lighting design basics
DESCRIPTION
notes related to lighting n acoustics.........TRANSCRIPT
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Based on the Book by Mark Karlen and James Benya,
Wiley and Sons, 2004
Presented byNKBAand
Benya Lighting
James Robert Benya, PE, FIES, IALD, LC
BENYA LIGHTING DESIGNPortland, OR
Lighting Design BasicsLighting Design Basics
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
No Handouts?!?!?•Get the book
– www.wiley.com
•Download this presentation at www.benyalighting.com
•Questions? Send a message to [email protected]
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
What are lighting design basics?
1. Introduction2. Light Sources3. Luminaires4. Switching and Dimming5. Daylighting6. Lighting Calculations7. Documenting Lighting Design8. The Layers Approach9. A Basic Approach
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
What are lighting design basics?
10. Residential Lighting Design11. Office and Corporate Lighting
Design12. Hospitality Lighting Design13. Health Care/Institutional Lighting
Design14. Lighting for Stores15. Lighting Common Spaces
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What are lighting design basics?
16. The Professional Process of Lighting Design
17. Collaborating with Lighting Designers
18. Computers and Lighting Design19. Developing Skills Beyond the
Basics
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1 IntroductionA GOOD LIGHTING DESIGN SHOULD• Look good!• Provide the proper amount of light in every
room.• Be built and constructed within budget, code,
and other constraints.• Be environmentally responsible.• Respond to the Architecture and Interior Design• Produce good color • Achieve the desired moods of each space• Be able to control the lights
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2 Light Sources
• Incandescent• Halogen• Fluorescent• Compact
Fluorescent Lamps• LED’s• Fiber Optic Sources
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Incandescent Lamps
•Appealing•Warm, attractive color
(2600-2900K)•Dimmable•Wide variety•Not energy efficient
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Low Voltage Incandescent Lamps
• Usually low wattage but not inherently energy efficient
• Greatest advantage: size
PAR36 Long throw display lamp 2700K
Xenon incandescent strip lights 2800K
Low voltage strips and tubes 2400-2600K
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Halogen Lamps
•Appealing•Crisp warm, attractive
color (2800-3100K)•Dimmable•Wide variety•Longer life, slightly
more energy efficient
Halogen PAR 20, PAR 30 and PAR 38 lamps
Halogen lamps for table lamps and chandeliers
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Low Voltage Halogen
• Compact, bright lamps• A bit more energy
efficient• Excellent reading, work
and display light sources• Color Temp: 2900-3100K• Long life
MR16
PAR36 and AR111 halogen long throw lamps
Small halogen lamps for task lights, sconces, etc.
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Linear Fluorescent•T-12 “fat tubes”
no longer a good choice
•Use T-8 lamps for most residential uses
•Consider T-5 and T-2 lamps for undercabinet fixtures
T-12 T-8 T-5 T-2
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Compact Fluorescent
•7,9, and 13 watt twin tubes (“PL”lamps) for step lights, low level lighting
•Triple tube, Circuline and 2D lamps 18-58 watts for general lighting
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Color temperatureRange of Daylight
Warm Neutral Cool Cold
1800K 2800K 3500K 5000K 7500K 10000K
2200K 3000K 4100K 6500K 9000K
Setting Sun
North Sky
Range of Fluorescent
Range of
Flame
Range of Incandescent and Halogen
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Recommended Fluorescent Lamps for Common Use
Desired Lamp Color
• Warm 2700K• Warm 3000K• Neutral 3500K• Cool 4100K• Cold 5000K
Lamp Color Designation
• “827”• “830” or “930”• “835”• “841”• “850” or “950”
Example: F32T8/830 is a 3000K, 32 watt tubular fluorescent lamp 8/8” in diameter
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Fluorescent Ballast Technology•Non-dimming
electronic ballasts– Quieter– Instant starting
•Dimming electronic ballasts
– Two wire versions now available
– Standard 3 wire and 4 wire versions also available
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New Technologies
•Fiberoptics
•LED
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Fiberoptics as Special Effect•End-emitting
fiber– twinkle effects (star
fields)– in-water effects
(ponds and water features)
•Side Emitting fiber
– outlining– shapes
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Fiberoptics as Display Lighting
• Uses special optical elements (small lenses)
• Each fiber emits a very small amount of light
• Maximum bundle is about 300 cd at 30 degree
• Virtually no UV or IR• Requires a low ambient light
space like a fine museum
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LED Lights
• Promising technology
• Used for traffic signals and exit signs
• New products include sconces, step lights and marker lights
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For the Kitchen and BathMy favorites
Kitchen• PAR38 halogen
work area downlights
• MR16 low voltage accent lights
• Low voltage xenon or fluorescent undercabinet lights
• Fluorescent cove lights
Bath• Halogen or
fluorescent vanity lights
• MR16 vanity downlight and accent lights
• MR16 shower light
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Urban Living Trends
•Smaller, higher quality spaces•Green design
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Challenges of Green Design• Too much emphasis on
compact fluorescent lighting
• Little understanding of lighting design by utility and energy efficiency advocates
• Not many good choices of luminaires embodying green principles
• Poor design sensitivity in the green community
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For the Kitchen and BathMy green favoritesLook for US EPA Energy Star but be picky!
Kitchen• Compact
fluorescent work area downlights
• MR16 low voltage accent lights
• Low voltage fluorescent undercabinet lights
• Fluorescent cove lights
Bath• Fluorescent vanity
lights• MR16 vanity
downlight and accent lights
• MR16 shower light
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3 Luminaires• “Architectural”
– Recessed cans– Track– Coves and undercabinet lights
• Decorative– Chandeliers– Sconces– Pendants– Lamps
• Utility– Drums– Closet lights
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Recessed Lighting• Generally inexpensive• Very popular• Aesthetically “neutral”• Good for task lighting• OK for general lighting• If chosen correctly,
excellent for display lighting and a number of special applications
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Recessed Lighting• The “Housing”
– For most residential use, fixtures are at most about 7” tall for 2x8 construction
• The “Trim”– 4”, 5” and 6”
incandescent– 3”, 4”, 5” and 6” low
voltage– 4”, 5” and 6”
compact fluorescent
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Standard Housings• Incandescent non-IC
• Incandescent IC• Incandescent air tight IC
• Low voltage non-IC• Low voltage IC
• Low voltage airtight IC• Compact fluorescent non-
IC• Compact fluorescent IC
• Compact fluorescent airtight IC
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Remodeler Housings
•Designed to fit through a single hole in the ceiling
•Usually not IC
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Premium Housings•Superior quality•Interchangeable
lamp capability– Incandescent– Low voltage– Compact fluorescent
•High quality interchangeable trims
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Choosing Trims• Is the trim suitable for your needs
– Adjustable?– Right style?– Right color or material?
• Is the trim LISTED for the application?– Kitchen: indoor, dry location– Bathroom: indoor, dry location– Over shower or tub: Spa or shower rated– Steam shower: wet label, gasketed– Indoor pool or hot tub: wet label, non conductive
trim, at least 7.5’ above water level
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Standard trims
• Downlight– Baffle– Cone
• Accent light– Gimbal– Eyeball– Pull down
• Wallwash– Eyelid
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Using Standard Recessed Lighting• Choose trims tastefully• Use halogen lamps
– 4” family use PAR20– 5” and 6” family use
PAR30– 6” family also consider the
PAR38– Avoid so called line
voltage MR16 and PAR16
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Adjustable Line Voltage Recessed Trims
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Low Voltage MR-16 Lighting
• Typically used in a 3” or 4”recessed can
• Can be used (with the right trim) in a 5” or 6” can
• Use good quality MR16 lamps• ALWAYS use a soft focus
spread lens (Halo L111)• Current Favorite: Sylvania
37MR16/IR
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Low Voltage Trims
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Other Low Voltage Trims
•Glass trim, gasketed for wet environments
•Low cost spa and shower light for tubs and shower stalls
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Be Careful with Compact Fluorescent Downlights• Square: not IC or
AT but looks nice• Round IC – way
tall• To get an airtight
IC you are limited to 13 watts
• In the kitchen downlight you need 32 watts
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Track
• Still used in museums for good reason• Permits maximum flexibility• Luminaires equipped easily with
spread lenses and UV filters for artwork lighting
• Attaches to surface, permits dramatic lighting in condos
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Track• Standard 120 volt
track– Low cost general
purpose– High cost “museum
grade”
• Low voltage track• Low voltage
specialty systems– Two cable systems– Two rail systems– Two conductor “bars”,
“rods”, and ribbons
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Low Voltage Lighting•Most recessed low
voltage lights have a transformer in the housing
•Most low voltage strips and some recessed housings can be connected to a remote transformer
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Accent Lighting Using Low Voltage
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Beam QualityAn unfiltered lamp tends
to have• Striation
– lines and harsh edges
• Halation– rings sometimes with
rainbowing
• Sharp edges and rapid change
– well defined round or elliptical beams
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Taming the (MR16) Beast
• Smooth the Beam– Softening Lens (Halo
L111 or “solite”)– Spread Lens– Linear Lens
• Shield the Source– Baffle or snoot– Louver
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Accent Lighting Technique• Should be located at about
30 degrees off vertical relative to focal point
• Do not get too close to wall -normally 24” minimum away
• Use 30-60-90 triangle to determine optimum position
• Only use lighting systems capable of hitting above 40 degrees (off vertical) in special situations.
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Accent Lighting
ArtworkArtwork
3030--6060--90 triangle90 triangle
Mounting LineMounting LineRecessed accent lightRecessed accent light
Track or monopointTrack or monopoint
The distance from thefixture to the artworkwill determine beam angle and candlepower
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Accent Lighting with PAR36
For high ceilings use a low voltage 6” recessed luminaire and a 50 watt PAR36 low voltage lamp
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Accent lighting• Living room, great
room, family room• Dining room• Foyer• Hallways/prime art
locations• Art niches• Master bedroom
reading and art lights• Powder rooms
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The Layered Approach to Lighting Design
Begin by thinking in layers
Ambient
Task
Focal
Decorative
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Layer #1 - The Ambient or General Lighting Layer
• Generally the relatively uniform lighting of the space.
• Tends to establish mood.• Includes uniform downlighting, indirect lighting
(uplighting and wallwashing), and some special techniques, but can also be the decorative lighting
• Called “general lighting” if at task levels (30-50 fc or more).
• Called “ambient lighting” if lower than task levels
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The Ambient Layer
Cove lighting
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Layer #2 - The Task Layer
•Generally limited to “task lighting” of the HORIZONTAL WORK SURFACE at work locations.
•Tends to help create drama.•Usually produces 50 fc or more
within a small area.
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Ambient and Task LightingDownlighting
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Layer #3 - The Display or Focal Layer
• Generally limited to accent lighting and similar effects, primarily through VERTICAL AND OTHER NON-HORIZONTAL SURFACE ILLUMINATION.
• Tends to create drama, with greater drama the result of greater contrast between the brightness created by Focal Lighting and Ambient Lighting.
• Usually involves key displays at 100 fc or more.
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Ambient, Task and Focal Lighting
Accent Lighting
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Layer #4 - the Decorative or Traditional Layer
• In general, adds the decorative luminaires called for by the architecture/interior design style, period, motif.
• Is usually expected to contribute to the ambient illumination. In many designs, the decorative lighting will BE the ambient lighting.
• Usually reduces contrast (drama).
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Ambient, Task, Focal and Decorative Lighting
Chandelier
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Composition
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Composition•Chandelier
(ambient and decorative)
•Recessed (task)•Recessed
(focal)•Sconce
(decorative)
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Composition
•Cove (ambient)•Recessed (task)•Undercabinet
(task)•Chandelier
(decorative)•Sconce
(decorative)
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Composition and Planning for Change
•Recessed adjustable lighting
•Combined with fixed predictable lighting
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Remote transformers•Address Article 411
and 725 issues– Class 1– Class 2
•Low noise, minimum heat
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WallwashingProduces a flat, even wash of light for a wall. You may find this is NOT what you wanted…
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Types of WallwashersRececssed asymmetric style
Eyelid style
Recessed lens styleTrack and surface lens and asymmetric style
Semi-recessed lensand open asymmetric style
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Principles of Wallwashing• Fixtures at least 24”
out from wall and about 1/4 wall height out from wall
• Fixtures apart 1 to 1.5 times the distance from the wall
• If you don’t need at least three - you shouldn’t be wallwashing
The higher thewall the furtherout to locatewallwashers
At least 2’
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Undercabinet LightingDON’T• Mount fixtures at
back of cabinet• Use luminous front
fixtures• Put short fixtures
under long cabinets
• Put in cheap cool white or daylight lamps
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Undercabinet Lighting
DO• Use solid front fixtures• Use a lens to diffuse
the lamp image over polished countertops
• Choose fixtures to be as continuous as possible and wrap around corners
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Low Voltage Specialty Lighting• Permits finely detailed lighting effects• Use inside and under cabinets and
similar locations
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Example: Bookcase
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Example: Cabinet with Polished Countertop
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Things to Remember: Room by Room
•Here is my basic list of lighting considerations
• I use this with every client – we expand from there
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Kitchen
•Multiple layers permits multiple moods
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Steps to Better Kitchen Lighting by Layers
Layer #1 – Light the Task
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Steps to Better Kitchen Lighting by Layers
Layer #2 –Ambient Light
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Steps to Better Kitchen Lighting by Layers
Layer #3 –Decorative Light
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Bathroom
Layers•Multiple layers
for mood and flexibility
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Bathroom
Layer #1-TaskLight the Face
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Bathroom
Layer #1-TaskLight the Face
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Bathroom
Layer #2-TaskLight the Sink
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Bathroom
Layer #3-TaskLight the
Shower or Tub
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Bathroom
Layer #4- Night Lights
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Other Lighting Things to Remember
• Dimmers and controls laid out well and kept simple
• Layers in every space even closets
• Built in night lights
• Controlled daylight
• Lens, focus and other adjustments must be done
• Good lighting extends outdoors
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©2005 JAMES BENYA
Lighting Design Basics
Presented by BENYA LIGHTING DESIGN
For a copy of these slides, www.benyalighting.com