light_architecture-corporate interiors
TRANSCRIPT
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• Light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is perceived by our eyes.
• It is preferable to provide uniform illumination over the entire workplace by combining both natural and artificial lighting.
LIGHT
By:Akshay Bhatia
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Illumination
Quantity of
illumination
Quality of
illumination
Light sources
Characteristics
of light sources
Incandescent
lamps
Fluorescent
lamps
High-intensity
discharge lamps
Ballasts Luminaries
Efficiency
Directing light
Lighting Fundamentals
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• Luminous flux (Light Output)
• Illuminance (light level)
• Luminance (brightness)
• Consideration of lamp
Quantity of
illumination
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Luminous flux is the quantity of the energy of the light emitted
per second in all directions. The luminous efficiency is the
ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical power consumed (lm/W). It is a measure of a light source's economic efficiency.
The unit of luminous flux is
lumen (lm)
Luminous flux (light output)
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Luminous intensity is the ability to emit light into a
given direction. This is a useful
measurement for directive lighting elements such as reflectors. It is represented by the luminous intensity distribution curve (LDC).
The unit of luminous intensity is candela
Luminous intensity
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This definition determines the
amount of light that covers a surface.
It decreases by the square of the distance (inverse square law). Eg. If distance is 2x, brightness will be 1/4 and if distance is 3x, brightness will be 1/9.
B = lumen/4p(d)^2
Illuminance
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Luminance L is the luminous
intensity emitted by the surface area of 1 cm² (or 1 m²) of the light source.
It specifies the brightness of a
surface and is essentially dependent on its and Colour)
The human eye does not see illuminance; it sees luminance.
Luminance
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Relation between them
Luminous flux Luminous intensity
Luminance Illuminance
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A range of lighting levels is recommended for each type of interior/activity. (minimum-medium-maximum)
General office - 300-500-750 (lux)
Deep plan office - 500-750-1000 (lux)
Computer work stations - 300-500-750 (lux)
Conference room - 300-500-750 (lux)
Executive office - 300-500-750 (lux)
Computer and data
preparation room - 300-500-750 (lux)
Filing rooms - 200-300-500 (lux)
Value of illuminance recommended by NBC-2005
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The appropriate type and quantity of lamps and light fixtures may be selected based on the following:
Fixture efficiency
Lamp lumen output
Reflectance of surrounding surfaces
Room size and shape
Availability of natural light
Lamp consideration
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• Glare
• Uniformity of illuminance
• Colour rendering
Quality of
illumination
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Glare is a sensation caused by
luminance in the visual field that are too bright. Discomfort, annoyance, or reduced productivity can result.
A bright object alone does not necessarily cause glare, but a bright
object in front of a dark background, however, usually will cause glare.
Controls
◦ using lighting equipment designed to reduce glare.
◦ A louver or lens is commonly used to block direct viewing of a light source.
◦ Indirect lighting
Glare
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Direct glare
GlareIt is a visual sensation caused by excessive and uncontrolled brightness.
Reflected glare
Cause:• Luminaires without glare control• Very bright surfacesCure:• Luminaires with limited luminance levels
Cause:• Reflective surfaces• Incorrect luminaire arrangement• Incorrect workstation positionCure• Matching luminaire to workstation (layout)• Indirect lighting• Matt surfaces
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The uniformity of illuminance is a
quality issue that addresses how evenly light spreads over a task
Although a room's average illuminance may be appropriate, two factors may compromise uniformity.
◦ improper fixture placement
◦ fixtures that are retrofit with reflectors that narrow the light distribution.
Uniformity of illuminance
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Light source
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• Efficiency
• Colour temperature
• Colour rendering index
CHARACTERSTICS
Light sources
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Some lamp types are more
efficient in converting energy into visible light than others.
The efficacy of a lamp refers to the number of lumens leaving the lamp compared to the number of watts required by the lamp
It is expressed in lumens per
watt. Sources with higher efficacy
require less electrical energy light a space.
Efficiency
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This is a measurement of "warmth" or "coolness" provided by the lamp.
Color temperature refers to the color of a blackbody radiator at a given absolute temperature, expressed in Kelvins.
A blackbody radiator changes color as its temperature increases ( first to red, then to orange, yellow, and finally bluish white at the highest temperature.
Colour temperature
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Color rendering describes how a light source makes the color of an object
appear to human eyes. The Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a scale from 0 to 100 percent indicating how
accurate a "given" light source is at rendering color when compared to a "reference" light source.
The higher the CRI, the better the color rendering ability.
Color rendering
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Color rendering index
Colour rendering groups CIE general colorrendering Index(Ra)
QUALITY
1A Ra > 90 Wherever accurate color
rendering is required
1B 80 < Ra < 90 Wherever good color rendering is required
2 60 < Ra < 80 Wherever moderate color rendering is required
3 40 < Ra < 60 Wherever color rendering is of
little significance
4 20 < Ra < 40 Wherever color rendering is of
no importance at all
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• Standard Incandescent Lamp
• Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
Incandescent
lamps
Light sources
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Light sources
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Incandescent lamps are one of the oldest electric lighting technologies available.
Colour temperature- 2500 k-3000 k
Efficiency- 6-20 lm/W
Life- 1000 hrs
Colour rendering- 1A
Luminous flux- 200-40,000 lm
Standard Incandescent Lamp
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Colour temperature- 2800 k-33 00 k
Efficiency- 13-22 lm/W
Life- 2000-3000 hrs
Colour rendering- 1A
Luminous flux- 1300-44,000 lm
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
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• Full-size fluorescent lamps
• Compact fluorescent lamps(CFL)
Fluorescent
Lamps
Light sources
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Standard Incandescent Lamp
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Full-size fluorescent lamps are available in several shapes, including straight, U-shaped, and circular configurations. Lamp diameters range from 1" to 2.5".
Colour temperature- 2900 k-6500 k
Efficiency- 50-105 lm/W
Life- 7500-15000 hrs
Colour rendering- varies
Luminous flux- 1000-5400 lm
Full-size fluorescent lamps
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Reductions of tube diameters have facilitated the development of compact fluorescent lamps.
Colour temperature- 2900 k-6500 k
Efficiency-
◦ 36-65 lm/W (with ballast)
◦ 50-90 lm/W (without ballast)
Life- 7500-15000 hrs
Colour rendering- 1A, 1B
Luminous flux- 250-2900 lm
Compact fluorescent lamps(CFL)
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• Mercury Vapor
• METAL HALIDE LAMPS
• HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS
High-
intensity
discharge
lamps
Light sources
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Clear mercury vapor lamps, which produce a blue-green light, consist of a mercury-vapor arc tube with tungsten electrodes at both ends.
Colour temperature- 3000 k-4200 k
Efficiency- 18-28 lm/W
Life- 7500-15000 hrs
Colour rendering- 3
Luminous flux- 3000-14,000 lm
Mercury Vapor
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These lamps use metal halide additives inside the arc tube along with the mercury and argon. These additives enable the lamp to produce more visible light per watt with improved color rendition.
Colour temperature- 3000 k-6000 k
Efficiency- 55-110 lm/W
Life- 2000-10,000 hrs
Colour rendering- 1A, 1B OR 2
Luminous flux- 2400-300,000 lm
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
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The high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp is widely used for outdoor and industrial applications. Its higher efficacy makes it a better choice than metal halide for these applications, especially when good color rendering is not a priority
Colour temperature- 2000 k-2200 k
Efficiency- 60-150 lm/W
Life- 10,000-28,000 hrs
Colour rendering- 3 OR 4
Luminous flux- 2000-130,000 lm
HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS
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LED (Light Emitting Diodes)
LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) use a fraction of the electricity of standard incandescent bulbs and have become the best energy-saving light sources. LED’s are long-lasting, reliable and produce a comfortable white light, which is essential for secure uniform lighting
Pros:
LED lamps last up to 20 years
LED lamps reach full brightness immediately
LEDs do not radiate infrared or ultraviolet light or contain mercury
LED lamps have no start up problems because of cold temperatures
LED is the most efficient light source available till now.
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Ballasts
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All discharge lamps (fluorescent and HID) require an auxiliary piece of equipment called a ballast.
Ballasts have three main functions:
◦ provide correct starting voltage, because lamps require a higher voltage to start than to operate
◦ limit the lamp current to prevent immediate destruction,
Ballast
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There are three main types of fluorescent circuits:
◦ rapid start: Users notice a very short delay after "flipping the switch," before the lamp is started.
◦ instant start: The instant start system ignites the arc within the lamp instantly.
◦ Preheat: The filament needs some time to reach proper temperature, so the lamp does not strike for a few seconds.
Types of Fluorescent Circuits
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The main function of the luminaire is to direct light using reflective and shielding
materials.There are several different types of luminaires. The following is a listing of some of the common luminaire types:
general illumination fixtures such as 2x4, 2x2, & 1x4 fluorescent troffers
downlights
indirect lighting (light reflected off the ceiling/walls)
spot or accent lighting
task lighting
outdoor area and flood lighting
Luminaries
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A luminaire, or light fixture, is a unit consisting of the following components:
lamps
lamp sockets
ballasts
reflective material
lenses, refractors, or louvers
Luminaries
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Each of the above luminaire types consist of a number of components that are designed to work together to produce and direct light. The components used to direct the light produced by the lamps.
Reflectors:
Lenses
Louvers
Directing light
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Reflectors are designed to redirect the light emitted from a lamp in order to achieve a desired distribution of light intensity outside of the luminaire.
In most incandescent spot and flood lights, highly specular (mirror-like) reflectors are usually built into the lamps.
Reflectors
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Lenses made from clear ultraviolet-stabilized acrylic plastic deliver the
most light output and uniformity of shielding media.
they provide less glare control than
louvered fixtures. Lenses are usually much less expensive
than louvers.
Lances
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Louvers provide superior glare controland high visual comfort compared with lens-diffuser systems.
The most common application of louvers is to eliminate the fixture glare
reflected on computer screens.
Deep-cell parabolic louvers provide a good balance between visual and luminaire efficiency.
Small-cell parabolic louvers provide the highest level of visual comfort, they reduce luminaire efficiency to
about 35-45 percent.
Louvers
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General
Different light provisions
Localised Private
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Light has a triple effect:
1. Light for visual functions: glare-free and convenient.
2. Light creating biological effects: Stimulating or relaxing
3. Light for emotional perception: Creating scenes and effects
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Different type of light fixtures:
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Direct
Distribution of lightingOne of the primary functions of a luminaire is to direct the light to where it is needed.
Indirect Direct-Indirect Diffused
90 to 100 percent of the light is directed downward for maximum use.
90 to 100 percent of the light is directed to the ceilings and is reflected to all parts of a room.
Portions of the light are directed upward and downward.
Light is projected in all directions.
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Highly directional
Dark ceiling
Limited flexibility of work-station layout
Energy efficiency on the task level
Direct lighting
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Diffuse lighting conditions
Room gains in height
Glare-free
Workstations can be positioned anywhere
Low energy efficiency
Indirect lighting
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Pleasant room impression
High user acceptance
Good contrast ratios
Flexible workstation layout (indirect component > 60 %)
Direct-Indirect lighting
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direct/indirect solution
Workstations can be positioned anywhere
Glare-free
Gives impression of daylight in room
Diffused lighting
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Natural light
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Light tubes or light pipes are physical structures used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light for the purpose of illumination.
they are also often called tubular daylighting devices, sun pipes, sun scopes, or daylight pipes.
Light pipe
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Collector
The Sky Vault Collector capture daylight without heating the building interior.
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Diffuser
Sky Vault Series Diffuser Assemblies provide precise control over daylight collected by our optical domes and Spectra light Infinity Tubing. Each is factory-assembled to make field installation quick and easy.
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Extension Tubes
Extension tube or pipe for transport of light to another location, minimizing the loss of light.
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Dimmer
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Thank you