lights, fog signals & buoyage 1 22/03/99 buoyage module lights, fog signals & buoyage

Lights, Fog Signals & Buoyage

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Buoyage Module



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Range

During this lesson we will cover the following:

The IALA buoyage system Region A. The general & local direction of buoyage. The characteristics of the different buoys

& lights used in this system. Abbreviations used on charts.


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Objectives By the end of this lesson you will be able to: Identify lights, fog signals, and IALA Buoyage System

(Region A) by day and night. State the meaning of and identify general light characteristics Use ALLFS to a basic level State the use and limitations of fog signals Determine the meaning of and be able to pass the safe side of

IALA Buoyage (Region A)


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IALA

International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)

Non-governmental body recommends improvements to

navigational aids based on the latest technology


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B

B

B

B

B

B

A AA

A

A

A

A

A

A

IALA BUOYAGE REGIONS “A” & “B”

1973 IALA met and divided the World into two Buoyage regions - A & B.

Regions A & B differ by which side lateral marks are placed.We are interested in Region A


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The IALA System The system applies to all fixed and floating

marks, other than lighthouses and sector lights. It serves to indicate the following: Sides and centrelines of navigational channels Navigational channels under fixed bridges Natural dangers and other obstructions such as

dangerous wrecks. Areas in which navigation may be subject to regulation Other features of importance to the Mariner


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IALA Buoyage system A

To meet the requirements of the system five different types of mark are provided.

Lateral Cardinal Isolated danger Safe water Special marks


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Lateral Marks Lateral marks are generally used for well defined

channels in conjunction with direction of Buouyage. They indicate the limits of channels on the port and

starboard sides

Channel

DIRECTIONOF BUOYAGE


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Direction of Buoyage

Channel

DIRECTIONOF BUOYAGE

Local Direction of Buoyage - The direction taken by the Mariner when approaching a harbour, river, estuary or other waterway from seaward.

IALA A & B - entering harbour, port hand buoys on the port side and starboard in the starboard side.


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General Direction of Buoyage - The direction determined by the Buoyage authorities, based whenever possible on the principle of following a clockwise direction around continents.

At sea around the British Isles its general direction is SW to NE


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Starboard Lateral Marks

Colour - Green

Shape - Cone, pillar or spar

Topmark - Single green cone

Retroreflector - Green band or triangle

Light - (When fitted) May have any Rhythm except 2+1 some examples are given below:

Q.G

Fl.G

LFl.G

Fl(2)G

Continuous-quick light

Single-flashing light

Long-flashing light

Group-flashing light


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Port Lateral MarksColour - Red

Shape - Can, pillar or spar

Topmark - Single Red can

Retroreflector - Red band or square

Light - May have any Rhythm except (2+1) some examples are

given below:

Q.R

Fl.R

LFl.R

Fl(2)R

Continuous-quick light

Single-flashing light

Long-flashing light



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POINT OFINTEREST

N

E

S

W

NENW

SW

SE

Cardinal Marks

Note. Topmarks always point towards black band


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Pass to the west of the cardinal

Cardinal marks are used are used in conjunction with a compassto indicate where the Mariner may find the best navigable water


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POINT OFINTEREST

N

E

S

W

NENW

SW

SE

North Cardinal Mark

ColourTop - BlackBottom - Yellow

ShapePillar or spar

TopmarkTwo black conespoints upwards

RetroreflectorBlue over Yellow band

LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q or VQ


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POINT OFINTEREST

N

E

S

W

East Cardinal Mark

ColourTop - BlackMiddle - YellowBottom - Black

ShapePillar or spar

TopmarkTwo black conespoints away

RetroreflectorTwo Blue bands

LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q(3) or VQ(3)

NENW

SW

SE


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POINT OFINTEREST

N

E

S

W

South Cardinal Mark

ColourTop - YellowBottom - Black

ShapePillar or spar

TopmarkTwo black conespoints downwards

RetroreflectorYellow over Blue band

LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q(6)+LF or VQ(6)+LF

NENW

SW

SE


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POINT OFINTEREST

N

E

S

W

West Cardinal Mark TopmarkTwo black conespoints together(W for wineglass) Colour

Top - YellowMiddle - BlackBottom - Yellow

ShapePillar or spar

RetroreflectorTwo Yellow bands

LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q(9) or VQ(9)

NENW

SW

SE


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9 3

6

12

W

S

N

E

Q(6)+LFl. or VQ(6)+LFl.

Q or VQ

Q(9) or VQ(9) Q(3) or VQ(3)

To remember the light sequences think of a clock face, the long flash immediately after the group of flashes of a South Cardinal mark

ensures that 6 flashes cannot be mistaken for 3 or 9.


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Isolated Danger Marks

Colour - Black & Red

Shape - Pillar or spar

Topmark - Two black spheres

Retroreflector - Blue & Red band

Light - White, Group-flashing (2)

Use - Erected on or moored above isolated dangers which have navigable water all around them

Fl(2)Group-flashing light


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Safe Water MarkColour - Red & White

Shape - Spherical, Pillar or spar

Topmark - One Red sphere

Retroreflector - Red & White bands or Stripes

Light - White with the rhythms below

Use - To indicate navigable water all round the mark. May be used as a centreline, mid-channel or landfall buoy or the best point to pass under a bridge

Iso

Oc

LFl. 10sMo(A)

Isophase

Occulting

Long Flash every 10 secs

Morse Code A


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Special MarksColour - Yellow

Shape - Can be any shape

Topmark - Yellow cross

Retroreflector - Yellow band or cross

Light - Yellow, may have any rhythm not used for white lights, someexamples below

Use - Indicates a special area or feature the nature of which is apparent from reference to the chart.

Fl. YFl(4)Y

Yellow Flashing light



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IALA REGION B Lateral Marks


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Characteristics of Lights

There are four main characteristics to a light RHYTHM COLOUR PERIOD INTENSITY


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Characteristics of Lights RHYTHMS

F Fixed On all the time

Fl Flashing < 50 flashes per min

Q Quick Flashing 50-80 flashes per min

VQ Very Quick Flashing 80-160 flashes per min

UQ Ultra Quick Flashing> 160 flashes per min

Oc Occulting More light than dark

Iso Isophase Equal light and dark

Alt Alternating Different colours

Mo Morse Code Flashes Morse Code characters


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Characteristics of Lights COLOURS

W White

R Red

G Green

Y Yellow

Bu Blue

Vi Violet

If no colour is listed, the light is WHITE


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PERIOD

The period of a light is the time taken to complete one full cycle of ON-and-OFF changes.


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PERIOD


15 seconds15 seconds


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PERIOD


15 seconds15 seconds Fl (3) W 15sFl (3) W 15s


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INTENSITYA measure of the brightness or power of the light.

The standard unit of measurement is candelas. However, on the majority of charts and on all British Admiralty Charts, the Nominal Range of a light is given.


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Lights

The range of visibility is dependent on:

The intensity of the light The prevailing visibility The height of the light combined with the

height of eye of the observer.


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Lights The Intensity

– The brighter the light the further it can be seen.


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Lights The prevailing visibility The range of a lights given on the chart or in

Admiralty List of Lights & Fog Signals(ALLFS) is based on visibility being 10nm, this is referred to as the Nominal range.

Visibility is rarely exactly 10nm so the ranges given on Charts are a rough guide.


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Lights The height of the light combined with the

height of eye of the observer The height of the light is also given on the chart or

in Admiralty List of Lights & Fog Signals(ALLFS).


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Characteristics of Lights Geographical Range

– Range of a light taking into account the height of a light and the height of the observer


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– Range of a light taking into account the height of a light and the height of the observer


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– Range of a light taking into account the height of a light and the height of the observer.


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Chart Symbology

FL (4) 20s 15m 12M


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Chart Symbology

FL (4) 20s 15m 12M

White lightFlashing in agroup of 4


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Chart Symbology

FL (4) 20s 15m 12M


Period4 flashes every 20 second


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Chart Symbology

FL (4) 20s 15m 12M



Luminous range12 Miles


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Chart Symbology

FL (4) 20s 15m 12M



Elevation15 metres aboveM. H.W. S.

Luminous range12 Miles


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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES


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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Fl (6) 30s


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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Fl (6) 30s

– A group of 6 white flashes every 30 seconds

30 seconds30 seconds


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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Oc Y 12.5s


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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Oc Y 12.5s

12.5 seconds

A Yellow light with one Occultation every 12.5 seconds


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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES F G


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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES F G

– A fixed green light


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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Iso R


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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Iso R

– A red light with an equal duration of light and darkness (Isophase)


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Characteristics of Lights SECTOR LIGHTS


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Characteristics of Lights SECTOR LIGHTS

WWWW

RR


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Fog Signals - LIMITATIONS

Heard at greatly varying distances Affected by atmospheric conditions Areas of inaudible sound Fog signals may be unoperable at very short

notice No accurate bearing or range information


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Fog Signals Abbreviations of fog signals found on

charts. Dia Siren Reed Explos Bell Gong Whis Horn


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Summary

During this lesson we have covered the following:

The IALA buoyage system Region A. The general & local direction of buoyage. The characteristics of the different buoys

& lights used in this system. Abbreviations used on charts.


5722/03/99

Objectives You should now be able to: Identify lights, fog signals, and IALA Buoyage System (Region

A) by day and night. State the meaning of and identify general light characteristics Use ALLFS to a basic level State the use and limitations of fog signals Determine the meaning of and be able to pass the safe side of

IALA Buoyage (Region A)

lights, fog signals & buoyage 1 22/03/99 buoyage module lights, fog signals & buoyage

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