending upon the densities and
strength, the concrete can be easily cut, nailed, drilled, and chased with
ordinary wood working tools. Lightweight concrete is expensive, but the
cost is calculated not just on the basis of aggregates or LWAC. The bond
between the aggregate and the matrix is stronger in the case of LWAC
than in normal concrete. Cement paste penetrate inside the aggregates due
to their porous nature. Thus, there is very little or no ITZ between the ag-
gregates and the matrix. Simply, it’s a type of concrete made with light-
weight aggregates.
INTRODUCTION5
Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
Lightweight concrete (brick) as known as AAC (Autoclaved
Aerated Concrete) is a well-known constructing material all over the
world; it was first invented by a Swedish Architect named Johan Axel
Eriksson in 1923.Lightweight concrete contains no aggregate larger than
sand, lime, thermal ash, synthetic fiber, cement, aluminum powder and
water as binding agent. When AAC is mixed and cast in forms, several
chemical reactions take place that give AAC its light weight (20% of the
weight of concrete) and thermal properties. Therefore, lightweight
concrete is quite light and may suffer extreme pressure as well as insulate
the high and low temperatures.
Wet (Uncompleted) Lightweight concrete at Thien Nam Phuong Ltd
6Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
In Japan, lightweight concrete is used to support the
building foundation against the earthquakes. Lightweight
concrete technology is quite friendly with the environment by
reducing five times the amount of carbon dioxide of the
production from the raw material process till the recycle wastes
process. Since the born of lightweight concrete in building
industry, baked bricks (made from natural clays) in developed
countries are banded to protect the environment and national
resources. On the other hand, lightweight concrete with the gas
bubbles structure (up to ⅛ inch in diameter) is applied popularly
by developed countries with high technologies such as United
States of America, Germany, France, Japan, etc. in handling
multiple geography technical issues such as making the
foundation for highways, anti-slip subsidence in the
mountainous areas or weak land areas to bring back huge
economic benefits.
Because of its advantages, lightweight has taken an
important part of developed countries such as Europe, North
America, and North Asia as well as the attention of some
developing countries in replacing its traditional building
material which is red brick, regular concrete and clay block.
7Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
BASIC CHARACTERS
Lightweight concrete, similar to normal weight concrete, is a mix-
ture of water, Portland cement or Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), and
aggregate. It is classified as structural or nonstructural concrete depend-
ing on strength and compression rating, generally determined by the type
of aggregate material used in the concrete mix. Lightweight aggregate
concrete uses a variety of aggregates with lower density than normal
weight concrete.
Structural concrete, whether an approved lightweight or a normal
weight concrete, is used for applications calling for a high level of
strength and compression rating. These might be highway overpasses,
bridges, high-rise buildings, and construction in areas prone to earth-
quakes. Advantages of structural lightweight aggregate concrete with a
correspondingly reduced weight load include reduced dead loads, or
weight of the structures it's used to build, and more efficient transport.
While not approved for many structural applications, nonstructural
lightweight concrete is used where normal or a more dense structural
lightweight mix would be impractical. Roof tiles made of lightweight
concrete are lighter and require less robust truss systems. The combina-
tion of strength, weather resistance, and reduced weight often makes
lightweight aggregate concrete mix and lightweight blocks a good choice
for non-traditional residential buildings.
8Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
Aggregates used to make lightweight aggregate concrete vary. Ex-
panded shale, slate, and clay, often fired in a kiln to increase porosity, are
among aggregates used for structural lightweight concrete. Other porous
material, such as air-cooled blast furnace slag, is often used.
Insulation is often a factor in selecting an aggregate for nonstruc-
tural lightweight concrete. A lightweight aerated concrete may be used to
make both lightweight panels and lightweight blocks suitable for a variety
of construction, including some foundation stem walls. Lightweight aer-
ated concrete may be made in a variety of ways, such as forcing air into
slurry of OPC and a porous material, or by using a stable foam product as
an aggregate.
Perlite and vermiculite are natural minerals that, when heat-treated,
can be mixed with OPS to produce a nonstructural lightweight aggregate
concrete. The product is often used for decorative concrete treatments,
roof tiles, and other lightweight applications. This lightweight concrete is
often used in jobs requiring insulation from heat and sound.
Structural lightweight aggregate concrete might typically require a
density or unit weight of 90 to 115 lb/ft³ or (1440 to 1840 kg/m³) and a
compression rating of 2500 psi or (1700 MPa), which is about 65% of the
density or unit weight of normal concrete. Nonstructural lightweight con-
crete might have a density or unit weight as low as 35 lb/ft³ or (561 kg/
m³). When considering lightweight concrete for a construction job, it is
generally a good practice to consult a qualified engineer or architect for
specifications.
9Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
HISTORY OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
The use of lightweight (LWAC) can be traced to as early as
3,000BC, when Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were built during the Indus
Valley civilization. In Europe, the use of LWCA occurred 2,000 years
ago when the Romans built Pantheon, the aqua ducts, and the Coliseum
in Rome. The pumice is still used today in certain countries, such as Ger-
many, Italy and Japan. In some places like Malaysia, palm oil shells are
used for making LWAC.
The Roman Temple Constructed using LWAC
Earlier lightweight aggregates (LWAs) were of natural origin,
mostly volcanic: pumice, tuff. They function as active pozzolanic materi-
als when used when used as fine aggregates. Techniques have been devel-
oped to produce them in factories. These are produced from the natural
10Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
raw materials like expanded clay, shale, slate, etc., as well as from by-
products such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, etc.
Pont du Gard built by romans (2000 years ago)
Today, lightweight aggregates are produced in a very wide range of
densities varying from 50kg/m3 from expanded perlite to 1000kg/m3 for
clinkers. It is possible to make LWAC of 80Mpa compressive strength
Nearly all LWACs are fire resistant. In addition, depending upon the
densities and strength, the concrete can be easily cut, nailed, drilled, and
chased with ordinary wood working tools.
11Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
ADVANTAGES OVER NORMAL WEIGHT CONCRETE
One of the main advantages of conventional concrete is the self-
weight of concrete. Density of normal concrete is of the order of 2200 to
2600. This self-weight will make it to some extend an uneconomical
structural material.
Self-weight of light weight concrete varies from 300 to 1850
kg/m3.
It helps reduce the dead load, increase the progress of building
and lowers the hauling and handling cost.
The weight of building on foundation is an important factor in the
design, particularly in case of weak soil and tall structures. In
framed structure, the beam and column have to carry load
of wall and floor. If these wall and floor are made of light weight
concrete it will result in considerable economy.
Light weight concrete has low thermal conductivity. In extreme
climatic condition where air condition is to install the use of light
weight concrete with low thermal conductivity is advantageous
from the point of thermal comfort and low power consumption.
Only method for making concrete light by inclusion of air. This is
achieved by :-
o Replacing original mineral aggregate
o By introducing gas or air bubble in mortar
12Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
o By omitting sand fraction from concrete. This is called no –
fine concrete.
Light weight aggregate include pumice, saw dust rice husk, thermo
Cole beads, formed slag. Etc.
Light weight concrete aggregate exhibit high fire resistance.
Structural lightweight aggregate’s cellular structure provides
internal curing through water entrainment which is especially
beneficial for high-performance concrete
lightweight aggregate has better thermal properties, better fire
ratings, reduced shrinkage, excellent freezing and thawing
durability, improved contact between aggregate and cement
matrix, less micro-cracking as a result of better elastic
compatibility, more blast resistant, and has better shock and
sound absorption, High-Performance lightweight aggregate
concrete also has less cracking, improved skid resistance and is
readily placed by the concrete pumping method
Aerated concrete is made by introducing air or gas into a slurry
composed of Portland cement.
No fine concrete is made up of only coarse aggregate, cement and
water. This type of concrete is used for load bearing cast in situ
external walls for building. They are also used for temporary
structures because of low initial cost and can be reused as
aggregate.
13Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
APPLICATIONSLight weight concrete is a good alternative for normal weight con-
crete. It widely uses in the following areas:-
Building industry
Road Construction
Mining
Land filling
Tunnels
14Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
When constructing buildings, especially high-rise building, the in-
vestor always tries to make the structures sustainable and cost-effective.
The way to acquire both of these two depends mostly on the foundation
of the building. However, the foundation depends on the geology and the
total mass of the whole project. Changing the geology is difficult, more
feasible is to find ways to reduce the loading capacity. Hence, the birth of
light weight brick is considered as a revolution for the construction indus-
try. Light weight bricks are made from cement; thermal ash, synthetic
fibers (possible) and foaming agent to make the composition inside pos-
sess chambers forming as a honeycomb. This helps the brick become por-
ous and reduce the weight of brick from 600 kg/m3 to 900kg/m3 (D600 -
D900) as ½ lighter than common brick, and easier to drill, cut or nail di-
rectly onto the tile surface. The brick can even float on water.
There are various kinds and sizes of lightweight concrete to be
used widely from small projects to high rise buildings. The costs also suit
each project. Lightweight concrete is a great construction material. It is
not only low derivative, high thermal resistant, envi-ronmental protected
15Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
but also energy-cost saving compared to traditional materials. Pro-ducing
traditional materials waste industrial land, coal and in the same time,
causes greenhouse effect by eliminating millions tons of CO2.
Conversely, lightweight con-crete limits environmental bad impacts and
recycles a significant amount of industrial waste, turning waste into
useful materials.
Due to its benefits, lightweight concrete has become the general
trend of the world. In China, the new type of building materials accounts
for more than 55% in 2010. In Brit-ain, lightweight concrete is about 70%
of the total building materials. With the global trend, Vietnam
Government is trying to take full advantage of lightweight concrete as
well by approving the Decision No. 121/2008/QD-TTg dated 29/08/2008
of the Prime Minister. The Decision shows the master plan and route for
developing materials in Vietnam till 2020: lightweight concrete in 2010
will account for 10% to 15% and in-crease from 20% to 25% in 2015 and
in 2020 the rate will reach 30% to 40%. Under-standing the great
opportunity, Thien Nam Phuong Co., Ltd is established to manufac-turer
lightweight concrete with development objective not only to cover South
Market of Vietnam but also the whole domestic market and export to
other countries in the near fu-ture. The company’s goal is to produce and
sell 150,000 m3 / year. Although using lightweight concrete provides
much economical and technical efficiency, there are still a lot of
challenges that Government and manufacturer have to confront.
16Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
CONCLUSION
As a construction material, lightweight concrete is a good alterna-
tive for normal weight concrete.it has so many advantages over
normal weight concrete.
The use of lightweight (LWAC) can be traced to as early as
3,000BC, when Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were built during the
Indus Valley civilization.
Today, lightweight concrete is widely used for Building industry,
Road Construction, Mining, Land filling, Tunnels, etc.
There are several new opportunities and challenges in the field of
lightweight aggregate building industry.
17Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur
Seminar Report 2014-2015 Lightweight Concrete
REFERENCE
http://www.concretecentre.com/
http://www.nrmca.org/aboutconcrete/cips/36p.pdf
http://foamconcreteindia.in/
http://www.stalite.com/uploads/engineeringproperties.pdf
http://www.litebuilt.com/lightweight-concrete-handbook.html
http://www.ecosmarte.com.au/construction/lightconcrete.htm
18Dept. of Civil Eng. S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur