lights out in the cold
TRANSCRIPT
LIGHTS OUT IN THE COLDReforming Utility Shut-Off Policies as If Human Rights Matter
Environmental and Climate Justice Program, NAACP
March 2017
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LIGHTSOUTINTHECOLD:ReformingUtilityShut-OffPoliciesasIfHumanRightsMatter
March 2017 Created by the NAACP Environmental and Climate Justice Program National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 4805 Mt. Hope Drive, Baltimore, MD 21215 (410) 580-5777 [email protected] www.naacp.org Foreword by: Jacqueline Patterson, Environment and Climate Justice Program Director, NAACP
Primary Authors: Marcus Franklin, NAACP Caroline Kurtz, Georgetown University Law Center
Contributing Authors: Mike Alksnis, NAACP
Lorah Steichen, NAACP Chiquita Younger, NAACP
Acknowledgements This report was made possible by the support and dedicated work on utility disconnection protection and policy development of:
Professor Scott Hempling, Georgetown University Law Center
Dr. Holmes Hummel, Founder, Clean Energy Works
David Pomerantz, Executive Director, Energy and Policy Institute
The National Consumer Law Center
The Michigan Welfare Rights Organization
The Committee to End Utility Shut Offs
Public Utility Law Center ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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EXECUTIVESUMMARY
As a part of a broader consumer protection arrangement, the adoption of utility disconnection policies
acknowledges theproblems facedbycustomerswhoarevulnerable tohaving theirutilitiesdisconnected.
Unfortunately, the interests of these customers often compete with the interests of utility companies,
regulators,andotherutility customers.Thisposesanobstacle to thedesignofappropriatedisconnection
policiesthatrecognizethenecessityofutilityservicesandtherightsofutilitycustomers.A“disconnection
policy”describesthejustifications,procedures,andconsumerprotectionswithwhichautilitymustcomply
before terminating service to a customer. Although a utility typicallymaintains the right to disconnect a
customer for a variety of reasons, there are more
problematic issues with disconnection because of
nonpayment.1
This report provides a comprehensive overview of
commondisconnectionprotectionsandpoliciesemployed
byutilitiesnationwide,explorescriticalissuesthatshould
be considered in the development of disconnection
policies,andcallsforconcreteactiontowardestablishing
policiesthatprotectthewell-beingofallutilitycustomers
and the eventual ELIMINATION OF UTILITYDISCONNECTIONS.Theneedtoincorporatehumanrights
intotheutilitybusinessmodel isakeycomponentofthe
larger reform of the extractive energy economy and
movement toward energy justice. The energy justice
movementupholds that all individuals have the right to:
safe,sustainableenergyproduction;resilientandupdated
energy infrastructure; affordable energy; and
uninterruptedenergyservice.2
This report discusses common disconnection
protections across all types of utilities, but focuses
on those set for Investor-Owned Utilities (IOU's).
Issueswithexistingdisconnectionpracticesandstatelevelmodelpoliciesareexplored.Recommendations
fortheestablishmentofarighttoutilityserviceareput forwardtoensurethefutureprotectionofutility
customers.
EXISTINGSTATEPOLICIES
PROCEDURALPROTECTIONSANDCONSIDERATIONS:
• All states require utility companies to provide a written, phone, or personally delivered notice
beforeadisconnection.
AftermathofaspaceheaterfireinPrinceGeorge'sCounty,MDSource:http://patch.com/maryland/bowie/space-heaters-cause-bedroom-fires-twice-week-0
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• There is awide rangeofdisconnection limitations. Somestateswill notdisconnectduring certain
hoursofdaysoftheweek,whileotherstateswillnotdisconnectbeforeorduringaholiday.
• Fifteenstatesdonotspecifypoliciesforutilityreconnectionfees.
SEASONALPROTECTIONS:
• Date-based protections take place during the colder months, usually between the months of
NovemberandMarchorApril.Temperatureprotectionsarebasedonvariousrangesofhotandcold
temperatures that could place residents in danger. Most of the states will not disconnect when
temperaturesarebelow32°Forabove95°F,buttheofferingofthisprotectionvariesbystate.
• Nine states do not provide any state regulated seasonal protections for utility customers. These
statesinclude:Alaska,California,Colorado,Connecticut,Florida,NorthDakota,Oregon,Tennessee,
andVirginia.
PAYMENTASSISTANCE
• Moststatesofferapaymentplanoptiontoavoiddisconnectionsandchargeafeetoreconnectto
utilityservices.
PROTECTIONSFORSOCIALLYVULNERABLEGROUPS
• Medical protections are generally offered for disabled or elderly customers. Generally, amedical
certificateisrequiredtopostponeadisconnectionforvariousamountsoftime.
• Eightstatesdonothaveregulationsestablishingstandardprotectionsforsociallyvulnerablegroups.
Among these states are: Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Kentucky, North Carolina, North
Dakota,andRhodeIsland.
THERIGHTTOUNINTERUPTEDENERGYSERVICE
Theestablishmentofauniversalrighttouninterruptedenergyservicewouldensurethatprovisionsareinplacetopreventutilitydisconnectionduetonon-paymentandarrearages.3Towardestablishingsucharight,
wecall forallutilitycompanies toadvocate forand incorporate the following foundationalprinciples into
theirmodels,operations,andpolicies:
1. SecureACCESStoutilityservicesforallhouseholds;2. EnsureINCLUSIONofallcustomersinthedevelopmentofutilitypoliciesandregulations;
3. Create full TRANSPARENCYof the informationandactionsofutilitycompanies, regulatingbodies,
legislatures,andutilityaffiliatedorganizations;
4. GuaranteethePROTECTIONofthehumanandcivilrightsofallcustomers;and
5. AdvanceprogramsthathelpELIMINATEPOVERTY,sothatallcustomerscanpayutilitybills.
While the end goal is clear—to prioritize utility policies that place a moratorium on utility servicedisconnections—theseprinciplescanbefurtheredthroughthefollowingpractices:
PROCEDURALPROTECTIONS
1. Require multiple attempts at both written and telephonic or in-person contact before
disconnection;
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2. Securenotificationofdisconnectionbymail;
3. Requireapost-disconnectionnoticetoallcustomers;4. Provideadditionalnoticeprovisionsforcustomerswhocanbedisconnectedremotely;
5. Restrict disconnections to times between 8:00am-2:00pm on days when the utility has
employeesavailabletoreconnectutilityservices;6. Providenoticeandutilitydisconnectionpoliciesinmultiplelanguages;
7. Removeallpoliciesallowingutilitiestochargedisconnectionandreconnectionfees;
8. Ceasethecollectionofdepositsforutilityserviceactivationand/orreconnection;
SEASONALPROTECTIONS
9. Includeseasonalprotectionswithbothtemperatureanddate-basedsolutions;10. Setdisconnectionarrearageminimumsforcustomerswhouseutilityservicesastheprimary
sourceofheatingorcoolingduringperiodsofseasonalprotection;11. Provide utility services during extreme weather events that fall outside of seasonal
protectionperiods;
PAYMENTASSISTANCE
12. Allowbudgetpaymentplanstodistributeutilitycoststhroughouttheyear;13. Allowpartialpaymentplanstocustomerstopreventdisconnections;14. Provideconnectionstosocialservicesandcasemanagementresourcesforhouseholdswith
arrearages;
PROTECTIONSFORTHESOCIALLYVULNERABLE
15. Establish simple procedures for socially vulnerable groups to apply and be registered for
protectionfromdisconnection;16. Implementcustomersurveysinadvanceofextremeweatherseasonstoscreenforsocially
vulnerableindividuals;17. Ensure active outreach to socially vulnerable customers and households for inclusion in
protectionprograms;and18. Registrationintotheseprogramsshouldbecomplimentedwithanotificationtolocaland/or
stateemergencyreliefagenciesandsafetyresponders.
Thepoliciesandprotectionsdetailedinthisreportrepresentstop-gapmeasurestolessenharmsonutility
customerwellbeing. Inadvancingenergy justice,all individualshave the right to: safe, sustainableenergy
production; resilient and updated energy infrastructure; affordable energy; and uninterrupted energy
service.4The NAACP calls for the development of policies and utility structures that improve energy
efficiency throughout theenergycontinuum,advancecleanand renewableenergyproduction,encourage
andenablethedevelopmentofdistributedgeneration,andprotecthumanlifeandwellbeing.Theseaspects
arecomponentsofthelargerutilitysystemchangethatwemustbuild.
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
FOREWORD:ACALLTOMORALITY—byjacquelinePatterson,NAACPEnvironmentalandclimatejusticeProgram
Director...............................................................................................................................................................................vii
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................................2
TheHumanCostofUtilityDisconnection.........................................................................................................................3
DisconnectionPoliciesandTheirRegulation........................................................................................................................5
WhatisaDisconnectionPolicy?.......................................................................................................................................5
HowareDisconnectionPoliciesRegulated?.....................................................................................................................6
CompetingInterests.........................................................................................................................................................7
DisproportionateEnergyBurdens........................................................................................................................................9
TypesofDisconnectionPolicies.........................................................................................................................................15
StateDisconnectionProtectionPolicies.............................................................................................................................18
ModelStatePolicies.......................................................................................................................................................18
FinancingtoReduceandEliminateDIsconnections...........................................................................................................23
BillAssistancePrograms.................................................................................................................................................23
WeatherizationandEnergyEfficiencyPrograms...........................................................................................................24
InclusiveFinancingModels.............................................................................................................................................25
TheNeedforUniterruptedService....................................................................................................................................26
ImprovedDataCollection,Research,andTransparency................................................................................................27
UpholdingHumanRightsintheShortTerm...................................................................................................................29
BuildingontheLegacyofChange...................................................................................................................................32
LONGTERMVISION........................................................................................................................................................33
FromPersecutedbymyUtilitytoPoweredandEmpoweredbytheSUN!-AmyMays,Arizona.......................................35
AppendixA:ElectricityAffordabilityIndex-U.S.States.....................................................................................................36
AppendixB:SurveyofStateDisconnectionPolcies...........................................................................................................37
EndNotes...........................................................................................................................................................................66
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FOREWORD:ACALLTOMORALITY—BYJACQUELINEPATTERSON,NAACPENVIRONMENTALAND
CLIMATEJUSTICEPROGRAMDIRECTOR
Iwillneverforgetthesoundoffearinmyfather'svoiceonthephoneorthelookofdesperationinhiseyes
whenIwalkedthroughthedoor.IwashometotakecareofmyDadinwhatturnedouttobehislastdays
onearth.Ihadgoneouttogetsomeitemsthatheneeded.Mycellphoneranganditwashimontheother
endsayingthatthepowerhadgoneoutandhedidn'tknowhowlonghisrespiratorwouldrunwithoutit.I
racedhomeandasIopenedthedoor,myDadwasjuststandinginthemiddleofthelivingroom,attached
tohisrespirator, lookingdesperate. Itturnedoutto justbethat Ineededtofliptheswitchonthecircuit
breaker.Butitbringshomethereliancethatsomanyhaveonelectricitytosustainlife.
Asmanyofuswereenjoyingturkey,ham,ortofurkeywithlovedones,exchangingpresents,andengagingin
holidayfestivities,forsomeofus,allwasnotmerryandbright.Toomanyareshiveringinthedeepfreeze
thathadassailedalargeswathofthenation,huddledaroundspaceheatersoropenovendoorsinhomeslit
by candles or kerosene lamps, because they could not pay their electricity/heating bills and were thus
withoutthisvitalresource.Thestoriesovertheyearsaretoomanytolist,buteachonealonerepresentsa
moralimperativeforsystemsreformoftheutilitybusinessmodelbecausenolifeshouldbelostforlackof
thebasichumanrighttosafeshelter,inalandofplenty:
• A Maryland man in dire straits after having his electricity disconnected, resorted to using a
generator to power the home where he was raising his seven children.5 Carbon monoxide
releasedbythegeneratorkilledtheentirefamilyastheyslept.6AlsoinMD,afiresweptthrougha
rowhousekilling10people,including7childrenaged7months,5,7,11and12years,andtwo3
yearolds, aswell as3adults, after the terminationof theelectricity caused residents tobegin
usingcandlesandakerosenelampforelectricity.7
• InMichigan, John Skelley, a 69-year-oldman, passed away in his home from hypothermia and
othercauses,severaldaysafterhisgasservicewasdisconnected.8AlsoinMichigan,afiresparked
byaspaceheaterbeingusedtoheatthehomeafterutilitieshadbeenshutofftookthelivesof
threepeople.9
• InNewYork, three youngboys, ages 4months, 2 years, and 5 years died in a fire causedby a
candleusedforlightaftertheutilitycompanydisconnectedservicefornon-payment.10Inanother
New York incident, a child died in a fire started by a candle, in a home where service was
scheduledtobereconnected24hoursafterthedesperatemeasurestookhislife.11
• InCalifornia,fivechildren,ages4,1andtwo2yearolds,losttheirliveswhentheirelectricityhad
beendisconnectedandtheirmothers,whoweresisters livingtogether,usedcandlelightto light
theirhome,resultinginafire.12
Toooftenthesetragediesarechalkeduptotheinevitableconsequencesofpovertyandimplicitlyrelegated
tobeingsad,butacceptablelosses,withanunspokennotionthat“Wecan’tsavethemall!”However,every
oneoftheselosseswaspreventableandwecannot,ingoodconscience,standbyandwatchmorewhenwe
havethemeanstoensureaccessforall.
Thecostofextremepovertyshouldnotbeadeathsentence.
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Whetheritisextremesinheat,extremesincold,ortheneedforelectricitytopowerlifesavingdeviceslike
respirators or medicines requiring refrigeration not to mention just providing light,
electricity/heating/coolingisessential,notjustforqualityoflife,butalsoformaintenanceoflife!
We’vesharedasmallsamplingofillustrativestoriesoftheconsequencesofinactiononutilityshut-offsthat
havespanneddecades.Yet,withrelativeinaction,intermsofsystemreform,somanymoreareinharm’s
waynow,withthepotentialfordirecircumstancesresultingindesperateandpossiblydeadlyactions.Asof
December 15, 2015, in Pennsylvania alone, at least 9,169 households had no central heating and 414
households were using potentially unsafe heating sources.13In Michigan, ravaged by the post-industrial
economic downturn, from January to September 2013,DTE Energy--a utility company formerly knownas
Detroit Edison--reported 169,407 shut-offs, while another utility company, Consumers Energy (CMS),
reported118,203shutoffs.DisconnectionsinMichiganhaveincreaseddramaticallysincethecrashof2008,
withDTEcompletingtwoandhalftimesasmanyshutoffsin2011thanin2007.14Thistrendisobservableon
anationalscale.
Theheadlinestodayheraldingthe“winterweatherblast”with99millionpeople intheUSunderawinter
weatheradvisory15highlighttheprovenfatalcocktailbeingmixedwiththeingredientsbeingharshweather
andlackofprotectionforthousandsofvulnerablehouseholdswhoarestrugglingwithmakingendsmeet,
placingtheminavicethatcanresultinresortingtohazardousmeansoflightingandheating.
Sciencehas spokenand sohasMotherNatureas she continues respond toour abuse in the formof the
pollutingwaysweemploytogenerateenergy.Climatechangeisalreadyresultinginweatherextremesfrom
extreme heat to extreme cold to extreme storms. 16 As such, we are seeing more days where air
conditioningorat leastafan isrequiredanddaysofextremecoldrequiringheat,andgreateramountsof
snow to such an extent that even if someone wanted to leave an unheated home in search of warmth
elsewhere, thismay not be an option. Besideswhich, the ongoing crisis of homelessness finds themost
vulnerablecommunitieswithoutavailableshelterspace,oranyalternativesiftheirhomesareunsafe.17
Nationwide, annual temperatures have been rising over the past 50 years.18The hottest parts of the
country, includingTexas, theSouthwest, andFloridahavealreadyexperienced large increases inextreme
heatdays,includingdaysover90°F,95°F,and100°F.Extremeheatwhenpairedwithrisinghumiditylevels,
makeblisteringhotdaysmoredangerous.Citiesinthesestatesarefacingthegreatestprojectedincreases
indangerousheatoverthenextseveraldecades.19Withmorethan80percentofAmericanslivingincities,
urban heat islands, combined with greenhouse gas heat trapping, can have serious health effects for
hundreds ofmillions of people during the hottestmonths of the year. Heat is already the number one
weather-related killer in the U.S., triggering asthma attacks, heart attacks, and other serious health
impacts.20TheNationalCenterforDisasterPreparednessofColumbiaUniversityinNewYork,projectsthat
about 3,000 people in the U.S. could die each year from heat waves under current climate warming
patterns.Thisestimateisacombinationofvariousfactors,includingexposuretothehighergreenhousegas
emissions,higherurban-basedpopulations,andimpededclimateadaptationandmitigationefforts.21
Winterstormshavealsoincreasedinfrequencyandintensitysincethe1950s,andtheirtrackshaveshifted
andpower intensified in theU.S.Other trends in severe storms, including the intensity and frequencyof
tornadoes, hail, anddamaging thunderstormwinds, arebeing studied intensively for their relationship to
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climatechange.22Lossofinternaltemperaturecontrol,duetoextremeheatandcold,canresultinavariety
of illnesses, including heat cramps, heat exhaustion,heatstroke, andhyperthermiawhen exposed to
extreme heat, andhypothermiaand frostbite when exposed to extreme cold. Exposure to temperature
extremescanworsenchronichealthconditions.23
There areutilities, such as theRoanokeRural Electric Co-Op inNorthCarolina, that arebeing intentional
aboutdesigningabusinessmodelthatishumanrightsbased,protectiveoftheenvironment,yetfinancially
sound.Atthesametime,otherutilitiesaredrivingourcontinuedslidetowardscatastrophicclimatechange
by denying science, and in some cases, intentionally obscuring science as well as by their refusal to
aggressively pursue energy efficiency, embrace the transition to clean energy, and/or allow/facilitate
distributed generation of clean energy. 24 25 26 And
some of the most aggressive utilities are the ones
behindthe highestnumbersofshutoffswherethere
is record keeping. These utilities obstinately defend
the practices of fossil fuel based energy production,
disproportionately polluting the very same
communities, with the highest rates of shut-offs, to
producetheveryelectricitytowhichtheydonothave
access.
In Dayton Texas, Sam Houston Electric
Cooperative has disconnected the utilities of
vulnerable households in areas impacted by
theCedarPowerProject,whichoperatedthree
trashburningincineratorsuntil2008.27Theair
pollutionproducedbyincineratorsisknownto
contribute to the development of chronic
diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)aswellasmanyother serious
healthproblems.28
Given that low-income communities, communities of
color, and vulnerable persons, including people who
are elderly, pay the highest proportion of their
incomes to energy and they are most vulnerable to
shut off andmost likely to suffer from the pollution
fromenergyproduction,thisisaprimeexampleofthe
deepinjusticesintheextractiveeconomy.
As detailed in this report, there are utilities that have managed to reform in such a way that provides
protections for low-income customers. Yet too many companies and their trade associations use their
influence on the Public Utilities Commissions and Public Service Commissions29to push back on the
protectionscommunitiesneed.30Wemustputpressureonutilitycompaniesthathaverefusedtoinnovate
despitethemodelsbeingoutthere foroperatingutilities inahumanewaythatmaintainsoperationsand
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upholdhumanrights. Notonlydoweneedpro-peoplepoliciestoreformutilitycompanypractices inthe
shortterm,but inthe longtermweneedapeople ledmovementtoseizethereinsofourutilitiessector,
includingwater,anotheressentialresourcethatbefallsasimilarfateofbeingwithheldfromthosesuffering
fromextremepoverty.
TheNAACPisapartofbuildingtheneweconomythatputspowerinthehandsofthepeople,literallyand
figuratively.However,inthemeantime,wehavedevelopedthisstudythatchroniclesthebestandworstof
utilitypoliciesandpracticeswiththeaimofupliftingexamplesofthemosthumanepolicies,andprovidinga
blueprintforreformforthosewhocontinuetosacrificethelivesofvulnerablecommunitiesforprofit.We
areissuingacalltolegislators,regulators,utilitycompanies,researchers,andadvocatesforusalltostepup
our efforts in reformingwhatwehavenow, evenwhilewe as people’s advocates push for total-systems
change.Untilwe have transformed to the new, people led, economy,wemust all take responsibility for
pushingforthereformsthatprotectthelivesofthosewhoaremostvulnerable.Weparticularlyissueacall
toconsciencetothelegislators,regulators,andthecompaniesthathaveusedtheprofitsfromtheelectricity
andheatingbills thatwepayeveryday,tosuppresshumanrightsthroughanti-customerprotection,anti-
regulatory, anti-clean energy, anti-energy efficiency, anti-distributed generation lobbying while staunchly
maintainingpracticesthathavetakenlives.
Whilewe build a new economywith foundational principles of human rights, community ownership and
control,participatorydemocracy,andsharedwealthandwellness,throughthiseffort,theNAACP,itsunits,
anditspartnersandallieswillworktoensurethatutilities,regulators,andlegislatorsareheldaccountable
toexecutingpoliciesandpractices thatensurethatright tothecommons, resourcesessential for life,are
upheldforall!
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LIGHTSOUTINTHECOLD:REFORMINGUTILITYSHUT-OFFPOLICIESASIFHUMANRIGHTSMATTER
2
INTRODUCTION
Disconnectionpolicies consistof the justifications,
procedures,andconsumerprotectionswithwhich
autilitymustcomplybeforeterminatingserviceto
a customer. Unfortunately, the interests of these
customers often compete with the interests of
other stakeholders.Thisposesanobstacle for the
design of appropriate disconnection policies that
recognize the necessity of utility services and the
rights of vulnerable customers. The need to
incorporate human rights into the utility business
modelisapparent.
Disconnection policies are implemented by
legislatures and regulators, and vary widely from
state to state. Some policies are protective of
consumers,whileotherslacksafeguards.Theright
to uninterrupted energy service must be
established and upheld for the protection of
human life. In the long term, the termination of
households from utility services must be
eliminated,intheinterim,itiscriticaltoensurethe
absolutehighestlevelofprotectionsforvulnerable
householdsfacingdisconnection.
This report discusses common disconnection
protectionsacrossalltypesofutilities,butfocuses
on those set for Investor-Owned Utilities (IOU's).
Issues with existing disconnection practices and
state level model policies are also explored.
Financial options are presented as a short-term
solution to reduce a household's risk of
disconnection, however, the report sets forth
broadprinciplesandspecificrecommendationsfor
stakeholders aswemove towards a shared vision
of an energy democracy. While the report
highlights disconnection practices mandated by
statelegislaturesandauthorizedregulatorybodies,
the issues and impacts outlined can, and have,
appliedtoPublicly-OwnedUtilities(POU's)aswell.
TYPESOFUTILITYCOMPANIES
InvestorOwnedUtilities(IOUs)
Investor-owned utilities are privately-owned, for-profitelectric utility whose stock is publicly traded. It is rateregulatedandauthorizedtoachieveanallowedrateofreturn.Traditionally, the investor-owned utilities own generation,transmission, and distribution assets. These utilities areregulated by state legislatures and the regulatory bodies towhich they delegate authority. Customer rates are set andregulated by the Public Utility Commission through publicprocessthatincludessomecustomerparticipation.
Publicly Owned Utilities (POUs)/Consumer owned utilities(COUs)
Publicly owned utilities are under public control andregulation.Theseutilitiesareorganizedinvariousforms,suchasmunicipalowned,ruralcooperatives,publicutilitydistricts.COUs have varied regulatory structures. Customer rates aresetbyeachutility'sgoverningbody-boardorcitycouncil inapublicforum.
Municipally owned: A municipally or city-owned utility is anon-profit electricityprovider that is ownedandoperatedbythe municipality it serves. Municipals may or may not havetheir own generation facilities. For municipals without theirown generation often develop a contract with anothercompanytogenerateelectricity.Sincethecustomersarelocal,themunicipals donot need to transmit electricity overhigh-voltage power lines. Generally, municipal-owned utilities arecontrolledbytheCityCounciloraspecialboardorcommittee.
RuralElectricCo-ops:RuralElectricCooperativesareoperatedby and for thepeopleof the community. TheElectric Co-opswere formed to bring electricity to rural households thatinvestor-owned utilities do not serve. They are divided intodistribution cooperatives or generation and transmissioncooperatives. Distribution co-ops provide end-users withelectricity. Generation and transmission co-ops are usuallyowned and managed by several distribution co-ops to sellwholesalepowertodistributionco-ops.Theconsumersoftheutility elect a board to manage and make decisions for theCooperative.
PublicUtilityDistricts(PUDs):PublicUtilityDistrictsareutility-only government agencies that provide things like electricity,naturalgas,sewagetreatment,wastecollection/management,telecommunications,orwater.Theutilitydistrictsarecreatedby the local government bodies. PUDs are regulated by aboard or commission that is elected by the voters of thatdistrict.
3
Nolongershouldthenarrativebe,poorpeoplemakingbadchoicesandpayingtheconsequencesfortheir
badchoices.Theprinciplesandactionspromotedby this reportapply toallutilities. It is time thatutility
companiesareheldaccountableforthelivesandfamiliesthattheyendanger,andthatwealltransitionto
themindset thataccess toenergyandutility services isahumanright.The right touninterruptedenergy
servicemustbeestablishedandupheldfortheprotectionofhumanlife.Inthelongterm,theterminationof
households from utility services must be eliminated, in the interim, it is critical to ensure the absolute
highestlevelofprotectionsforvulnerablehouseholdsfacingdisconnection.
THEHUMANCOSTOFUTILITYDISCONNECTION
“Thesecompaniesaregettingrichwhilewefreezetodeath.”
-Bernard,residentofDetroit,MI
Thefollowingisacollectionoftruestoriesaboutrealpeoplewhoseliveswerecutshort,ornearlycutshort,
byutilitycompanieswhowerewillingtopulltheplugtoprotectprofits.
THEPEOPLEOFDETROIT,MICHIGAN
“DTE[Energy]changesmyratespracticallyeverymonth.They’reconstantlytryingtosqueezeeverypennyoutofus.Ikeepmygasnearlyatzeroandtheyarestillchargingmeanarmandaleg.”
-Daryl,residentofDetroit,MI
In2010,utilityshutoffsbyDTEEnergyresultedinseveraldeadlyhousefiresinDetroitthatcausedseveral
deaths, including the deaths of two wheelchair-using brothers on Dexter Avenue and three children on
BangorStreet.Inresponse,DTEtriedtopreserveafavorableimagebymisdirectingattentionawayfromits
responsibilityforthetragedies,makinganoutcrytobring“energythieves”tojustice—unidentifiedpeople
who the company accused of illegally connecting houses to DTE power lines. With the support of the
Michiganstategovernment,DTEcalledforthearrestof“energythieves”andlaunchedaspyingcampaign
againstDetroitresidents,whichincludedtheuseofinvasiveaerialinfraredphotographytodeterminewhich
householdsstillhadheatafterhavingtheirpowerdisconnectedfornonpayment.
Meanwhile, DTE also launched a publicity campaign to promote its charity, the Heat andWarmth Fund
(THAW), as well as itsWinter Protection Plan (WPP) program. Not only do these programs protect only
seniors from utility shutoffs during the winter, but they also place families into payment plans that
essentiallykeeptheminastateofpermanentdebttothecompany.Inmanycases,familiescannotaffordto
stayontrackwiththepaymentplansthatareofferedandenduphavingtheirpowerdisconnectedanyway.
After visiting aDTEoffice tomakeapayment, aDetroit residentnamedBernard commented, “I came in
heretopay$236.Thatwastheminimumamounttheysaidwouldstopthemfromshuttingoffourutilities.
Theywantedmetopay$560,butIjustdon’thavethemoney.Peopleonmyblockareusingwhateverthey
have—spaceheaters, stovetops,anything theycan thinkof.Findinganalternativeway tokeepwarmhas
4
become necessary to survive. And you know the company ismaking goodmoney. These companies are
gettingrichwhilewefreezetodeath.”
AtthesameDTEoffice,aDetroitresidentandmotherofthreenamedTametriasaid,“Theysetmeupona
paymentplan,whereIwassupposedtopay$300everymonth. Ikeptupwithmostofthepayments,but
whenI lostmy job,theystillshutusoff. Ihavethreekids,andnowwe’vehadtomove inwithafriend. I
came in todayand they said Ihave topay$2,600 togetmyhouse turnedbackon. It’sunbelievable.We
can'tmovebackintoourhousebecausewecan’taffordthosethousandsofdollars.”31
ROBERTROBERTS–OVERLANDPARK,KANSAS
In2016,aseniorlivinginOverlandPark,KShadhiselectricityshutoffbyhisutilitycompanyeventhoughhe
neededanebulizerandoxygentobreathe.RobertA.Roberts,Sr.wasalreadystrugglingtopaymedicalbills
thatpiledupbecauseofhishealthproblems,includingmultiplesclerosisandchronicobstructivepulmonary
disease(COPD).
Aconcernedneighbor,RandenSmith,decidedtohelpMr.Robertsbypoweringhismedicalequipmentwith
anextensioncordthatwasconnectedtoMr.Smith’shome.KansasCityPower&Light(KCP&L)saiditwas
“unsafe”toprovideelectricitytoMr.RobertsthroughtheextensioncordandorderedMr.Smithtopullthe
plug,threateningtoalsoshutoffhispowerifherefused.Mr.SmithrefusedtostophelpingMr.Roberts.“I
don’twantsomeonedyingonmyhands,”Smithsaid.“MaybeKCP&Ldoesn’tmind,butitbothersmethat
someoneneedshelpandelectricityandoxygentolive,soI’mgoingtohelp.”
Mr.Robertshadbeen livingwithhissonandgrandchildren inOverlandParksince1989.32Thefamily lives
less than one mile away from an incinerator used to burn medical waste, which has been operated by
Shawnee Mission Medical Center since 2008.33The air pollution produced by incinerators is known to
contribute to the development of chronic diseases like COPD, as well as many other serious health
problems.
MARVINSCHUR–BAYCITY,MICHIGAN
In 2009, a 93-year-old man named Marvin Schur froze to death in his home after his utility company
restrictedhiselectricitybecauseofanunpaidbill. Theofficial causeofhisdeathwashypothermia,which
wasdeterminedbyamedical examinerwhocalled it “a slow,painfuldeath.”Mr. Schurowedmore than
$1,000and,asapenalty,theutilitycompanyinstalleda“limiter”torestricthisuseofelectricity,resultingin
hisdeath.
AutilitybillwasfoundonMr.Schur’skitchentablewithalargeamountofmoneyattachedtoit—asignthat
hewas trying to save up to pay his bill. The utility companywas owned by Bay City,Michigan. Bay City
managerRobertBellermanstatedthathedidnotbelievethecompanydidanythingwrong.34
JESSEWYANT–EUDORA,KANSAS
5
“That’spremeditatedmurder—ifyouknowapersonisonlife-sustainingoxygen,andyoupulltheplugandyoukillthem.”-Ms.Wyant,residentofEudora,KS
InEudora,KSin2011,BeverlyandJesseWyantwerenotifiedbythecitythattheirelectricitywouldbeshut
off if they did not pay their bill, even though Jesse, age 86, was terminally ill and needed an oxygen
concentratortosurvive.Thecouplewashavingdifficultymakingendsmeetafterafiredestroyedmuchof
their home. Since then, they struggled to pay for refurbishments andother expenses so they could cope
withthedamage.ThecityrefusedtowaitamerefivedaysforBeverly’sstatepensionpaymenttocomein;
instead,theysetupaturnofftime.Luckily,theirdaughtercouldpaythebillforthemtokeeptheelectricity
on,butmanyfamiliesarenotfortunateenoughtohavetheresourcestodothis.35
LESTERBERRY–DAYTON,TEXAS
Although Lester Berry, a 70-year-old resident of Liberty County, TX, was only $129.62 behind on his
electricitybill,hisutilitycompanycutoffhispower,resulting inhisdeath.Mr.Berryhadcongestiveheart
failureandCOPD,whichmeantthatheneededconstantpowertohisoxygenconcentratortosurvive.When
SamHoustonElectricCooperativedisconnectedhiselectricity,Mr.Berryverypainfullysuffocatedtodeath.
Mr.Berrywasfoundwithhishandinchesawayfromhisphone,whichneededelectricitytowork,leadinghis
son tobelieve thathe tried tocall forhelp justbeforehedied.Mr.Berry’s family said theelectricpower
providerwaswellinformedabouthisneedforelectricitytopowerhislife-sustainingmedicalequipment,so
theyhadnoreasontoassumehispowerwouldbedisconnectedfornonpaymentofamere$129.62.36
Dayton, TX,where Lester Berry died,was home to the Cedar Power Project,which operated three trash
burning incineratorsuntil2008.37Theairpollutionproducedby incinerators isknowntocontribute to the
developmentofchronicdiseaseslikeCOPD,aswellasmanyotherserioushealthproblems.
Theinstancesofcustomerendangermentillustratedintheabovestorieshighlighttheneedforchange.With
themyriadofprotections,programs,andpoliciesthatexistforutilitycustomersatriskofdisconnectiondue
to nonpayment there is no reason for undue suffering. In the interest of protecting the rights of utility
customers, it isnecessary tounderstandhowutilitiesprotectagainstdisconnectionsdue tononpayment,
andwherethereisopportunityforimprovement.
DISCONNECTIONPOLICIESANDTHEIRREGULATION
WHATISADISCONNECTIONPOLICY?
A “disconnection policy” describes the justifications, procedures, and consumer protectionswithwhich a
utilitymustcomplybeforeterminatingservicetoacustomer.Althoughautilitytypicallymaintainstheright
todisconnectacustomerforavarietyofreasons,thereareparticularconsiderationswithdisconnectionasa
result of nonpayment. 38Disconnection policies may be found in whole or in part in state statutes,
regulations, public utility commission orders, and utility tariffs, but are most frequently established in
6
regulations. 39 Regulators and other policymakers determine which elements to include or omit in
disconnection polices, leading some disconnection policies to be more protective of consumers than
others. 40 Some components that are commonly
foundindisconnectionpoliciesinclude:
1. Required notice to the customer that the
utilityintendstodisconnectservice;
2. Limitationsondisconnectionsduringcertain
timesofyearorinextremeweather;
3. Limitationsonthedayortimeofdaywhena
disconnectionmayoccur;
4. Protections for customers who have
disabilities,areelderly,orseriouslyill;and
5. The availability of payment plans for
customerswho have trouble affording their
bills.41
HOWAREDISCONNECTIONPOLICIES
REGULATED?
Unlike other businesses, public utilities are bound by the public's interest because they are “of public
consequence, and affect the community at large.”42Manypublic utilities are even grantedmonopolies in
exchange for what is supposed to be tight regulation in the public’s interest. It is within the powers of
legislatures to both regulate public utilities and definewhat itmeans for that utility to act in the public
interest.43Traditionally, this has meant the protection of the health, safety, and general welfare of the
public.44
Legislaturesdelegatetheirauthoritytodirectlyoverseepublicutilitiestoofficialswhoserveinpublicutility
commissionsorotherregulatoryagencies.45Despitethisdelegationofregulatoryauthority,thelegislatures
retaintherightandthedutytodefinethe“publicinterest”whichutilitiesmustadheretoandwhichutility
regulatorsmustprotect.46Legislaturesandregulatorsexercisebroadpoweroverpublicutilities,buttherole
ofregulatorsislimitedbythelegislature’sdefinitionofthepublicinterest.
Public utility commissions and legislatures are able to controlmarket entry for newutility providers, set
rates,setstandardsforthequalityandsafetyofservice,andpreventtheutilityfromtakingunduefinancial
risks.47While public utility commissions are free to regulate utilities in accordance to the public interest,
they may be limited in their ability to confront new challenges that fall outside of the scope of the
traditional public interest goals.48Among these challenges include climate change, rising energy costs, air
pollution,newtechnologies,andracialdiscrimination.49
Absentaclearpublic interestbasis totacklethesechallenges,commissionsmayenactregulationsthatgo
againsttheinterestsofcustomers.50Alternatively,thislackofclaritycouldcausecommissionstobeleeryof
taking action, or leave themunwilling to takeon challenges, even if theywouldbepermitted todo so.51
AdisconnectionnoticeSource:BenefitsLearningNetwork
7
Thus, it is importantfor legislaturestoprovideutilitycommissionswithaclearpublic interestmandateto
authorizeandencouragethecommissiontoregulateonemergentchallengesortopics.This lackofclarity
allowsforcontinuedviolationsofcustomers'rightsbypublicutilities.
Figure1.HowUtilityModelsareRegulated:TheTraditionalModel
COMPETINGINTERESTS
There aremultiple stakeholderswhomay have competing interests regarding disconnection policies that
mustbe consideredwhenendeavoring to reform theutility system to solve theproblems facedby those
whoexperienceutilitydisconnections.Figure2depictssomeofthestakeholderswhomayhaveaninterest
indisconnectionpolicies.52The interestof the followinggroupstypicallycome intoplay:utilitycustomers,
thoseatriskandnotatriskofdisconnection;utilitycompanies;andlegislatorsandregulators.Withineach
ofthesegroupsareindividualsthataredirectlyandindirectlyimpactedbyutilitydisconnectionsandother
actions.
CUSTOMERS
Consumers who are at risk of being disconnected have an interest in maintaining their service under
protectivedisconnectionpolicies.Incontrast,consumerswhoarenotatriskofbeingdisconnectedmaybe
askedtosubsidizethosecustomerswhoareunabletopay;therefore,theymaywantlessprotectivepolicies
to keep their own rates lower. This additional burden on customers in-good-standing is a form of cost
shifting—whenautilitychargehigherratesorotherfeesforservicestoonegroupthananotherlessreliable
Legislatures
PublicUqlityComissions
UqlityCompanies
Customers(RatePayers)
Legislaturesgiveregulatorybodies
authoritytoregulateutilitycompanies
Regulatorsexercisebroad
powersoverutility
companies,alongside
legislatures
HowUtilityCompaniesareRegulated
UtilityCompaniesoperateunderthe
regulationsandpoliciesofregulators
andlegislatures
8
group. Such cost shifting practices undermine the ability ofmore customers to pay their utility bills. Too
oftencostshiftingispracticedininstanceswhereautilityhastheabilityandcapacitytoabsorbthecostsof
customersatriskofnonpayment.53
Allutilitycustomershaveaninterestindisconnectionpolicies,asdisconnectionfromutilityservicesforany
reasondirectlyimpactscustomerwellbeingandsecurity.Oftenfamiliesareputatriskwhenutilityservices
aredenied.Inmoststates, lackofproperandsafeheatingandlightingsourcescanbeacatalystforsocial
serviceandchildprotectiveservicesinvestigations.Lackofproperheatingandlightingcanbedesignatedas
housingsafetyandphysicalenvironmenthazardsforchildren.54Thispotentialoftheseparationoffamilies
duetoutilityservicedisconnectionsisnotonlytraumatic,butfrequentlyhindershouseholdsfromseeking
helpwheninalreadyvulnerablepositions.55
UTILITIES
Utilitieshavean interest inearningaprofit,sotheymayprefera lessprotectivedisconnectionpolicythat
allows them to disconnect customers more quickly once an account becomes delinquent;56however,
utilities likelyalsowish toavoidputting their customersat risk,outofhumanitarianconcern,or, in some
cases,ifonlytosavethemselvesfromnegativepressandpublicperception.57
StakeholdersinPublicUtilityDisconnections
9
Figure2.Stakeholdersinutilitydisconnections
LEGISLATORSANDREGULATORS
Legislatorsandregulatorsshareintheinterestsofboththeutilitiesandtheconsumers,andtheymayhave
theirownpoliticalorprofessionalinterests,buttheyultimatelymustselectadisconnectionpolicythatwill
workbestforthepeopleintheirstateorjurisdiction.58Inthefaceofthesepotentiallycompetinginterests,
it is critical that regulators are engaged in determining how they can align the views of different
stakeholderstocreateeffectiveandsocially-consciousdisconnectionpolicy.
DISPROPORTIONATEENERGYBURDENS
"Somethinglikeelectricity,that'sreallyjustanessentialoflivinganormallife.”
-RudySylvan59
TherearemanyissueswiththewayutilitiesconstructandapplydisconnectionpoliciesintheUnitedStates.
Utility disconnections can have a discriminatory impact on low income people, people of color, elderly
people, people with special health needs, and other socially vulnerable utility customers who
disproportionatelyfacepotentialviolationsofhumanrights.Utilitycompanies,regulators,and legislatures
have developed suites of protections, which if implemented appropriately can remediate several critical
concernsforvulnerablepopulations.Theseconcernsinclude:
1. Customerswithlimitedincomebearadisproportionateburdenofenergybills;
2. Disconnectionshaveadisparateimpactonlowincomecommunitiesandcommunitiesofcolor;
3. Customersmaybereliantonutilityservicesformedicaldevicesandlife-supportingsystems;and
4. Vulnerablecustomers'useof
hazardous heating, cooling,
and lighting measures can
have harmful and even fatal
results.
ENERGY BURDEN ON LOW-
INCOMEHOUSEHOLDS
About 48% of American families
(approximately 59 million
households) have pre-tax annual
incomes of $50,000 or less, with an
average after-tax income among
these households of $22,732—less0
2.5
5
7.5
10
19,000 30,000 50,000 70,000 90,000 110,000 150,000
7.9
5.6
3.8
32.5 2.3
2
Percent of Income Spent on Energy Costs
Household Income (USD)
Perc
ent
Figure3.HouseholdEnergyBurdensbyhouseholdincome
10
than$1,900permonth.Sincefamiliesofcolorandseniorshavecomparativelylowermedianincomes,these
groups are among the people who aremost vulnerable to rising energy costs. “Median income” can be
consideredthemidpoint,whereone-halfofhouseholdshaveincomesabovethisamount,andone-halfhave
incomes below it. In 2015, the U.S. median household income was about $51,939. Table1 provides a
summaryofthemedianincomesofespeciallyvulnerablehouseholdscomparedtotheU.Smedian.60
Utility customers with limited income are at a higher risk of having their utilities disconnected due to
nonpayment. This isdue, inpart, to thenatureofutilitypayments. Utility costsoftenmakeupa larger
portion of expenses for households with limited extra income (Figure 3,61and these costs can change
throughouttheyearasincreasedheatingorcoolingisneeded.62Energycostsareconsumingasmuchofthe
incomesofAmerica’slower-andmiddle-incomefamiliesasthecostofotherbasicneeds,suchashousing,
foodandhealthcare.Additionally,householdswith limitedextra incomemaylive inolderhomesthatare
lessenergyefficient,andtheymaynothavethefinancialabilitytopayforefficiencyupgrades.63Customers
having troubleaffordingelectric servicemayalsobestruggling tomaintaincellphoneor internet service.
Many existing policies around disconnection procedures ignore this and provide notice solely through
electronicmeans.
Table1.MeanIncomeforVulnerableGroupsintheUnitedStatesvs.theNationalMedianIncome
HouseholdType PercentageofU.S.Households
MedianIncome AmountLowerthanU.S.MedianIncome
African-American 13% $45,186.93 -$6,752.07Latino/Hispanic 13% $45,186.93 -$6,752.07Age65+ 23% $39,993.03 -$11,945.97
Table2.UtilitydisconnectionsinCleveland,OH2014-2015
TotalServiceDisconnectionsforNonpaymentJun2014–May2015
ClevelandElectricIlluminatingCompany
14,594
ColumbiaGasofOhio 92,313DominionEastOhio 62,398OrwellNaturalGas $216
Total 169,521
TotalNumberofUnpaidBillsforDisconnectionsJun2014–May2015
ClevelandElectricIlluminatingCompany
$12,306,545
ColumbiaGasofOhio $62,593,567DominionEastOhio $63,585,403OrwellNaturalGas $86,447
Total $138,571,962
Table3.UnpaidbillsfordisconnectionsinCleveland,OH2014-2015
11
The cost of energy is not dramatically different for households that have significantly different incomes,
which increases the likelihood that customerswith little extra incomewill fall behindonutilitypayments
and risk disconnection due to nonpayment. Utility cost remain significantly unchanged over all income
groupsisbecause:64
1. Electricity and other utility services are a basic human need, not a luxury, making it relatively
inelastictoincomecomparedtoconsumergoods;
2. Even if low-income families do use less electricity, there is an energy efficiency gap, in terms of
housingandaccesstothepropertechnology;and
3. Asignificantportionofelectricitybillsarepaidviafixedcosts,whichmeansitdoesn’tmatterhow
muchelectricityyouuseordon’t.
In 2009, households with incomes of less than $20,000 spent an average of $1,571 on utilities while
households with incomes of $100,000–$119,999 spent an average of $2,572.65While these customers’
relativeincomesincreasedbymorethan500%,thepricetheypayforutilitiesincreasesbyonly163.7%.The
reasonslistedabovehavecontributedtothispattern.
Disconnections due to nonpayment occur in significant amounts, and are on the rise in some areas.66In
Ohio, four gas and electric companies serving the
Cleveland area reported 169,521 service disconnections
due to nonpayment during the twelve months between
June of 2014 and May of 2015 (Table 2). 67 These
disconnections equate to approximately $138,571,962 in
unpaid utility bills,which averages to just over $800 per
disconnection(Table3).68
PROFITEERINGOFUTILITYCOMPANIES
When considering that utility company executivesmakemillions of dollars in bonuses andpay increases,
annually,thatexceedtheamountofrevenuelosttononpaymentisafurthersignofinjustice.FirstEnergy,
the parent company of Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, made over $16 million in performance
bonusesaloneattheendof2016,morethanenoughtocoverthedebtofdisconnectedcustomersfromthe
previousyear(Table4).Disparitiessuchasthisarecommon,andevenmoredrasticinotherregionsofthe
U.S.AsshowninAppendixA,Ohio,aswellasmanyotherstates,haveelectricaffordability indexesabove
thenational average (2.5%). Tennessee, SouthCarolina,Mississippi,Alabama, andHawaii all haveenergy
affordability indexes equal to or more than 3.5%. In these states, the average customer faces a higher
energyburden.Aburden that isdeeply feltby low incomeand socially vulnerablepopulations. The stark
contrast between the amount of money utility companies spend on executive bonuses and unnecessary
infrastructure, illuminates the larger issue of profiteering within
theenergyindustry.
"Thecostbenefitanalysisofhowtheutilitybusinessmodelisstructuredaroundutilityshutoffsinthefaceofsuchwealthbuildingfocus
meansachoiceoflifeanddeathforsomeandthechoicebetweenaPorscheandanAudifor
others.''
-JacquelinePatterson,Director,NAACP
EnvironmentalandClimateJusticeProgram
12
Detroit,MIResidencesintheDTEServiceTerritorySource:FireplaceChats
DTEHeadquartersinDetroit,MISource:U.S.DepartmentofEnergy
13
Table4.FirstEnergyExecutiveCompensationFY2015-2016
DISPARATEIMPACTONLOWINCOMECOMMUNITIESANDCOMMUNITIESOFCOLOR
African Americans spend a significantly higher amount of their total incomes on energy—including
electricity, heating, fuel, and the energy used to produce, package, transport and sell goods—than the
general U.S. population, except in higher income groups. The American Association of Blacks in Energy
arguesthatthisoccursfortworeasons:69
1. African Americans are more than twice as likely to live in
povertyasnon-AfricanAmericans.Lowincomehouseholdspaysimilar
amountsforelectricityandheatingashighincomehouseholds;and
2. AfricanAmericansspendasignificantlyhigherfractionoftheir
household income on electricity and heating than non-African
Americans who spend more on energy used in the production and
consumptionofgoods.
In general, low income populationsspendasignificantly
higher fraction of expenditures on energy purchases than the
middle-class and the wealthy: 13% of expenditures in the
lowest income groups as opposedtojust5%ofhousehold
income in the highest income groups.70The higher percentage
oflowincomeAfricanAmericans exacerbates the vulnerability of
African Americans to high energy prices and in turn utility
disconnections. This helps explain why increases in energy
pricesarelikelytonegativelyimpactAfricanAmericansmoresignificantlythanthegeneralpopulation.71In
addition to the economic burden of high prices, to the extent that low income customers, low income
AfricanAmericans customers inparticular, choose to forgoor trade-off energyusewithothernecessities
such as food and health care, high energy prices can represent a significant health hazard.72The choice
ClevelandElectricIlluminatingCompany(FirstEnergy)2015-2016
Executive BaseSalary TotalCompensation PayIncrease
1 $1,118,558.00 $4,238,701.00 $3,120,143.00
2 $636,154.00 $2,339,431.00 $1,703,277.00
3 $510,231.00 $7,054,125.00 $6,543,894.00
4 $752,789.00 $3,004,793.00 $2,252,004.00
5 $599,176.00 $2,135,552.00 $1,536,376.00
6 $552,404.00 $2,017,272.00 $1,464,868.00
Total $4,169,312.00 $20,789,874.00 $16,620,562.00
14
between utility services and other necessities is not an easy choice. In a 2011 survey, lower-income
householdsreportedthefollowingreactionstohighenergybills:
• 24%wentwithoutfoodforatleastoneday;• 37%wentwithoutmedicalordentalcare;• 34%didnotfillaprescriptionortooklessthanthefulldose;and.• 19%hadsomeonebecomesickbecausetheirhomewastoocold.73
Whilehavinglimitedextraincomeputsindividualsathigherriskforbeingdisconnectedduetononpayment,
acustomer’sracemayalsoinfluencehowlikelyanindividualistobedisconnectedfromutilityservice.Data
from the2009United States Energy InformationAdministration’sResidential EnergyConsumption Survey
indicates that even among financially similar customers, African Americans experienced disconnections
more frequently.74Amongallhouseholdsatorbelow150%of the federalpoverty level,11.3%ofAfrican
Americanheadedhouseholdswere shut off in contrast to 5.5%of Caucasianheadedhouseholds.75While
every region of theUnited States reflected this disparity, itwasmost prominent in the southern region,
where 16% of African American headed households at or below 150% of the poverty level were
disconnected compared to approximately 6% of Caucasian headed households.76In this case, intentional
discrimination can be difficult to prove without
concretedataandresearchofthedifferencesbetween
groups in the prioritization of energy bills over other
expenses. These disparities may be the result of
institutional racism; uneven levels of consumer
education; differences in savings, available income, or
outsideassistance;andgeographicdensityofcustomers
basedonrace.77
USEOFHAZARDOUSHEATINGMETHODS
Despite the significant costs of utilities on customers
with limited extra income, the use of utility services
remainsnecessary.Heatingandcoolinghomesaccounts
for 47.7% of all residential energy consumption, with
41.5% of all residential consumption going solely to
heating.78Customersusemoreenergyinmonthswhen
heating is necessary, and customers with little extra
incomemay be especially vulnerable to disconnection
duringthesemorecostlymonths.79Forcustomerswho
live in colder climates, or who experience unusually
extreme weather, the consequences of being
disconnected throughout the winter months are
potentiallysevere.
“Regardlessofwhetherit’sshutofforsimplythatbillsaresohighthatpeoplevoluntarilylimitusage,severalthingshappen.Peopleusespaceheaters,kerosene
heaters,thatincreaseriskoffireandcarbonmonoxidepoisoning.Andpeoplelimituseofelectricity.Theylightthehomewithcandles,whichareoftentoocloseto
somethingcombustible.”
-DavidFoxoftheNationalLow-IncomeEnergy
Consortium(NLIEC)
AfamilysitsandwaitsasemergencyrespondentsextinguishtheflamesSource:DenverPost
15
Customerstakeriskswhentheyturntoalternativeheatingorlightsources,suchasspaceheaters,candles
orgenerators,whichcancausefiresoremittoxiccarbonmonoxide.80Asnoted,therehavebeenpublicized
deaths that resulted from thedisconnectionof aheat-utilityduring thewintermonths. According to theNationalFireProtectionAssociation,whileonly32percentofhomeheating fires involvespaceheaters,heatersareinvolvedin79percentofhomeheatingfiredeaths.81Customersfaceadditionalhealthhazards
throughout the year particularly when they are left without air conditioning in extreme heat, andwhen
electricityisdisconnectedfromcustomerswhorelyontheservicetopowertheirmedicaldevices.82
TYPESOFDISCONNECTIONPOLICIES
Thepoliciesandprotectionsoutlinedinthissectionarecommonamongalltypesofutilitycompanies.But
theseareparticularlymeasuresoutlinedbystate legislaturesandauthorizedregulatorybodies (i.e.Public
Utility Commissions, Public Service Commissions, and other bodies) for the regulation of IOUs. Many of
theseprotectionsarealsousedby
Publically-Owned Utilities (POUS)
and Customer Owned Utilities
(COUs).
PROCEDURALPROTECTIONS
ANDCONSIDERATIONS
Procedural protections that are
commonly included in
disconnection policies include
adequate notice prior to
disconnectionoftheutilityservice
and limitations on when
disconnections may occur. An
additionalproceduraloptionoftenusedbystatesistheimpositionoffeesfordisconnectingorreconnecting
autilityservicetoacustomer.Utilityservicescanbedisconnectedandreconnectedinpersonandremotely,
depending on the type of meter or infrastructure onsite. Producers for in person or automated
disconnectionandreconnectionshavevaryingpolicies inseveralstates.This includesdifferences innotice
andassociatedfees.
Notice:Isaconstitutionallyassuredproceduralrightthatmustbegiventoallcustomersbeforetermination
of utility service.83In addition to being constitutionally required, providing a robust notice to customers
ensures that customers are aware that they are delinquent in their payments. This not only protects the
customer from being disconnected, but it alerts customers of their duty to pay for the utility service.
Thoughaminimumlevelofnoticeisrequiredbeforeanyutilitymaybedisconnectedfornonpayment,the
lengthofnoticeandnoticeproceduresvarywidely indifferentstates.Typically,noticeisgivenbymail,by
postingofthenoticeatthecustomer’shome,bydeliverytothecustomer,byphone,or,inlimitedstates,by
email.84Somestatesrequirethatnoticebeprovidedinmultiplelanguages.85
Louisville,KYNovember15,2016:HouseFirecausedusingspaceheaterSource:WLKY,Kentucky
16
LimitationsonDisconnection:Manystateschoosetolimitthedaysandtimeswhenutilitiesmaydisconnect
acustomerfromservice.Enactingtheselimitationsoftenprotectscustomersfrombeingdisconnectedata
timewhentheywouldbeunabletoquicklyremedythedisconnection.Moststateswill,atminimum,limit
disconnections to business hours on dayswhen the utility is open and available to receive a customer’s
payment.86Somestatesoffermorecustomerprotectionbyallowingdisconnectiononlyduringlimitedhours
of the business day. If a state requires personal notice before a disconnection, the state may be more
lenientwiththehoursanddaysonwhichadisconnectionmaytakeplace.
Disconnection and Reconnection Fees: Almost every state explicitly authorizes reconnection fees. 87
Reconnectionfeesareauthorizedtoallowautilitytocollectadditionalpayment
for the acts of disconnection and reconnection, and the provision of other
customer service interactions with the customer prior to the disconnection.
Reconnection fees are often adopted as a deterrent for customer to reach
disconnected status.88Other states are more protective of certain customers,
such as the elderly or low-income customers for
whom a fee would prevent reconnection. 89 Some
states also authorize the collection of a fee for
disconnection.90Thefeeamountsandproceduresfor
disconnection and reconnection vary among states.
The Public Utility Commission, of Ohio provides a
Winter Reconnect Order for residential customers
underthethreatofdisconnectionorwhohavebeen
disconnected to file for have their service
reconnected or maintained for the winter months.
Customers filing an order must pay a $175 fee to
retain service and an additional reconnection fee of
$36 to reconnect service. 91 Some states, including
Arkansas,donotchargedisconnectionfees,butmaystillallowforutilitiestochargereconnectionfees.92
In most cases disconnection and reconnection fees are still applied for remote disconnections and
reconnections—remote connections can be made simply by flipping a switch. Disconnection and
reconnection feesareanotherobstacle for customersat riskofdisconnection,aswellas thosewhohave
already been disconnected.Utility companies that offer these fees as disincentives for customers do not
recognizethatdisconnectionsthemselvesaredisincentivesformostcustomers.Theseadministrativepolices
donothelpanycustomer,butfurtherendangercustomerwell-being.
Deposits andGuarantees: Insomestates,newutilitycustomersorcustomerswithpoorpaymenthistory,
utilitycompaniescanrequirepaymentofadepositorthesubmissionofaletterofguaranteefromathird
partyabletopayinlieuofthecustomer.ManyPCU'sandotherutilityregulatorybodiessetminimumsand
maximumsondepositamountsandprescribepaymentinstallmentprogramsforpayingdepositsmorethan
asetamount.93Depositsareoftenrequiredontopofreconnectionfeesandarrears.94Depositamountsvary
fromstatetostateandhavebeenreportedinexcessof$150.95
Housefirescanstartfromevenalitcandlewhenusedforheatingandlightinahome
17
SEASONALPROTECTIONS
Seasonal protections are included in the
disconnection policies of many states. Seasonal
protections are generally date-based, temperature-
based,orincludeacombinationofbothprotections.
Most seasonal protection policies apply to winter
monthsorcoldtemperatures,butsomealsoapplyto
summer months and extreme heat. Seasonal
protections are usually implemented to protect
customers from the health risks associated with
having a utility disconnected during periods that
couldbeespeciallydangeroustohealth.
Date-Based Protections: These protections set
specific dates of when customers cannot, without
duediligence,bedisconnectedfromautilityservice.Datestypicallyspanthelatefalltoearlyspringmonths,
whentemperaturesareattheirlowest.Thoughlesscommon,somestatesimplementdate-basedprotection
periodsforthesummermonthsaswell.96
Temperature-Based Protections: Many states have a temperature-based protection plan to protect
customers from extreme cold weather. These protections acknowledge the dangers that customers face
when they are disconnected from a utility thatmay be providing themwith heat during periods of cold
weather.
PAYMENTASSISTANCE
Many states require utilities to offer payment
plans that may allow a customer to avoid
disconnectionortomoreeasilyaffordtheirbills
throughout the course of the year. These plans
can take many forms. One common option
allows for all customers to enter a “budget
billing” or “leveled plan.” These plans are
typicallyavailabletoanyeligiblecustomer,anditallowsacustomertodivideayearlybillevenlyovertwelve
months.97A second common option is offered only to customers who are at risk of having their utility
disconnected. These customers are given a chance to pay the amount due in portions rather than all at
once, which allows a customer to expedite reconnection to the utility service.98Payment plans are also
frequentlyrequiredtoavoiddisconnectionduringseasonalprotectiveperiods.99
PROTECTIONSFORSOCIALLYVULNERABLEGROUPS
"[S]omeenergycompanieswillofferthebareminimuminassistance.Manyapplicationassistancelocationsareinaccessibletodisadvantagedpopulations...[P]rogram
applicationsrequiremultiplesourcesofdocumentsandaresolengthy,complexandintrusivethatneedyapplicantsare
discouragedfromcompletingthem.Theprocessofapplyingforenergybillpaymentassistanceshouldnotcauseadded
humiliation."
-KatherineEgland,Member,NationalNAACPBoardofDirectors
ResidentrevealstheducttapedwindowsinherClaremontHousesapartmentintheBronx,NY.Source:DavidWexler,NewYorkDailyNews
18
Most states offer protection for groups that may be considered especially vulnerable to the risks and
hazards associated with utility disconnections. Traditionally, this category includes protection for people
who are elderly, peoplewith special health conditions, and individualswith disabilities.Most states only
requireutilitiestoofferprotectionstosociallyvulnerablecustomerswhoregisterwiththeutility;however,
forsomeofthesegroups,registrationmaybeabarrierthatpreventsthemfrombeingprotectedunderthe
applicablelaws.
STATEDISCONNECTIONPROTECTIONPOLICIES
Disconnectionprotectionsvarysignificantlybystate.Thecombinationofprotectionsprovidedbyutilitiesis
ideallyfittothecontextofthatstateanditsdefinitionofpublicinterest,however,theseconsiderationsdo
not result in adequate protections in all cases. To truly uphold human rights, in the public interest, the
ultimate aim is to eliminate disconnections altogether and, pending broader system reform, ensure the
absolutehighestlevelofprotectionforvulnerablehouseholdsfacingdisconnection.Table5illustrateshow
differentprotectionpoliciesandprescriptionsarestatebystate.
Table 6 indicates the general utility disconnection policies for each state. Most states require utility
companiestoprovideawritten,phone,orpersonallydeliverednoticebeforeadisconnection.Datebased
protectionstakeplaceduringthecoldermonths,usuallybetweenthemonthsofNovemberandMarchor
April.Temperatureprotectionsarebasedonvariousrangesofhotandcoldtemperaturesthatcouldplace
residents indanger.Mostofthestateswillnotdisconnectwhentemperaturesbelow32°Forabove95°F,
but the offering of this protection varies by state.Most the states offer a payment plan option to avoid
disconnectionsandchargea feetoreconnecttoutilityservices.Medicalprotectionsaregenerallyoffered
fordisabledorelderlycustomers.Generally,amedicalcertificate is required topostponeadisconnection
for various amounts of time. There is a wide range of disconnection limitations. Some states will not
disconnectduringcertainhoursofdaysoftheweek,whileotherstateswillnotdisconnectbeforeorduring
aholiday.AdetailedcompilationofutilitydisconnectionprotectionscanbefoundinAppendixB.
MODELSTATEPOLICIES
Thefollowingpolicesarekeyexamplesofwhatutilitiescandotoprovidemoreprotectivedisconnection
polices.Thesepoliciesrepresentasteptowardamorehumanrightsbasedutilitystructure.
NOTICE
• InOregon,autilitymustprovideawrittennoticebymailordeliveryatleastfifteendaysbeforethe
scheduleddisconnection.100Asecondnoticemustthenbemailedordeliveredfivedaysbeforethe
scheduleddisconnection.101Theutilitymust attempt tomakepersonal contactwith the customer
immediately before the disconnection, and if this attempt is unsuccessful, the utilitymust post a
notice at the customer’s residence.102Additionally, Oregon requires special notice protections
followingadisconnectionwhenautilityisabletodisconnectacustomerremotelywithoutmaking
personalcontact.103
• Some states require that noticebeprovided inmultiple languages, as in Coloradowhere a utility
mustprovidenoticeinEnglishand“languagesotherthanEnglishwheretheutility'sserviceterritory
19
containsapopulationofat least tenpercentwhospeaka specific languageother thanEnglishas
theirprimarylanguageasdeterminedbythelatestU.S.Censusinformation.”104
LIMITATIONSONDISCONNECTION
• In Iowa, a customermayonly bedisconnectedbetween thehoursof 6:00amand2:00pm,which
ensuresthatacustomerhasanopportunitytobereconnectedthesamedaythatthedisconnection
takesplace.105
• Moststatesprovideavenuesforrenterstoaddresssituationswherelandlordsfailtopayutilitybills.
In these instances, ifa landlord fails toprovideautility, theycanbeheld inviolationofstateand
local housing codes and penalized. Many states have provisions which provide tenants with
remediesagainstutilitydisconnectionsincluding:transferringofrentalpropertiestotenantcontrol;
paying utility bills in place of landlords and deducting the amount from rent payments; and/or
avenuesforlegalactionandcourtinvolvement.106
DISCONNECTIONANDRECONNECTIONFEES
• Arkansasdoesnotchargedisconnectionfeesforwater,gas,orelectricutilities.107
SEASONALPROTECTIONS
• Rhode Island has one of the most protective date-based winter seasonal protection plans. The
regulationwas recently passed, andbecameeffective onNovember 2, 2016.108During theperiod
fromNovember1–April15,utilitiesareseverelyrestrictedintheirabilitytodisconnectacustomer
for nonpayment. Customers who use a utility for their primary heating service may not be
terminated unless they have arrearages greater than $500. 109 While customers who have
delinquenciesgreaterthanthisamountmaybedisconnected,theutilitymust first fileanaffidavit
with the state’s Division of Public Utilities and Carriers at least forty-eight hours before the
scheduled disconnection. 110 Additionally, there are no disconnections
allowedforanycustomerwhohasaprotectedstatuswiththeutility.111
• InPennsylvania,utilitiesarerequiredtodistributeasurveyinpreparation
for the winter protection period.112 The purpose of the survey is to
connectutilitieswiththecustomerswhohavebeendisconnectedpriorto
thewinterprotectionperiod. Utilitiesareencouraged toenterpayment
agreementswith these customers so that theymaybe
reconnectedbeforethewinterperiodbegins.113
PAYMENTASSISTANCE
• Rhode Island'sHenry SheltonActof2011 (amended in
2016)establishesanarrearageforgivenessprogramfor
customers eligible for Low Income Home Energy
AssistanceProgram(LIHEAP)whohavehadtheirutility
services disconnected for non-payment or who have
been scheduled for disconnection. Participating
customershaveone-twelfthoftheirarrearageforgivenSmall children, the elderly, and those with medicalconditions and disabilities are particularly vulnerable toexposuretoextremeweather(Child)Source:OlkbridgeFamily(Woman)Source:PersimmonHollow
20
foreverymonthofsuccessfulpayment, forupto$1,500of forgiveness inayear.114Thissystemis
basedonasimilarmodelinMassachusetts.115
PROTECTIONSFORSOCIALLYVULNERABLEGROUPS
• Massachusetts offers expansive protection for individuals who are seriously ill, elderly, and have
disabilities, but the state also requires that utilities take steps to protect young children.116 No
disconnections are allowed for householdswith childrenunder twelve-months, or for households
wheretheonlyresidentsareagedsixty-fiveorolderandminorchildren.117 • To combat barriers to registration for protection programs, North Dakota implemented a utility
surveythatmustbedistributedtoallnewcustomersandallcurrentcustomersonanannualbasis.
Thissurveyquestionsallcustomersaboutanymembersofthehouseholdwhoqualifyforprotection
duetoage,illness,ordisability.118
Table5.SurveyofStateutilitycustomerdisconnectionprotectionsState ProceduralProtections SeasonalProtections PaymentAssistance ProtectionsforVulnerable
GroupsAlabama Providecustomerswitha
writtennoticefivedaysbeforescheduleddisconnectionRequiresareconnectioncharge
Whenthetemperatureisforecastedtobe32oForbelowforthatcalendarday,theutilitycannotbedisconnected
Theutilitydoesnothaveapaymentplanoptionand
Specialconsiderationbasedonage,disability,medicalconditionsorothercircumstancesisgranted,butnotrequired
Alaska Customersreceiveaninitialnoticefifteendaysbeforescheduleddisconnection,andasecondnoticeisprovidedinperson,bytelephoneorbypostingthreedaysbeforeadisconnectionDisconnectionscanoccurMonday-Thursdaybetween8:00am-5:00pm
Doesnotrequireseasonalprotections
Deferredpaymentagreementwiththeutilitytopaytheiroutstandingbalanceininstallmentsoveraperiodnottoexceed12months
Acustomer,whoiselderly,ill,dependentonlifesupportsystems,ordisabled,canhavetheirdisconnectionpostponedforfifteendays
Arkansas Initialnoticetobemailedeightdaysordeliveredfivedaysbeforethedisconnection,DisconnectionscanonlyoccurduringnormalbusinesshoursNoreconnectioncharges
DisconnectionsarenotpermittedbetweenNovember1-March31Gasutilitiesmaynotdisconnectforlow-incomecustomersWhenthetemperatureis95°forabove,disconnectionsarenotallowedforelderlyordisabledcustomers
Offerpaymentplansforcustomers,whoqualifyaslow-income,duringwinterprotectionperiod
Customers,whoareelderlyorhavedisabilities,musthavetwonoticeattemptsatleast72hoursbeforeshutoff
Kansas Writtennoticetobesenttendaysbeforescheduleddisconnectionandtheutilitymustcalltwotimesatleasttwodaysbeforedisconnection
DisconnectionsarenotpermittedbetweenNovember1-March31Iftemperaturedropsbelow35°Finthefollowing48-hourperiod,disconnectionsarenotpermitted
Customersmustenterintonegotiatedpaymentplan,pay1/12ofarrearage,1/12ofcurrentbillanddisconnection,reconnectionanddepositifapplicableandapplyforenergyassistancefundstoavoiddisconnection
Customerswithamedicalcertificationmustalsoprovideproofofinabilitytopaythebillinfull
Tennessee RequiresonlyareasonablenoticetobeprovidedDoesnotspecifyaperiodfordisconnections
Doesnotofferdatebasedortemperaturebasedprotection
Offerspaymentplansforcustomers
Athirtydaydisconnectdelaycanbegrantedifphysician,publichealthofficialorsocialserviceofficialcertifiesthatahouseholdmember'shealthwouldbeadverselyaffected
21
Table6.DisconnectionProtectionPolicesintheUnitedStates
State Notice
Date
Based
Protectio
n
Temp.
Based
Protectio
n
Payment
Plans
Reconnection
Fee
Medical
Protections
Disconnectio
n
Limitations
Alabama X X X X Alaska X X X XArizona X X X Arkansas X X X X XCalifornia X X Colorado X Connecticut X X X X Delaware X X X X X XD.C. X X X X XFlorida X X XGeorgia X X X X X X XHawaii X X XIdaho X X X X XIllinois X X X X X XIndiana X X X X X Iowa X X X X X XKansas X X X X X X Kentucky X X X XLouisiana X X X X X X XMaine X X X X X XMaryland X X X X X XMassachusetts X X X X XMichigan X X X X X XMinnesota X X X X X X XMississippi X X X X X X Missouri X X X X X X Montana X X X X X XNebraska X X X X X XNevada X X X X X XNewHampshire X X X X X XNewJersey X X X X X NewMexico X X X X X XNewYork X X X X XNorthCarolina
X X X X X
NorthDakota X X X XOhio X X X X X XOklahoma X X X X X X XOregon X X X X Pennsylvania X X X X X XRhodeIsland X X X X X XSouthCarolina
X X X X X X
SouthDakota X X X X XTennessee X X X Texas X X X X X XUtah X X X X X XVermont X X X X X X XVirginia X X X XWashington X X X X X XWestVirginia X X X X X XWisconsin X X X X X X XWyoming X X X X X X X
22
23
FINANCINGTOREDUCEANDELIMINATEDISCONNECTIONS
There are financingmodels that can help reduce the burden of utility costs on at-risk customers. These
optionsareonlystepstowardabroadervision.Itbaresemphasisthattheinjusticesofmanyutilitypractices
arefundamentalwrongdoingsthatcontributetothecreationandcontinuationofpoverty.Thebigpictureis
economic justice and equity, virtues that are thwarted by current utility business models regardless of
strategies to reduce household energy burdens. Bill assistance programs, energy efficiency and
weatherizationprograms,andinclusivefinancingmodelsareresourcesthatcanandshouldbeusedinthe
shorttermtopreventandreducetheriskofutilitydisconnection.Theseapproachesareband-aidsapplied
to the symptoms of deep systemic roots of poverty. While they are positive and useful models and
resources,theyaremerelyasteptowardtheideal.
BILLASSISTANCEPROGRAMS
Bill assistance programs provide financial assistance for households to pay their immediate home energy
bills.Therearemanyfederallyfundedbillassistanceprograms,themainprogramsincludethe:LowIncome
Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), the primary federal bill assistance program; Emergency Food
and Shelter Program (EFSP), funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency; and Residential
Assistance for Families in Transition (RAFT), providedby theU.S.DepartmentofHousingandCommunity
Development. Federal Bill
assistance programs, as well
as those operated by non-
profits, often have social
serviceandcasemanagement
resourcesforhouseholds.
LIHEAP provides funding to
states, which is then
distributed to qualified
households. The funds
dispersed by states can be
directbillassistance(themajorityoffunds),crisisassistance,supportforweatherizationprograms,orother
forms of aid to reduce household energy needs. Across most states, household eligibility is established
between150%and110%of the federalpoverty line,or60%of the statemedian income.119Theprogram
also provides direct payments to tenants, who meet income eligibility requirement for fuel assistance,
whoseheatisincludedintherent.120
EFSPgrantsareallocatedatthecountyandregionallevels.EFSPtendstopaysforonlyonemonth’sutility
billandrequiresthatthehouseholdhasreceivedashut-offnotice. Inmanystates, thesameagencythat
processes LIHEAP applications also administers EFSP funds. The Department of Housing and Community
Development'sRAFTprogramprovidessubstantialhelpwithutilityandheatingbills.Unlikeotherfederalbill
assistance programs, RAFT's requirements and regulations tend to changewith each fiscal year.Often to
qualifyforRAFTassistance,householdsmusthaveatleastonedependentchildundertheageof21andat
BillassistanceprogramsareoftenthefirstsolutionatriskcustomersusetoavoidutilitydisconnectionsSource:LaCasaDeDonPedro
24
risk of homelessness. Utility bill paymentswill bemade only as part of family re-housing or stabilization
plans.RAFTfundsareadministeredbyregionalnon-profitagencies.121
Althoughmanybillassistanceprogramsexist,thereisstilllimitedfederalfundingavailableinmoststatesfor
low-incomeresidents,andsomefundingisavailablefromutilitiesinsomestates.Manystateprogramsalso
havetroublereachingtheirtargetpopulations.Eveninstateswithmoresuccessfulbillassistanceprograms
(e.g. California,NewYork, Illinois, etc.), only about 1%of the eligible population are reached annually.122
Althoughmanyhouseholdsreceiveassistanceandcanavoiddisconnectionthroughbillassistanceprograms,
theyarenotaneffectivelongtermsolution.
WEATHERIZATIONANDENERGYEFFICIENCYPROGRAMS
Through upgrading the efficiency of homes, households can reduce the burden of their energy bills.
Programs that focus on weatherization and energy efficiencyfund longer term solutions to household
energy burdensby cutting wastedenergy, improving comfort, and lowering costs.123Weatherization and
energy efficiency retrofits are multi-benefit approaches to alleviating many consequences of living in
poverty.Whendoneholistically, the infrastructureandventilation improvementsanduseenergyefficient
appliances that characterize these programs can save a household from undue energy burdens and
environmental health hazards. 124 Low income households, the same that are most at risk of utility
disconnections, aremoreoften living in sickbuildings,homes, andcommunitieswithpoorenvironmental
healthconditions.125
Weatherizationprogramsinstallenergyefficiencyupgradesaimedatimprovingthephysicalspacebetween
theinteriorandexteriorofabuilding,suchasweather-strippingdoorsandwindows,airsealing(asseenin
the picture above), and installing insulation. Weatherization programs also fund upgrades or repairs to
heatingandcoolingsystems.126Themost
effective weatherization and energy
efficiency programs address the largest
household energy uses with the longest
sustained savings (e.g. heating and
cooling), which often have the greatest
impactonreducingenergyburdens.127
Unlike bill assistance and most
weatherization programs, utility energy
efficiencyprogramscanincludeavarietyof
program strategies. Some utility energy efficiency programs operate in tandem with local or statewide
weatherization efforts, using similar channels to reach customers. Themost common low-income energy
efficiencyapproachesarewhole-buildingweatherization,andthe installationof low-costenergyefficiency
measures (e.g., efficient lighting, high-efficiency showerheads and faucet aerators, and air infiltration
reductions). Someutilitiesoperatedirect-install programs targetingmultifamily rentalbuildingsaspartof
their low-income program offerings.128 Building upgrades through weatherization and energy efficiency
programsaretheprimarywayofreducingthelikelihoodofnon-paymentthatmosthouseholdscanemploy.
WeatherizationofhomesiseasyandeffectivewaytoreduceenergyuseSource:HabitatforHumanity,PrinceWilliamCounty,VA
25
Reductions in energy bills often equal reductions in the risk of disconnection.Even still, investment in
energyefficiencyandweatherizationprogramsisanunderutilizedstrategy.129
INCLUSIVEFINANCINGMODELS
Programs that help utility customers pursue home improvements can reduce monthly utility bills. With
energy efficiencymeasures alone, customers are predicted to save $2 trillionby 2030.Inclusive financing
programsuse a utility tariff rather than a loan to finance cost effective energyupgrades, and theybreak
downthebarrierstoaccesssothatthesesavingscanberealized.130Thesemodelsareprovidinganavenue
foraccessforutilitycustomerswhomaynotqualifyfordirectinstallprogramsforlow-incomecustomersyet
stillstruggletomakeendsmeetandkeepthelightson.
Utilitiesthatofferinclusivefinancingcanremovemajorbarrierstoenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergy
developmentbyallowingcustomers toopt intoa tariff thatauthorizes theutility (1) tomakesite-specific
investments incosteffectiveenergyupgradesand (2) to recover itscostswithachargeonthebill that is
significantlylessthantheestimatedsavings.Whereinclusivefinancingprogramsexists,theyareopentoall
utility customers regardless of their income, credit score, or renter status.131Figures 4 and 5, from the
InstituteforLocalSelf-Reliance'sEnergyDemocracyInitiative,illustratesthehowinclusivefinancingworksin
the utility space. Utilities provide contractors with the upfront funding for onsite energy efficiency,
weatherization,andrenewableenergyprojects.Theresultingsavingsfromthoseprojectsismorethanthe
costsaddedtotheutilitybillaspaymentfortheproject installationandinfrastructure.Theresult is lower
monthlyutilitybills.Noutilityoffering inclusive financingbasedon thePaysAsYouSave®(PAYS®) system
hasreportedasingledisconnectionfornon-paymentamongprogramparticipants.
Many utility cooperatives have seen inclusive financing models work. At Roanoke Electric,a utility
cooperative in a persistent poverty areaof North Carolina,theUpgrade to $ave program has invested in
upgradesatmorethan300homes.Theestimatedaveragemonthlynetsavingsforparticipatingcustomers
Figure4.InclusiveFinancingModel,Source:LocalSelf-ResilienceEnergyDemocracyInitiative
26
isaround $50, as they pay themonthly program service charge that is capped at 75% of the estimated
savings-sothecustomernetsavingsfromthebeginning.132Withthesesavings,inclusivefinancingmodels
have the express potential to reduce and eliminate utility disconnections and provide critical services to
vulnerablepopulations.
Figure5.Simpleoverviewofhowinclusivefinancingworks
THENEEDFORUNITERRUPTEDSERVICE
"Whatkindofworlddoweliveinwherechildrencandieafierydeathandthereisnomassiveoutcry?...Wecalloneveryoneopposedtothisconstantinhumanityagainstpoorpeopletojoinus...anddemandanimmediate
moratoriumongasandlightshutoffs,"
-MaureenTaylor,StateChairperson,MichiganWelfareRightsOrganization
The establishment of a universal right to uninterrupted energy servicewouldensure thatprovisionsare inplace topreventutilitydisconnection
due to non-payment and arrearages.133Toward establishing such a right,
we call for all utility companies to advocate for and incorporate the
following foundational principles into their models, operations, and
policies:
1. SecureACCESStoutilityservicesforallhouseholds;2. INCLUSION of all customers in thedevelopmentofutilitypolicies
andregulations;
3. TRANSPARENCY of the actions of and information held by utility
companies, regulating bodies, legislatures, and utility affiliated
organizations;
4. PROTECTIONofthehumanandcivilrightsofallcustomers;and
5. Advance programs that help ELIMINATE POVERTY, so that allcustomerscanpayutilitybills.
MaureenTayloroftheMichiganWelfareRightOrganizationSource:WileyPrice
27
Thepoliciesandprotectionsdetailedinthisreportrepresentstop-gapmeasurestolessenharmswroughtby
a system that is predicated on amassing profits without regard to the impacts on people. In advancing
energy justice, all individuals have the right to: safe, sustainable energy production; the resilient and
updatedenergyinfrastructure;affordableenergy;anduninterruptedenergyservice.134TheNAACPcallsfor
the development of policies and utility structures that improve
energy efficiency throughout the energy continuum, advance
clean and renewable energy production, encourage and enable
the development of distributed generation, and protect human
lifeandwellbeing.Wefurthercallforasystemthatputspowerin
thehandsof thepeople, literallyand figuratively.Theseaspects
arecomponentsofthelargerutilitysystemchangethatwemust
build.
There are proven pathways for change. As demonstrated,
improvedenergyefficiencywouldlowerenergybillsandmakeit
lesslikelyforutilitycustomerstofallintoarrears.135Thesameis
trueofdistributedgeneration,particularlywhenpairedwithPay
As You Save (PAYS) models that would allow households to
pay very little for electricity. 136 With greater energy
independence and reliance on renewable sources, the entire energy systemwould be less vulnerable to
market fluctuations, which would stabilize costs.137Through reducing emissions from fossil fuel based
energy production, climate change mitigation goals would also benefit from these shifts. Therefore, the
tremendous expense of disaster related outages,which are increasing and have real impacts on utilities'
budgets,138wouldbereduced—protectingcustomersfromyetanotherhazardousoutagethatisoutsideof
theircontrol.
Utility customerswho are disconnected due to non-payment should not face the potential of death and
sufferingwhenviablesolutionsexist.Muchactionisneededtoceasethisneedlessendangerment.Nowis
thetimetoexpandtheresearchandevidencesurroundingtheimpactsandissuesofutilitydisconnections,
aswellasreformhowwemanageandoperatetheentitiesthatsupplythesecriticalservices.
IMPROVEDDATACOLLECTION,RESEARCH,ANDTRANSPARENCY
"Forsomecustomers,thereis"apermanentlevelofunaffordabilitybuiltintotherates.''
-WilliamYates,SeniorFinancialAnalyst,PublicUtilityLawProjectofNewYork.
There is a need formore extensive and transparent data and research concerning utility disconnections,
nationwide.Until this information ismore readilydocumented, shared,andanalyzedourmessagewillbe
moreeasilyignored.Wherethisinformationdoesexist,itneedstobemadepubliclyavailable,especiallyto
customersofutilities.
Source:PeopleoverProfit,twitter.com
28
RECCOMENDATIONSFORUTILITYCOMMISSIONS,REGULATORS,ANDUTILITIES
Itistheresponsibilityofutilitycompaniesandthosewhoregulatethemtoensurethatrecordsanddataof
disconnections are documented and made publicly available, at minimum, to its customer base. In
accordance with the rights, principles, and actions previously discussed, we advise public utility
commissions,regulators,andutilitycompaniesto:
1. Setstrict recordkeepingstandardsof theentire
disconnection/terminationofserviceprocess;
2. Conduct studies on the financial and human
costsofutilitydisconnections;
3. Makerecordsofdisconnectionpubliclyavailable
oncommission,utility,orgovernmentwebsites;
and
4. Use this information to evaluate and improve
disconnection protection policies and
safeguards.
RECCOMENDATIONSFORGOVERNMENTAGENCIESANDORGANIZATIONS
Severalfederalandstateagenciesandorganizationscollect,analyze,andreleasedataandreportsregarding
theU.S.energyindustryatmultiplescales(e.g.U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration).Totheextentthat
utility disconnections are a part of these analyses is currently unknown, however, moving forward, it is
imperative that this information be included andmade publicly available. In accordance with the rights,
principlesandactionspreviouslydiscussed,weadvisethesegovernmentagenciesandorganizationsto:
1. Maintain extensive and up to date databases containing disconnection data provided by utility
companiesandregulatorysources;
2. Obtain, analyze, andmake transparent aggregate utility disconnection data in U.S. energy sector
reports;and
3. Hold public utility commissions, regulators, and utility companies accountable for providing
completedatasetsforassessmentanddissemination.
RECCOMENDATIONSFORUNIVERSITYANDNON-PROFITRESEARCHERS
As a society, we rely on academic and professional research for input into policy development. Thus,
researchersfromuniversitiesandorganizationswithresearchcapacity(e.g.NationalConsumerLawCenter
and the Consumer Federation of America)must also be aware of these issues and conduct studies that
fosterbetterunderstandingoftheconnectionsbetweenutilitydisconnections,theirimpactsonhouseholds,
andother industries and sectors.Weareasking researchers fromcolleges,universities, and capablenon-
profitorganizations,particularlythosewithstrongenvironmentalandenergyjusticeprograms,to:
MembersoftheCommitteeAgainstUtilityShutoffs(CAUS)speakingatacommunityeventSource:CAUS
29
1. Expandresearchonsociallyconsciousutilityandenergymodels;
2. Advanceresearchthatimpactsallpartsofsociety,particularlyvulnerablepopulations;
3. Partnerwithcommunitiesinandpromotecommunityparticipatoryresearchmodels;and4. Useexpandeddatainaccordancewiththeprinciplesandrightsoutlined.
UPHOLDINGHUMANRIGHTSINTHESHORTTERM
“Utilitiesareasocialright.Peoplehavearightnottofreezetodeath!Theyhavetherightnottoliveonthebareedgeofsurvival.Torealizethisright,however,wemustfightforit.Andthisdemonstrationisaninitialstageinthis
fight.”-LawrencePorter,CAUSchairmanandSEPAssistantNationalSecretary
139
While the end goal is clear—to prioritize utility policies that place a moratorium on utility servicedisconnections—theseprinciplescanbefurtheredthroughthefollowingpractices:
PROCEDURALPROTECTIONS
1. Requiremultipleattemptsbyphone,inwriting,and,inpersoncontactbeforedisconnection;2. Securenotificationofdisconnectionbymail;
3. Requireapost-disconnectionnoticetoallcustomers;4. Provideadditionalnoticeprovisionsforcustomerswhocanbedisconnectedremotely;
5. Restrict disconnections between 8:00am-2:00pm (or during hours of operations, and not
laterthan2hoursbeforecloseofbusiness)ondayswhenutilitieshaveemployeesavailable
forreconnections;6. Providenoticeandutilitydisconnectionpoliciesinmultiplelanguages;
7. Endpoliciessurroundingdisconnectionandreconnectionfees;
8. Ceasethecollectionofdepositsforutilityserviceactivationand/orreconnection;
9. Ensure that renters retain access to energy serviceswhennonpayment is the fault of the
landlordorotherthirdparty;
SEASONALPROTECTIONS
10. Include seasonal protections with bothtemperatureanddate-basedsolutions;
11. Setdisconnectionarrearageminimumsfor
customers who use utility services as the
primary source of heating or cooling
duringperiodsofseasonalprotection;12. Provide utility services during extreme
weather events that fall outside of
seasonalprotectionperiods;
PAYMENTASSISTANCE
30
13. Allowbudget payment plans to distribute
utilitycoststhroughouttheyear;14. Allowpartial paymentplans to customers
topreventdisconnections;15. Provideconnectionstosocialservicesandcasemanagementresourcesforhouseholdswith
delinquentbills(i.e.budgeting,foodassistance,andothersocialservices);
PROTECTIONSFORHOUSEHOLDSTHATARESOCIALLYVULNERABLE
16. Establish simple procedures for socially vulnerable groups to apply and be registered for
protectionfromdisconnection;17. Implementcustomersurveysinadvanceofextremeweatherseasonstoscreenforsocially
vulnerableindividuals;18. Ensure active outreach to socially vulnerable customers and households for inclusion in
protectionprograms;and19. Registrationintotheseprogramsshouldbecomplimentedwithanotificationtolocaland/or
stateemergencyreliefagenciesandsafetyresponders.
RECCOMENDATIONSFORUTILITYCOMPANIES
Withtheintenttoincorporatehumanrightsintoexistingutility
businessmodels,weadviseUtilityCompaniesandaffiliate
organizationsto:
1. Operateaccordingtotheprinciplesandpracticesof
humanrights;and
2. Ceaseinvestmentsandlobbyingpracticesthat
underminetherighttouninterruptedutilityservices.
RECCOMENDATIONSFORPUBLICUTILITYCOMMISSIONS
ANDREGULATORS
With the intent to incorporatehuman rights intoexistingutility
business models, we advise Public Utility Commissions, and
regulatorsto:
1. Enforceandadheretotheprinciplesandpracticesofa
humanrightsbasedutilitymodel;
2. Hold public hearings to investigate the extent and
natureofdisconnectionsinservicesareas;
3. Mandate exploration and implementation of energy efficiency, clean energy, and
distributedgenerationprogramsandtechnologies;
CommitteeAgainstUtilityShutoffs(CAUS)UtilityShut-offDemonstrationinDetroit,MISource:CAUS
INVESTOR-OWNEDUTILITY
ENGAGEMENT
While every state has different regulation
rules, it is a common practice to contact
theutilityas the first step to engagement.
Investor-owned utilities are regulated by
thePublicServiceCommission (PSC)/Public
Utility Commission (PUC). Generally,
PSC/PUCdealwithproblemsor issuesthat
theconsumerfeelswerenotsolvedbythe
utility,suchas,
• Serviceinstallationandlineextensions
• Highbills
• Qualityofservice
• Metertests
• Reasonablepaymentarrangements
• Outages
• Incorrectratesortariffs
• Unauthorizedswitchingofutility
servicefromone
31
4. Ensure that regulatory processes, meetings, and proceedings are accessible to all
customers;and
5. Holdthemselvesandutilitycompaniesaccountabletotheconcernsofcustomers.
RECCOMENDATIONSFORLEGISLATURES
With the intent to incorporate human rights into existing utility business models, it is critical that
legislatures:
1. Amend legal definitions of "public interest" to incorporate additional aspects of human
rights;
2. Establishpoliciesmandatingtheprinciplesandpracticesoftherighttouninterruptedutility
service;
3. Pass legislation that enables the advancement of energy efficiency and clean energy
programsandtechnology;
4. Passlegislationthatenablestheadvancementofenergyindependence;
5. Provideutilitycommissionswithaclearpublicinterestmandatetoauthorizeandencourage
commissions to regulate on new challenges and topics including climate change, rising
energycosts,airpollution,newtechnologies,andracialdiscrimination.
Traditionalandinnovativepublicinterestsrelatedtodisconnectionpoliciescouldinclude:thehealth,safety,
andwelfare of the public; consumer protection frommonopolymarket power; protection of low-income
membersof society;protectionof sociallyvulnerablegroups;protectionof socioeconomicgroupwhoare
disproportionatelyimpactedbyutilitydisconnections;enablingconsumerstopayforutilities.
RECCOMENDATIONSFORUTILITYCUSTOMERSANDCONSUMERADVOCATES
Ascustomersandadvocates,ourgoal intheshorttermistostopthesufferingofvulnerablecommunitiesandthosewhofaceutilitydisconnectionnow.Weasadvocateswhoseektosecuredisconnectionpoliciesthatfalloutsideoftraditionalregulationsandprotecttherighttouninterruptedutilityservicesmust:
1. Directlyengagestateandlocallegislaturesbeforeacommissionwillpassregulations;
2. Demandlegislaturespassspecificauthorizationsfortheseregulations;
3. Petitionutilitiesandpublicutilitycommissionstoadopttheseprinciples;
4. Hold utilities accountable for supporting the human rights of customers by documenting and
buildingtheevidenceofhowhumanandcivilrightsareviolated;
5. Partnerwithresearchinstitutionstoconductcommunityparticipatoryresearch;
6. DemandimprovedaccesstoPublicUtilityCommissionandregulatorymeetingsandproceedings;
7. Demandincreasedtransparencyoftheoperationsofutilitycompaniesandtheiraffiliates;and
8. Enforcethedemandforpoliciesandpracticesthatprotecthumanlifethroughgrassrootsadvocacy
(e.g. consumer education, direct negotiations, lobbying, direct action, media campaigns, and
litigationwherenecessary,etc.)
32
LEADINGDISCONNECTIONPROTECTION
WORKNATIONWIDE
TURN-: The Utility Reform Network [CA]advocatesfor customers and assists them with understandingtheirbillsandutilitypractices.Thegroupholdsutilitycorporations accountable by demanding fair rates,cleanerenergyandstrongconsumerprotections.
http://www.turn.org/
GeorgeWileyCenter[RI]organizespeoplefromlow-income communities to advocate for systematicchange. One of the major campaigns is based onutility justice. The “Know Your Utility Rights” clinicseducate consumers on their rights and how tochallengetheDivisionofPublicUtilities.
http://www.georgewileycenter.org/utilities
Utility Reform Project [OR]is asking for a reformoftheentireutilitysystem.Thegroupwantsthecontrolof electric utilities to be in the hands of customersandtheirelectedofficials.Theywantjustutilityratesandfairbillingpractices.
http://utilityreform.org/index.htm
New York’s Utility Project [NY] is advocating foruniversal service, affordability, and customerprotectionforNewYorkStateutilityconsumers.
http://utilityproject.org/
Committee Against Utility Shutoffs (CAUS) [MI] isasking for the stop to utility shut offs and for DTEEnergy’s top executives and government regulatorstobeheldaccountableforutilityrelatedfires.
https://www.facebook.com/stopshutoffs/
By recognizing energy as a basic need and human right, households would ideally be protected by
moratoriums whereby energy services would remain available indefinitely, particularly for vulnerable
householdsandcustomers.However,rightnowthegoalistoendthecurrentsufferingofhouseholdsthat
areenergy insecurebyadopting theseprinciples. In advancingmorehumanedisconnectionpractices,we
mustrecognizethatprotectionsdonotcurbutilitydebtaccumulationorprovideindefiniteprotectionsfrom
suffering.Householdswhoexperiencechronicenergyinsecurityarenotonlysubjectedtoshut-offs,butalso
faceincreasedfinancialliabilities,exposuretoadditional
health risks, and residential and economic instability.140
The policies and strategies outlined here represent a
movement toward a more humanistic utility model,
however,wemustexemplifythechangewewanttosee.
Wemustdevelopcommunitysolargardensandengage
in community aggregated choice, while advocating for
policies that move communities toward energy
sovereignty (e.g. energy efficiency, clean energy,
distributed generation, local hire provisions,
disadvantagedbusinessenterprise,etc.).
BUILDINGONTHELEGACYOFCHANGE
In solidarity with organizations and initiatives
nationwide, we seek to advance the conversation and
action around the creation of utility models that work
for consumers and the environment. We stand with
those who have worked for decades before us to
removetheillsofutilitydisconnections,includingTURN:
The Utility Reform Network in California, the George
WileyCenterinRhodeIsland,theUtilityReformProject
in Oregon, New York’s Utility Project in New York, the
CommitteeAgainstUtilityShutoffs(CAUS)andMichigan
Welfare Rights Organization (MWRO) in Michigan, and
national organizations like the National Consumer Law
Center, and the Consumer Federation of America,
among others. The work of these and other
organizationshavesavedlivesandsecuredthesafetyof
so many in the states and regions in which they
advocateandbeyond.
Membersof theGeorgeWileyCenterhavesuccessfully
securedthestrongestchildprotection in thecountry. In
Rhode Island, there are guaranteed utility service
protections for households in financial hardship with
AdvocatesoftheGeorgeWileyCenter,RISource:GeorgeWileyCenter
33
childrenundertwoyearsold.TheCenterhasalsochallengedtheState'sDivisionofPublicdirectlythrough
collective community action to institute Emergency Restoration of utility service to medically vulnerable
households.Theseareprotectionsallstatesshouldhaveinplace.
InDecember2015,NewYork'sUtilityProject filedanamicusbrief in theUnitedStatesSupremeCourt in
Hughesv.PPLEnergyPlus,LLC.Theorganizationsoughtanswerstothefollowing:
Whether,whenasellerofferstobuildgenerationandsellwholesalepoweronafixed-
rate contractbasis, the FederalPowerAct field-preemptsa stateorderdirecting retail
utilities to enter into the contract; and whether the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission’s (FERC’s) acceptance of an annual regional capacity auction preempts
statesfromrequiringretailutilitiestocontractatfixedrateswithsellerswhoarewilling
tocommittosellintotheauctiononalong-termbasis.141
TheUtilityProjectfrequentlyengagesinsuchlegalactiontoensurethatutilityactionisinaccordancewith
customerinterestsandrights.
TheNAACPstandswiththeseorganizationsinthepursuitoftheeliminationofthepracticeofutilityservice
disconnection.Whileestablishingandexpandingprotectionsispressing,advocatesmustrememberthatthe
goalismuchlarger.Utilitycompaniesandtheirassociatesmustbeheldaccountableandbeleadersinthe
transformationoftheenergysector.Equitywillnotbeachievedovernight.Itwillonlybeachievedthrough
hardworkonthepartofusall.
LONGTERMVISION
It iscrucialtorememberthatthereformswearecallingforandthetacticsweusetoachievethemarein
theshorttermtoaddresstheemergencycircumstancesinwhichalltoomanyhouseholdsfindthemselves.
Inthelongterm,wemustcontinuetopushforsystemschange,includingdistributedgenerationandpeople
owned,humanrightscenteredutilities. It istimetonotonlyeliminatetheharmfulutilitypractices,butto
correcttheextractiveeconomythatwecurrentlyface.
Eachofthedeathsandsufferingdetailedinthisreportisanindictmentagainstthecompanieswhowielded
power and ignored the cries formercy in the heartless pursuit of profits, and against the legislators and
regulatorswho failed to provide adequate leadership. In the short term,we canpush for the reforms as
detailedabove.Butthey’vehadtheirchanceandit’stimeforatotalsystemrevolution.
The fightagainst theextractiveeconomy isnotaboutmaking thingsbetter forpeoplewhoarepoor; it is
about eliminating poverty, racism, and other social and structural inequities that render households
vulnerable.In2015,theU.S.energysectormade$178billionfromresidentialenergyusealone.Aswefocus
oneliminatingpovertywhileensuringenergysecurity,onewayofdoingthisistoreformtheenergysector,
a $6 trillion sector, by transitioning power to the people and anchoring the change in increased energy
efficiencydistributedgenerationofcleanenergy.
34
There is an opportunity to reinvent this sector, to create a shared economy and keep thismoney in the
hands of citizens. Some individuals, households, and communities have begun to move toward energy
sovereignty.StoriessuchasAmyMays,(seestoryonPage33,FromPersecutedbyMyUtilitytoPoweredand
Empoweredby the SUN!), provideanexampleofwhat canbe. It is time for a Just Transition to localized
economies, grounded in ecological stewardship, community wellbeing, democratic decision-making, and
locallycontrolresources(Figure6).142
Figure6.AJustTransition,Source:OurPowerCampaign,ClimateJusticeAlliance
35
VISIONINACTIONFROM PERSECUTED BY MY UTILITY TOPOWERED AND EMPOWERED BY THE SUN! -AMYMAYS,ARIZONA
Mystorybeganin1994whenIopenedabeautyshopfor my daughter. After we had been in business forfour years, my troubles began with the local utilitycompany,SaltRiverProject(SRP),whentheyrequiredthatIpayanadditionaldeposittocontinuetoreceiveelectricity services. I fought,buteventuallyendeduppayingtheadditionaldeposit.Then,inJune2003,theutility company demanded a further deposit, eventhoughIwascurrentonallpayments.
I contacted the Arizona State NAACP office and they convinced the utility company to reconnect theelectricityifIpaidaportionofthedeposit.However,inAugust2003,SRPagaindisconnectedtheelectricityrequesting the remainder of the deposit.We did not have themoney so they turned off the electricity,whichresultedintheclosingofournearlyten-yearoldbusiness.Eventhoughourservicewasterminated,with all payments up to date, the utility company inexplicably continued to demand payment for thiscompletelyillegitimate“bill.”
Since that bill from my closed business went “unpaid,” to add insult to injury, the utility companydisconnected the electrical power to my home on April 8, 2004.From 2004 to 2006 I suffered withoutelectricity,livingoutofmyicechest.
When I first heard about solar panels in 2006 I began reading everything I could about them. I searchedonlineuntilIlocatedasolarsystemdesignedforoff-gridcabins.Iorderedmyfirstsolarsystemfor$5,000.Asatrainedelectrician,Ihadtheskillstoinstallthepanelsmyself.Ipurchasedadditionalsolarpanelsoneortwopanelsatatime,andthenecessaryequipmentfor installation,until Ihadaccumulatedenoughforanadditionalsystem,whichIalsoinstalledmyself.AsI’vegottenolder,I’vetrainedanotherelectriciantohelpmaintainmysolarpanelsystem.
Tenyears later,nowin2016,myhomeisstillnotconnectedtotheutility-operatedgrid. Ihaven’tpaidanelectricitybillsince2004,andthesavingsIhaveexperiencedasaresulthavebeentremendous.Withoutanelectricitybill topayeverymonth,my solarpanelspaid for themselves and I’vebeen savingmoneyeversince. I will never go back to the utility connection. Throughmy own rooftop solar panels, I have beenliberatedfromthehighratestheutilitycompaniesdemandandthecontroltheyheldoverme!
Withlifethreatening,highheattemperaturesinArizona,solarhasliterallysavedmylife!
IsharemystorywitheveryoneImeet.Infact,mydoctorwassoinspiredbymystorythatherecentlyhadsolarpanels installedonhishome.He, too,hasbeen thrilledwithhisexperiencegoingsolarand toldmethatlastmonthhiselectricitybillhasgonedowntoamere$30.
It feels good to controlmy own power and not have to rely on the utility company for anything. Iwant
people to know that if I can find independence through solar, then other people can do the same. The
powerfromthesunisalreadythereandalwayswillbe.Nowpeoplejustneedtofindwaystouseit!
AmyMaystellingherstoryatanNAACPEnergyJusticeTrainingin2016
36
APPENDIXA:ELECTRICITYAFFORDABILITYINDEX-U.S.STATES
0.000%
0.500%
1.000%
1.500%
2.000%
2.500%
3.000%
3.500%
4.000%
4.500%
Colorado
Utah
New
Ham
pshire
Massachuse>
sDistricto
fColum
bia
Washington
Wyoming
Minne
sota
Maine
California
Rhod
eIsland
New
Jersey
Illinois
New
Mexico
Verm
ont
Wisc
onsin
NorthDakota
Oregon
Idaho
Iowa
Neb
raska
Maryland
Conn
ecMcut
Alaska
Michigan
Virginia
Mon
tana
SouthDa
kota
Penn
sylvania
New
York
Kansas
Nevada
Missou
riIndiana
Oklahom
aOhio
Delaware
WestV
irginia
Arizo
na
Texas
Kentucky
Arkansas
Louisia
na
Georgia
NorthCarolina
Florida
Tenn
essee
SouthCarolina
Mississippi
Alabam
aHa
waii
U.S.ElectricAffordabilityIndex
ElectrictyAffordabilityIndex(bill/Income) UnitedStatesAverage
37
APPENDIXB:SURVEYOFSTATEDISCONNECTIONPOLCIES
ALABAMA
Source ALA.ADMIN.CODEr.770-X-1-.12
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedfivedaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionswhenthetemperatureatthatlocationisforecastedtobe32ºForbelowforthatcalendarday.
PaymentPlans No.Utilitymayrequirepaymentofalldelinquentchargesandreconnectionfeebeforereconnecting.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Tariffsgoverndisconnectionofservicepracticeswhenlifeorhealthisthreatenedbydisconnection.Customersmayrequirespecialconsiderationbasedonage,disabilitystatus,medicalconditions,orothercircumstances.
ALASKA
Source ALASKAADMIN.CODEtit.3,§§52.445,52.450
Notice Initialnoticemustbemailedtocustomerfifteendaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.Secondnoticeprovidedinperson,bytelephone,orbypostingmustbemadethreedaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations DisconnectionsmayoccurMonday-Thursdaybetween8:00am-5:00pm.NodisconnectionsonFridays,Weekends,ordaysprecedinglegalholidays.
PaymentPlans Yes.Deferredpaymentmaybeanalternativetodisconnectionbasedonthetariffofautility.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponedisconnectionforfifteendaysforcustomerswhoareelderly,ill,dependentonlifesupportsystems,orwhohaveadisability.
38
ARIZONA
Source ARIZ.ADMIN.CODE§§R14-2-211,R14-2-201
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedfivedaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectiononadaywhentheforecastedtemperatureforthefollowingdaydoesnotexceed32ºF.TheCommissionmaydeterminethatotherweatherconditionsareespeciallydangeroustohealthastheneedarises.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
ARKANSAS
Source ARK.CODEANN.§23-4-204,ARK.ADMIN.CODE§§126.03.2-6.04,126.03.2-6.09,126.03.2-6.13,126.03.2-6.15,126.03.2-6.18
Notice Initialnoticemaybemailedeightdaysbeforescheduleddisconnectionordeliveredfivedaysbeforeascheduleddisconnection.Customerswhoareelderlyorwhohavedisabilitiesmusthavetwonoticeattemptsatleast72hoursbeforetheshutoff.Ifneitherattemptissuccessful,writtennoticemustbegivenatleast24hoursinadvanceofdisconnect.
DateBasedProtection November1–March31.Gasutilitiesmaynotdisconnectservicesforlow-incomecustomers.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsonadaywhenatemperature32ºForbelowisforecastedanytimeinthefollowing24hours.Nodisconnectionsforelderlycustomersorcustomerswithdisabilitiesonadaywhenatemperatureof95ºForaboveisforecastedanytimeinthefollowing24hours.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectmayoccurduringnormalbusinesshours,butnotinthelasthourofthebusinessday.Nodisconnectionsonaday,ordaybeforeadaywhentheutilitywillhavenoemployeesavailabletoreconnect.
PaymentPlans Yes.Entryintopaymentplanisrequiredtoqualifyasallow-incomecustomerduringwinterprotectionperiod.Plansareavailabletoothercustomerstodeferdisconnectionatothertimes.
OtherProtections Nodisconnectionchargesallowedforwater,gas,orelectricutilities.
CALIFORNIA
Source CAL.PUB.UTIL.CODE§§10010,10010.1,CAL.MIL.&VET.Code§827
39
Notice Noticemustbesentfifteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
PaymentPlans Yes.Availabletocustomerswithmedicalcertification.
MedicalProtections Nodisconnectionwithmedicalcertificationthatadisconnectionislifethreateningtothecustomer.Customermustenterintoapaymentplan.
OtherProtections Nodisconnectionduetoareductioninhouseholdincomeastheresultofamemberofthehouseholdbeingcalledtoactivedutystatusinthemilitary.
COLORADO
Source 4COLO.CODEREGS.§§723-3:3408(electricity),723-4:4407(gas)
Notice Initialwrittennoticemustbeprovidedbymailfifteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Secondnoticemustbeattemptedinpersonorbyphone24hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
PaymentPlans Yes.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforsixtydayswithamedicalcertification.Medicalcertificationmayberenewedforanadditionalthirtydays.
OtherProtections NoticeshallbeprintedinEnglishandanyotherlanguagewheretheutility'sserviceterritorycontainsapopulationofatleasttenpercentwhospeakaspecificlanguageotherthanEnglishastheirprimarylanguage.
CONNECTICUT
Source CONN.AGENCIESREGS.§§16-3-100,16-11-75
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedbymailthirteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
40
DateBasedProtection Yes.NodisconnectionsNovember1–April15thforqualifyinglow-incomecustomers.However,ifutilitiesprovidedserviceduringthepreviouswinterprotectionperiod,andcustomerwasdisconnectedduringtheunprotectedtime,customermustpaythelesserof:20%ofoutstandingbalance,minimumpaymentsdueunderamortizationagreement,or$100tobereconnected.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
PaymentPlans Yes.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Nodisconnectionwithmedicalcertificationduringthewinterprotectionperiod.Nodisconnectionwithmedicalcertificationandentryintoapaymentplanduringallothertimes.Certificationmustberenewedeveryfifteendaysunlessphysiciancertifiesotherwise.
DELAWARE
Source 26DEL.ADMIN.CODE§§3002-1.0,3002-2.0,3002-3.0,3002-6.0
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovedfourteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Duringthewinterprotectionperiod,theutilitymustmaketwoattemptsattelephonenoticebeforedisconnection.Atleastoneattemptmustbemadeafter6:00pm.Duringthesummerprotectionperiod,theutilitymustmakeoneattemptattelephonenoticeafter6:00pmbeforedisconnection.Employeedisconnectingservicemustattemptpersonalcontactpriortodisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.June1–September30,November15–March31.Additionalnoticerequirementsapplyduringtheseperiods.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectiononadaywhentemperaturesarebelow32ºForabove105ºF.
PaymentPlans Yes.
MedicalProtections Nodisconnectionwithmedicalcertification.
DISTRICTOFCOLUMBIA
Source D.C.MUN.REGS.tit.15§§315,312,306,314,311,310
Notice Noticemustbemailedfifteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Utilitymustattempttwonotificationsbyphoneorinpersonpriortodayofdisconnection.Employeemustmakeoneattempttopersonallynotifythecustomerattimeofdisconnectionforgasorelectricity.Ifnocontactismadeinthesethreeadditionalattempts,thedisconnectionofelectricityorgaswillbepostponed.
41
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionondaysbelow32ºF,orondaysprecedingalegalholidayorweekendwithaforecastedtemperaturebelow32ºF.
DisconnectionLimitations Nodisconnectionsbetween5:00pmThursdayand8:00amMonday.Nodisconnectionsonalegalholidaysoranyotherdaywhentheutilityisclosedtothepublic.
PaymentPlans Yes.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforuptotwenty-onedayswithmedicalcertificationandentryintoapaymentplan.Certificationmayberenewedforanadditionaltwenty-onedays.
FLORIDA
Source FLA.ADMIN.CODEr.25-30.320,25-30.345
Notice Noticemustbeprovidedfivebusinessdaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations Nodisconnectionsbetween12:00pmonFridayand8:00amonMonday,orafter12:00pmonthedaybeforealegalholidayandbefore8:00amonthefollowingbusinessday.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
GEORGIA
Source GA.COMP.R.®S.515-3-3-.01,515-3-2-.01,515-3-2-.02,515-3-2-.04,515-3-3-.07
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedfivedaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.Personalcontactmustbeattemptedwithintwodaysofscheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.NodisconnectionNovember15–Marchifcustomerentersintopaymentplan.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionwhenforecastedlowfordayofdisconnectionisbelow32ºF.Nodisconnection
42
whenHeatAdvisoryorExcessiveHeatWarningisineffectforthecountyondayofdisconnection.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectiononlyonbusinessdayswhenutilityisavailabletoreceivepayment.
PaymentPlans Yes.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Nodisconnectionforthelengthofcertificationwithmedicalcertification.
HAWAII
Source HAW.CODER.§6-60-8
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedareasonableamountoftimebeforescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectionsmayoccuronlyduringutilitybusinesshours.Nodisconnectionsonweekendsorlegalholidays.
PaymentPlans No.Mustpaythebill,evenifprotestingthechargeorscheduleddisconnectioninordertoavoiddisconnection.
OtherProtections Utilitymustprovidespecialconsiderationindisconnectingservicetocustomers62yearsofageorolderandcustomerswithdisabilities.
IDAHO
Source IDAHOADMIN.CODEr.31.21.01.306,31.21.01.308,31.21.01.311,31.21.01.603
Notice Initialwrittennoticemustbeprovidedsevendaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.Secondwrittennoticemaybesentthreedaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.Utilitymustattemptinpersonortelephonenoticeatleast24hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsforhouseholdswithchildren,elderlyoccupants,orseriouslyilloccupantsfromDecember–February.Nodisconnectionsforhouseholdswithchildren,elderlyoccupants,orseriouslyilloccupantswhencustomerentersanapprovedpaymentplanfromNovember–March.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
43
DisconnectionLimitations NodisconnectionsonFridays,weekends,legalholidays,ordaysprecedinglegalholidays.Nodisconnectionswhentheutilityisnotopenforbusiness.
PaymentPlans Yes.Offeredatutility’sdiscretionoutsideofthewinterprotectionperiod.WinterpaymentplansareavailableNovember–March.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthirtydayswithmedicalcertification.
ILLINOIS
Source ILL.ADM.CODEtit.83§§280.80,280.130,280.135,280.160,280.180,App.A
Notice Initialwrittennoticemustbeprovidedinpersonorbymailtendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Noticemustbeattemptedbytelephone48hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Asecondtelephonenoticemustbeattempted24hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnectionifthefirstcallwasunsuccessful.
DateBasedProtection Yes.Noutilitymaydisconnectserviceforlow-incomecustomers,activemilitarypersonnel,ormilitaryveteransfromDecember1–March31.Autilitywithmorethan100,000customersmaynotdisconnectservicefromDecember1-March31.Protectionfromdisconnectionmayrequireentryintoawinterpaymentplan.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsonadaywhenthetemperatureisforecastedtobebelow32ºFoverthenext24hours,orduringtheholidayorweekendfollowingthescheduleddisconnection.Autilitywithmorethan100,000customersmaynotdisconnectwhentemperaturesexceed95ºFinthenext24hours,orduringtheholidayorweekendfollowingthescheduleddisconnection.
DisconnectionLimitations Nodisconnectionsonehourbeforetheutilityisclosedtothepublic.Nodisconnectionswhentheutilityisnotopentothepublic.Nodisconnectionsafter12:00pmonFridays.
PaymentPlans Yes.Entryintopaymentplanmayberequiredtopreventdisconnectionduringseasonalprotectionperiods.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforsixtydayswithmedicalcertification.
INDIANA
Source 170IND.ADMIN.CODE4-1-15,4-1-16,4-1-16.6(electricity)170IAC5-1-15,5-1-16,5-1-16.6(gas)
Notice Writtenorpersonalnoticemustbeprovidedfourteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Employeemustattemptpersonalcontactimmediatelybeforescheduleddisconnection.Employeeperformingthedisconnectionisnotrequiredtoacceptpaymenttopreventthedisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.December1–March15,nodisconnectionforlow-incomecustomers
44
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectsonlyallowedbetween8:00am-3:00pm.Nodisconnectonanydaywhenutilityisnotopen,orafternoononadayprecedinganydaywhentheutilityisnotopen.
PaymentPlans Yes.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionfortendayswithmedicalcertification.Certificationmayberenewedforanadditionaltendays.
IOWA
Source IOWAADMIN.CODEr.199-19.4(476)(gas),199-20.4(476)(electricity)
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedtwelvedaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Forcustomersbilledmorefrequentlythanoncepermonth,anadditionalnoticemustbeposted24hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–April1nodisconnectionsforlow-incomecustomers.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectionsmaytakeplacebetweenthehoursof6:00am-2:00pmMonday–Thursday.
PaymentPlans Yes.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.Alsoallowedtochargefordisconnectionofservices.Feesmaybehigherforreconnectionineveningsoronweekends.
MedicalProtections Disconnectionpostponedforthirtydayswithmedicalcertificationandentryintoapaymentplan.
OtherProtections Forhouseholdswhereaheadofthehouseholdisaservicememberdeployedformilitaryservice,nodisconnectionsareallowedduringthedeploymentandforninetydaysafterthedeployment.
KANSAS
Source KansasCorporationCommission“Electric,NaturalGasandWaterBillingStandards”Order(2012)
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedtendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Utilitymustmaketwoattemptsattelephonenoticeatleasttwodaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
45
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–March31disconnectionsarenotpermittedinaccordancewithtemperaturerestrictions.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsonadaywhenthetemperaturewilldropbelow35ºForwhenthetemperatureisforecastedtobe"inthemid30sorcolder”inthefollowing48-hourperiod.
PaymentPlans Yes.Paymentplanrequiredduringwinterprotectionperiodwhentheweatherisabove35ºF.Topreventdisconnection,thecustomermustpay1/12ofarrearageamount,1/12ofthecurrentbill,alldisconnectionorreconnectionfees,andenterintoan11-monthpaymentplanfortheremainingamounts.Paymentplansof“reasonableinstallments”permittedatothertimesduringtheyearwithmedicalcertification.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforatleasttwenty-onedayswithmedicalcertificationandproofofinabilitytopaythefullamountofthebalance.Customermustenterintoapaymentplan.
KENTUCKY
Source 807KY.ADMIN.REGS.5:006
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedtendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–March31nodisconnectionsforlow-incomecustomerswhoenterintoandcomplywithapaymentplan.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
PaymentPlans Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthirtydayswithmedicalcertification.
LOUISIANA
Source CommissionGeneralOrderR-29706,EntergyTariff
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedthirtydaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection Nodisconnectionsonadaywhenthetemperatureisforecastedtoremainatorbelow32ºFforthefollowing24hours,andwhenthepreviousday’shighesttemperaturedidnotexceed32ºF.Nodisconnectionsonadaywhenaheatadvisoryisineffect.
46
DisconnectionLimitations NodisconnectionsFridaysafter1:00pm,onweekends,legalholidays,orthedaybeforealegalholiday.
PaymentPlans Yes.Paymentplansavailabletopreventdisconnection.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.$30.00chargeforEntergy.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionby30dayswithmedicalcertificationandentryintoapaymentarrangement.Certificationmustberenewedannually.
MAINE
Source 65-407ME.CODER.Ch.815,§§2,10,11,12
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedfourteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Utilitymustattemptpersonalnoticeduringthewinterprotectionperiod.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November15–April15nodisconnectionsforlow-incomecustomerswhoenterintoapaymentplan.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations NodisconnectionsonFridays,weekends,legalholidaysorthedayimmediatelybeforealegalholiday.Disconnectionsmusttakeplacebetween8:00am–3:00pmonscheduledday.
PaymentPlans Yes.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthirtydayswithmedicalcertification.Certificationmayberenewedtwiceduringatwelve-monthperiod.Utilitymustnotacceptmorethanthreemedicalemergenciesduringatwelvemonthperiod.
MARYLAND
Source MD.CODEREGS.20.31.01.03-.04,20.31.02.05,20.31.03.03,20.31.05.07.
Notice Writtennoticemustbemailedfourteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Utilitymustmaketwopersonalnoticeattemptsbeforedisconnectionduringthewinterprotectionperiod.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–March31nodisconnectionsunlessutilitycertifiesanaffidavittotheCommissionwhichconsiderslow-incomestatusofcustomer;elderly,ill,ordisabilitystatusofcustomer;amountinarrearage;etc.
47
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsondayswhenforecastis32ºForbelow.
DisconnectionLimitations DisconnectionsallowedMonday–Thursday.DisconnectionsallowedonSaturdayifutilityhasmadetwounsuccessfulattemptstodisconnectonweekdays.
PaymentPlans Yes.
OtherProtections Postponementofdisconnectionwhenanoccupantofthepremisesiselderly,seriouslyill,hasadisability,orreliesuponlife-supportequipment.Utilitiesmayusetheirdiscretiontonotdiscontinueserviceifitreasonablybelievesdisconnectionwillendangerlife,health,orsafety.
MASSACHUSETTS
Source 220MASS.CODEREGS.25.01,25.0225.03,25.05
Notice Noticemustbeprovidedbetween72hoursandfourteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November15–March15nodisconnectioniftheutilityprovidesheatandtheutilityservicewasnotdisconnectedbeforeNovember15.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations DisconnectionsMonday–Thursdaybetween8:00am–4:00pm.Nodisconnectionsonalegalholidayorthedaybeforealegalholiday.
PaymentPlans Yes.
MedicalProtections Nodisconnectionfornonpaymentwithmedicalcertification.Certificationmustberenewedquarterlyoreverysixmonthsforchronicconditions.
OtherProtections Nodisconnectionfornonpaymentifthehouseholdhasachildunder12monthsold.Nodisconnectionsifalladultsare65yearsoldorolder,andaminorresidesinthehouse.Nodisconnectionsforlow-incomecustomers.Renewaloflow-incomestatusmustbemadequarterly,exceptduringtheseasonalprotectionperiod.Disconnectionforcustomers65yearsoroldermaybedoneonlyafterreceivingwrittenapproval.
MICHIGAN
Source MICH.ADMIN.CODEr.460.1626,460.147,460.102460.148,460.150,460.141,460.140,460.139,460.1607,460.120,460.143,460.147,460.144
Notice Noticemustbeprovidedbyphoneormailing.Phonenoticemustbeattemptedtwotimesatleastonedaybeforethescheduleddisconnection.Mailednoticemustbesentatleastfivedaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
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DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–March31.Nodisconnectionsforcustomers65yearsorolder.Nodisconnectionsforeligiblelow-incomecustomerswithentryintoapaymentplanwherecustomermakesmonthlypaymentsequalto7%oftheannualbill.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnections8:00am–4:00pm.Nodisconnectionsonadaybeforeadaywhentheutilityisunavailableforreconnections.NoFridaydisconnectionsforpaymentplandefaultsduringthewinterprotectionperiod.
PaymentPlans Yes.Specialrateofpaymentavailableforlow-incomecustomersduringthewinterprotectionperiod.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.Noreconnectionfeeforcustomers65yearsorolderduringthewinterprotectionperiod.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionfornotmorethantwenty-onedayswithmedicalcertification.Certificationmaybereneweduptoatotalpostponementofsixty-threedaysinatwelve-monthperiod.Autilityisnotrequiredtograntpostponementstotalingmorethan126daysperhousehold.
OtherProtections Nodisconnectionsforeligiblemilitarycustomersforninetydays.Protectionmayberenewedforanadditionalninetydays.Protectionrequiresthecustomertoenterintoapaymentplanatthecloseoftheprotectionperiod.
MINNESOTA
Source MINN.STAT.§§216B.096,216B.097,216B.0975,216B.0993,216B.098.MINN.R.7820.2400,7820.2600,7820.2500
Notice Noticerequiredbymailorinperson.
DateBasedProtection Yes.October15–April15nodisconnectionsforallcustomerswhoenterintopaymentplans.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionswhenanexcessiveheatwatch,heatadvisory,orexcessiveheatwarninghasbeenissued.
DisconnectionLimitations Duringthewinterprotectionperiod,disconnectionsmayoccurMonday–Thursday.UtilitymaydisconnectonFridaysonlywithpersonalnoticeandanofferofpaymentagreement.Nodisconnectionsonalegalholiday,dayprecedingalegalholiday,ordaywhentheutilityorcommissionisclosed.
PaymentPlans Yes.Requiredduringthewinterprotectionperiodforallcustomers.Utilitycannotrequestpaymentsofmorethan10%ofthecustomer’shouseholdforlow-incomecustomers.Gasutilitiesarepermittedtohavebudgetpaymentplans.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
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MedicalProtections Nodisconnectionswithmedicalcertification
OtherProtections Anycustomermayapplytothecommissionforemergencystatus.Thecommissionmaydeclareanemergencystatustoexistandpostponedisconnectionforaperiodofuptothirtydays.
MISSISSIPPI
Source 39-1CODEMISS.R.§§2:0,2:8
Notice Noticemustbemailedorpostedatleastfivedaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.December1–March31nodisconnectionswhenthecustomerentersintoandcomplieswithapaymentplan.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsinanycountyondayswithafreezewarningorexcessiveheatwarningissuedby8:00amonthescheduledday.
PaymentPlans Yes.Requiredforwinterprotectionperiod.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.Reconnectionanddisconnectionfeepermitted.
MedicalProtections NodisconnectionDecember–Marchwithmedicalcertification.Postponementofdisconnectionforsixtydayswithmedicalcertificationatanyotherpointduringtheyear.
MISSOURI
Source MO.CODEREGS.ANN.tit.4,§§240-13.055,240-13.050
Notice Writtennoticemaybemailedordeliveredinperson.Ifmailed,thenoticemustbesentatleasttendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Ifdelivered,thenoticemustbegivenatleast96hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Utilitymustattempttocontactthecustomeratleast24hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnectionthroughawrittennotice,postingontheproperty,ortwophonecalls.Employeemustattemptpersonalcontactattimeofdisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–March31nodisconnectionswithentryintoapaymentplan
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsonadayordaybeforethetemperatureisbelow32ºF.Nodisconnectionsonadayordaybeforethetemperatureisabove95º.
PaymentPlans Yes.Initialpaymentmaynotexceed12%oftwelve-monthbillamountforacustomerwhohasnotdefaultedonawinterprotectionperiodpaymentplan.Initialpaymentmustbe80%ofthecustomer’sbalanceforacustomerwhohasdefaultedonawinterprotectionperiodpaymentplan.
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ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionfortwenty-onedayswithmedicalcertification.
MONTANA
Source MONT.ADMIN.R.38.5.1410,38.5.1412,38.5.1413,38.5.1405,38.5.1415,38.5.1411
Notice Noticemustbemailedatleasttwentydaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Ifcustomerdoesnotrespondtothefirstnotice,asecondnoticemustbemailedatleasttendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Inpersonorphonenoticemustbeprovidedonedaybeforeactualdisconnection.Employeemustattemptpersonalnoticeatthetimeofdisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–April1nodisconnectionswithoutpriorapprovaloftheCommission.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionondaysbelow32ºForondayswhenfreezingtemperaturesorsnowstormsarepredictedforthefollowingday.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectionsallowedbetween8:00am–12:00pm.Nodisconnectionsonadayorimmediatelyprecedingadaywhentheutilityisnotopentothepublic.
PaymentPlans Yes.Paymentplanavailableatanytimeforacustomerwhoisunabletopayfullbill.
MedicalProtections Nodisconnectionwithmedicalcertificationandentryintoapaymentplan.
NEBRASKA
Source NEB.REV.ST.§70-1606.291NEB.ADMIN.CODECh.9§§013,021
Notice Noticemustbemailed,deliveredinperson,orpostedatleastsevenbusinessdaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–March31nodisconnectionsforeligiblelow-incomecustomers.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations Nodisconnectionsonweekends,legalholidays,orwhentheutilityisnotopentothepublic.
PaymentPlans Yes.Paymentplansavailableatanytimeandtoanycustomerwhoisunabletopay.Paymentplansaretobe“reasonable”andworkedoutbetweentheutilityandthecustomer.Customerwhobelievestheofferedplanisunreasonablemayfileacomplaintwiththecommission.PaymentplanisrequiredtorestoreservicefromNovember1–March31
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ReconnectionCharge Yes.Disconnectionfeesalsoallowedbutnotduringwinterprotectionperiod.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthirtydayswithmedicalcertification.Onlyonecertificationisallowedforeachincidenceofnonpayment.
OtherProtections “TheCommissionshallhavetheauthoritytoorderatemporarybanonanyoralldisconnectionsforjurisdictionalutilitiesduringperiodsofextremelysevereweatherorwhencircumstancesexistsuchthatdisconnectioncouldcreateasituationdangeroustothelifeorhealthofcustomersortoproperty.”
NEVADA
Source NEV.ADMIN.CODE§§704.360,704.370,704.372,704.375,704.383
Notice Noticemustbemailed,e-mailed,orpersonallydeliveredatleasttendaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.Ifcustomerdoesnotrespondtothefirstnotice,asecondnoticemustbeprovidedatleast48hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Thesecondnoticemaybeinperson,bymail,posting,telephone,ore-mail.Ifacustomerhasdefaultedonapaymentplanagreementtheutilitymustprovidenoticeonly48hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsduringaperiodwhenweatherisbelow15ºForabove105ºF.Nodisconnectionswhenweatherisbelow20ºForabove95ºFforelderlycustomersorcustomerswithdisabilities.
DisconnectionLimitations DisconnectionsallowedMonday–Friday.Nodisconnectionsonlegalholidaysorthedaybeforealegalholiday.
PaymentPlans Yes.Paymentplansavailableforanycustomeratanytime.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthirtydayswithmedicalcertificationandentryintopaymentplan.Medicalcertificationmayberenewedforanadditionalthirtydays.
OtherProtections Utilitymaynotterminateservicetoacustomeriftheamountowedis$100orlessforelectricity,gas,orgasandelectricitycombined.
NEWHAMPSHIRE
Source N.H.CODEADMIN.R.ANN.PUC.1202.19,1203.07,1203.11,1203.12,1204.01,1204.02,1204.03,1204.04,1204.05,1204.06,1205.02,1205.03,1205.04,1205.05
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Notice Noticemustbemailedatleastfourteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Duringthewinterprotectionperiod,noticemustbemadeinpersonorbytelephonetwotoeightdaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Customercanbedisconnectedwithoutfurthernoticefordefaultingonapaymentplan.
Foracustomerwithanexpiredmedicalemergencycertification,noticemustbemadeinpersonorbyphonetwotoeightdaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Ifnocontactismade,inpersoncontactmustbeattemptedonthedayofdisconnection.Utilitymusthaveasupervisorreviewanyexpiredmedicalemergencyaccountwheresuccessfulcontacthasnotbeenmadebeforedisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November15–March31.Utilityneedspermissionfromthecommissiontodisconnectcustomers65yearsorolder.Nodisconnectionsfornon-heatinggasarrearagesupto$125,non-heatingelectricarrearagesupto$225,andheatingarrearagesupto$450.Forfinancialhardshipcustomers,paymentof10%ofbalanceissufficienttoreconnect.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectionsallowed8:00am–3:30pmMonday–Friday.Nodisconnectionsonoronthedaybeforealegalholidayoronoronthedaybeforeadaywhenthecommissionisclosed
PaymentPlans Yes.Availableatanytimeforallcustomers.Mustpayaportionofarrearageandsetupinstallmentpaymentsfortheremainingarrearage.Customermustpaycurrentandfuturebillsinfullandontime.Duringthewinterprotectionperiod,financialhardshipcustomershavemonthlypaymentsof10%ofthewinterprotectionperiodpayment,or10%ofthebalancedueandthewinterprotectionperiodpayment.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Nodisconnectionforcustomerwithmedicalcertificationwhoentersintoapaymentagreement.Ifcustomerdoesnotcomplywiththepaymentagreement,theutilitymustgetpermissionfromthecommissiontodisconnect.Lengthofcertificationisdeterminedbythecertifyingphysicianandmustlastatleastninetydays,butmaylastforuptooneyear.
OtherProtections Nodisconnectionifarrearageisoutstandingforlessthansixtydaysandislessthan$50.
“Thecommissionshallimposeamoratoriumondisconnectionsofservicewhenthereexistsanimminentperiltothepublic'shealth,safetyorwelfare.”
NEWJERSEY
Source N.J.ADMIN.CODE§§14:3–3A.2,14:3–3A.3,14:3–3A.4,14:3-3A.5,14:3–7.5,14:3–7.7
Notice Writtennoticemustbemailedtocustomeratleast10daysbeforescheduleddisconnection.Customersknowntobe65yearsoroldermustbegivennoticebyphoneinadditiontonoticebymail.
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DateBasedProtection Yes.November15–March15nodisconnectionsforeligiblelow-incomecustomers.Customersdisconnectedpriortothisperiodmaybereconnecteduponpaymentofnomorethan25%oftheoutstandingbalance.Nosecuritydepositsrequiredforeligiblelow-incomecustomers.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionswhentemperatureforecastedtobe32ºForbelowanytimeinthefollowing24hours.Nodisconnectionforlow-incomecustomerswhenthetemperatureisforecastedtobeabove95ºFanytimeinthefollowing48hours.
PaymentPlans Yes.Budgetbillingplanavailablethroughouttheyear.Deferredpaymentagreementavailableatleastonceayearforcustomerswhoareunabletopay.Duringthewinterprotectionperiodeligiblecustomersareonlyrequiredtomake“good-faithpayments…iftheyhavetheabilitytodoso.”Theirpaymentsmaybelowerthantheinstallmentrequestedbytheutilityiftheyareunabletopaythefullamount.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforsixtydayswithmedicalcertification.CertificationmayberenewedatthediscretionoftheBoardofPublicUtilities.TherequestforrenewalmustbemadeinwritingtotheBoard.
OtherProtections Nodisconnectionunlessarrearagesareover$100.00oraccounthasbeeninarrearsformorethan3months.
NEWMEXICO
Source N.M.CODER.§17.5.410
Notice InitialwrittennoticemustbeprovidedinEnglishandSpanishatleastfifteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Initialnoticemaybeprovidedinperson,bymail,orbye-mail.Finalnoticemustbegivenatleasttwodaysbeforethescheduleddisconnectioninperson,byphone,orbycertifiedmail.Ifutilitydoesnotdisconnectwithinfivedaysafterthescheduleddate,anadditionalfinalnoticeisrequired.
DateBasedProtection November15–March15nodisconnectionsforthosewhohavenoarrearagespriortothewinterprotectionperiod,orthosewhohaveapaymentplansetupforthearrearages.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations DisconnectionsallowedMonday–Thursdaybetween7:30am–4:00pm.Nodisconnections24hoursbeforealegalholidayorweekendunlesstheutilityisopentothepublicontheholidayorweekend.
PaymentPlans Yes.Budgetbillingplansareavailabletoanycustomerthroughouttheyearforupto12months.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Disconnectionprohibitedforlow-incomecustomerswithmedicalcertification.Socialserviceagencymustcertifythecustomer’sfinancialstatus.Medicalcertificationmaybeshort-termforninetydays,orlong-termforuptooneyear.Financialcertificationmustberenewedeveryninetydays.
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NEWYORK
Source N.Y.COMP.CODESR.®S.tit.16,§§11.4,11.5,11.7,11.8,11.9,11.10,11.11
Notice Finalnoticerequiredatleastfifteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
Customerswhoareblind,haveadisability,orwhoare62yearsorolderwhoseremaininghouseholdmembersareblind,haveadisability,are62yearsorolder,or18yearsoryoungeraregiventelephoneorpersonalnoticeatleast72hoursbeforedisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.FortwoweeksencompassingChristmasandNewYear’sDay,nodisconnectionsmayoccur.DuringtheperiodofNovember1–April15,theutilitymustprovidephoneorpersonalnoticeatleast72hoursinadvanceofthedisconnection.Attimeofdisconnectiontheutilityemployeemustattempttodetermineifadisconnectionwillcausecustomerorhouseholdmemberstosufferaseriousimpairmenttohealthorsafety.Nodisconnectionforuptofifteendaysiftheemployeedeterminesitwillcauseaseriousimpairment.UtilitymustreportthisfindingtotheCommission,whowilldetermineifdisconnectionisallowedfollowingthefifteendays.
TemperatureBasedProtection None
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectionsallowed8:00am–4:00pmMonday–Thursday.Nodisconnectionsthedaybeforeordayofalegalholiday,oronadaywhentheutilityisclosedtothepublic.
PaymentPlans Yes.Bothdeferredpaymentagreementsandbudgetbillingplansareavailabletocustomersinaccordancewiththeirfinancialneed.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthirtydayswithmedicalcertification.Certificationmayberenewedforanadditionalthirtyorsixtydaysatthediscretionofthecommission.
OtherProtections Specialrequirementsfortwo-familydwellingsthatareservedbyasinglemeter.
UtilitymustsurveyalldisconnectedcustomersbeforeNovember1todetermineifthecustomermaysufferaseriousimpairmenttohealthorsafetyfromacontinuedlackofservice.Iftheutilitydeterminesthatacustomerorresidentislikelytosufferaseriousimpairment,itwillrestoreserviceimmediately.
NORTHCAROLINA
Source 4N.C.ADMIN.CODE11.R8-20,11.R12-8,11.R12-10(gas),11.R12-11(electricity)
Notice Noticemustbeprovidedtocustomeratleasttendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Personalortelephonenoticemustbegiven24hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Personalcontactmustbeattempteddirectlybeforedisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–March31nodisconnectionswithoutapprovalofthecommissionforlow-incomecustomerswhosehouseholdhasamemberwhoisatleast65yearsoldorhasadisability.
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TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations NodisconnectionsonFridays,weekends,legalholidays,oronthedaybeforealegalholiday.
PaymentPlans Yes.Availabletoanycustomerwhoisunabletopaythefullamount.Paymentinstallmentsmaybemadeforuptosixmonths.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.Alsohasadisconnectionfeeof$1.00whenautilitydispatchesanemployeetothepropertytodisconnecttheservice.
OtherProtections Noelectricitydisconnectionswithoutreviewandorderbyasupervisor.
NORTHDAKOTA
Source N.D.ADMIN.CODE69-09-01-18.1(gas),69-09-02-05.1(electricity)
Notice Writtennoticemustbemailedtendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Personalnoticemustbegiventocustomersaged65orolderorcustomerswithadisability.Nofurthernoticeisrequiredtoacustomerwhodefaultsonapaymentplan.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations Nodisconnectionafter12:00pmonanyday.NodisconnectionsonFridays,weekends,legalholidays,orthedaybeforelegalholidays.
PaymentPlans Yes.Paymentplanavailabletoanycustomerwhoisunabletopaythefullamount.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
OtherProtections Utilitiesmustannuallysendsurveystocustomerstoascertainhouseholdswithresidents65yearsorolder,residentswithdisabilities,andresidentswithseriousmedicalconditions.Surveymustalsobedistributedtonewcustomers.
OHIO
Source OHIOADMIN.CODE4901:1-18-05,4901:1-18-06,4901:1-18-07,4901:1-18-12,4901:1-18-13,4901:1-18-16,4901:1-18-17.PublicUtilityCommissionofOhioReconnectOrder(issuedannually).
Notice Noticemustbemailedatleastfourteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Personalnoticemustbeattemptedimmediatelybeforedisconnection.Ifpersonalnoticeisnotpossible,writtennoticemustbeconspicuouslypostedontheproperty.
56
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–April15thenoticeperiodisextendedby10days,withanadditionalmailednotice.Allcustomersnotcurrentlyonapaymentplanareofferedawinterprotectionperiodpaymentplanpriortothebeginningofthisperiod.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectionallowedbefore12:30pmonanydaywhentheutilityisopentothepublic.
PaymentPlans Yes.PercentageofIncomePaymentPlan(PIPP)programinplaceforeligiblecustomers.Customerbilledthegreaterof6%ofhouseholdincomeor$10.Anydelinquentcustomeriseligibleforotherpaymentplans.1/6thplandividesarrearagesintosixpaymentsinadditiontofullpaymentofcurrentbill.1/9thplandividesarrearagesintoninemonthlypaymentswithbudgetpaymentsoncurrentbills.Winterprotectionperiod1/3rdpaymentplanisofferedtoallcustomersnotalreadyonapaymentplan.Thisplanallowsacustomertopay1/3rdofarrearagesandcurrentbillduringeachbillingperiod.Utilitymayacceptacustomer’sproposedpaymentplan.Budgetpaymentplansavailableforcustomerswithoutarrearages.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionbythirtydayswithmedicalcertification.Certificationmayberenewedtwiceinatwelve-monthperiod.Paymentplanrequiredattheexpirationofthecertification.
OKLAHOMA
Source OKLA.ADMIN.CODE§§165:35-21-2,165:35-21-10,165:35-21-31(electricity),165:45-11-11,165:45-11-13,165:45-11-14,165:45-11-16,165:45-11-17,165:45-11-19(gas)
Notice Writtennoticemustbemailedordeliveredtendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Duringthewinterprotectionperiod,autilitymustprovideasecondnoticetothecustomerbyphone,inperson,orbymail48hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Ifacustomerdefaultsonapaymentplanandpreviousnoticeshaveexpired,theutilitywillprovidenoticeofdisconnectionatleast24hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Ifpreviousnoticeshavenotexpired,nonoticeisrequired.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November15–April15asecondnoticeisrequired.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Ifutilityisusedforheating,nodisconnectionsonadaywherethehighdaytimetemperatureis32ºForbelow,ortheforecastednighttimelowwillbe20ºForbelow.Ifutilityisusedforcooling,nodisconnectionifthetemperatureonthedayofdisconnectionis101ºForabove.
DisconnectionLimitations Nodisconnectionsduringthelasttwohoursofthebusinessday,onlegalholidays,onweekends,orafter12:00pmonFridays.
PaymentPlans Yes.Utilityisrequiredtoofferadeferredpaymentagreementtoanycustomerwhocannotmakeafullpayment.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
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MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthirtydayswithmedicalcertificationandentryintoapaymentplan.Certificationmayberenewedonceforanadditionalthirtydays.Customermaymakeadditionalmedicalcertificationclaimsafterpaymenthasbeenmadeinfullonthebalancefromapreviousmedicalcertificationclam.
OtherProtections Customerswithdisabilitiesorage65oroldermayrequestthatthecommissionalsobenotifiedoftheirscheduleddisconnectionpriortosuchdisconnection.
“TheCommissionshallhavetheauthoritytoorderatemporarybanonanyoralldisconnectionsduringperiodsofextremelysevereweatherorwhencircumstancesexistsuchthatdisconnectioncouldcreateasituationdangeroustothelifeorhealthofconsumersortoproperty.”
Disconnectionmaybedelayedforatleast20dayswhenacustomerhasappliedfor,buthasnotyetreceivedfederalorstatefinancialassistance.
OREGON
Source OR.ADMIN.R.860-021-0328,860-021-0405,860-021-0410,860-021-0414,860-021-0415
Notice Writtennoticemustbepersonallydeliveredormailedfifteendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Secondnoticemustbemailedordeliveredfivedaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Personalnoticemustbeattemptedimmediatelybeforethedisconnection,andifnopersonalcontactismade,noticemustbepostedonthepremises.Ifcustomerisremotelydisconnectedwithoutpersonalcontactonthedayofthescheduleddisconnection,theutilitymustcallthecustomeratleasttwiceadayforthreeconsecutivedaysbeforeproceedingwiththedisconnection.Atleastonecallmustbemadebetweenboth8:00am–5:00pmand6:00pm–8:00pm.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
PaymentPlans Yes.Customersatriskofdisconnectionmayenterintoa“time-paymentagreement.”Customersundertime-paymentagreementsmustbegiventhechoicebetweenalevelizedplanoranequal-payplan.Underalevelizedplan,thecustomerwillpay1/12oftheyearlybillandthearrearageseverymonthfortwelvemonths.Underanequal-paytime-paymentagreement,thecustomerwillpay1/12ofthearrearagesandthenormalfullmonthlybill.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.Reconnectionfeeand“afterhoursreconnectionfee”forreconnectionafterutilitybusinesshours.Maychargemoreforsame-day,afterhoursreconnection.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforuptosixmonthsforacertifiedillness,oruptotwelvemonthsforacertifiedchronicillness.Certificationsmayberenewed.Certifiedcustomerswitharrearagesarerequiredtoenterapaymentplan.
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OtherProtections Whenutilitybelieves—basedonphoneorinpersoncontact—thatthecustomerdoesnotunderstandtheconsequencesofthescheduleddisconnection,thedisconnectionispostponedforfivebusinessdays,andtheutilitymustnotifyboththeDepartmentofHumanServicesandtheCommission.
PENNSYLVANIA
Source 52PA.CODE§§56.82,56.91,56.93,56.94,56.96,56.97,56.99,56.10056.111,56.112,56.113,56.114,56.116,56.117
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedatleasttendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Personalorphonenoticemustbeattemptedatleastthreedaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Ifcontactbyphoneisunsuccessful,theutilityisobligatedtoattemptpersonalcontact.Ifpersonalcontactisunsuccessful,theutilityisrequiredtopostanoticeofdisconnection.Utilityemployeemustattemptpersonalnoticeimmediatelybeforedisconnection.December–Marchautilitymustpostanoticeofdisconnectionatthecustomer’sresidence48hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection,unlesspersonalcontacthasbeenmadewiththecustomer.Apost-disconnectionnoticeandmedicalcertificationformmustbepostedordeliveredtothecustomerfollowingdisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.December1–March31,nodisconnectionsforresidentialcustomerswithincomesatorbelow250%oftheFederalpovertylevel.WithinninetydaysofDecember1,utilitymustattempttomakecontactwithallcustomerswhowerepreviouslydisconnectedtoworkoutapaymentplanforreconnection.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations DisconnectionsallowedMonday–Fridayaslongastheutilityisabletoacceptpaymenttoreconnectonthedayofdisconnectionorthefollowingday.
PaymentPlans Yes.Nodisconnectionifcustomerentersandabidesbyapaymentagreement.
ReconnectionCharge Yes
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforuptothirtydayswithmedicalcertificationandpaymentplan.Ifcustomerabidesbythepaymentplan,thecustomeriseligibleforcontinualrenewalsofthecertification.Ifcustomerfailstomakepayments,thecustomeriseligibleforonlyonerenewal.Thecustomermaybegivenanewcertificationuponcompletepaymentofarrearages.
RHODEISLAND
Source 53-1R.I.CODER.§§15:II;15:III3(C),3(E),3(F),4,5,6;15:IV3,4;15:V
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedatleast10daysbeforeascheduleddisconnection.Thenoticemaybeposted,ormailedandposted.
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DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–April15nodisconnectionsforprimaryheatingaccountswitharrearagesoflessthan$500,orotheraccountswitharrearagesoflessthan$200.Nodisconnectionsforaprotectedstatuscustomer.UtilitymaynotterminateanycustomerwithoutfilinganaffidavitwiththeDivisionofPublicUtilitiesandCarriersatleastforty-eighthoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsondayswhenthereisaheatadvisoryorexcessiveheatwarningineffect.
DisconnectionLimitations NodisconnectionsonFridays,weekends,legalholidays,daysbeforelegalholidays,orwhentheutilityisnotopentothepublicforregularbusiness.
PaymentPlans Yes.Availabletoallcustomersatanytime.Paymentplanlevelstheamountpaidoveratenortwelve-monthperiodintoequalinstallments.Differentpaymentplansareavailableforprotectedstatuscustomers,low-incomecustomers,andallothercustomers.Whileenrolledinapaymentplan,nodisconnectionmayoccurunlessthecustomerviolatesaruleoftheutility.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
OtherProtections PermissionoftheDivisionofPublicUtilitiesandCarriersisneededbeforeautilitymaydisconnectahouseholdwhereanymemberhasadisabilityorwherealladultmembersare62yearsorolder.Nodisconnectionwhenachildyoungerthan2residesinthehouseandthecustomerwasnotpreviouslydisconnectedbeforethebirthofthechild.
SOUTHCAROLINA
Source S.C.CODEANN.§§58-5-1110(gas),58-27-2510(electricity).S.C.CODEANN.REGS.103-342,103-352(electricity),103-442,103-452(gas)
Notice Noticemustbemailedatleasttendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Noticemustbeprovidedbyphoneorinpersonwithintwobusinessdaysofthescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.December–Marchforcustomerswithmedicalcertification.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations DisconnectionsallowedMonday–Thursdaybetween8:00am–4:00pm.Nodisconnectiononthedayofordaybeforeautility’scollectionofficesareclosed.
PaymentPlans Yes.Nodisconnectionwithenrollmentandadherenceinadeferredpaymentplan.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections NodisconnectionDecember-Marchforacustomerwithmedicalcertificationwhoisunabletopaythroughaninstallmentplan.Certificationlaststhirtydaysandmayberenewedthreetimes.
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SOUTHDAKOTA
Source S.D.ADMIN.R.20:10:20:03,20:10:20:06,20:10:20:07,20:10:20:10
Notice Writtennoticemustbemailedordeliveredtoacustomeratleasttendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection
Yes.November1-March31customersaregivenanadditional30daysbeforedisconnection.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations NodisconnectionsonFriday,Weekends,anylegalholidays,oranydayswhentheutilityservicesarenotopentothepublic.
PaymentPlans Yes.
MedicalProtections Disconnectionpostponedforthirtydayswithamedicalcertification.Norenewalsareallowed.
TENNESSEE
Source TENN.COMP.R.®S.1220-04-04-.19(electricity),1220-04-05-.18(gas)
Notice Reasonablenoticemustbeprovided.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
PaymentPlans Yes.Availableforcustomerswhoare“temporarilyunabletopaytheirbills.”
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthirtydayswithmedicalcertification.
TEXAS
Source 16TEX.ADMIN.CODE§§7.460(gas),25.29(electricity),291.88
Notice WrittennoticemustbemailedordeliveredinEnglishandSpanishbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
61
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsondayswhenthetemperaturedoesnotexceed32ºFwhenthetemperaturealsodidnotexceed32ºFonthepreviousday.Nodisconnectionsondayswhenthereisaheatadvisoryissuedforthecounty,andanadvisorywasalsoissuedoneitheroftheprevioustwodays.
DisconnectionLimitations Nodisconnectionsonadayordaybeforetheutilityisnotopentothepublic.
PaymentPlans Yes.Paymentplansavailableatalltimesoftheyear.Paymentsaccruedduringanextremeweatheremergencyaredeferreduntiltheemergencyisover.Utilitiesmustprovidepaymentplanstohelpcustomers
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Disconnectionpostponedwithmedicalcertification.Maybedisconnectedifthepostponedbillisnotpaidbytheendofthefollowingbillingcycle,andcustomerhasnotenteredintoapaymentplan.
UTAH
Source UTAHADMIN.CODEr.R746-200
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedbymailordeliverytendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Atleast48hoursbeforescheduleddisconnection,theutilitymustprovideasecondnoticebymail,phone,orinperson.PersonalcontactisrequiredOctober1–March31.Writtennoticeprovidedtoacustomerwithlifesupportdevicemedicalcertificationmustbemailedordeliveredatleastthirtydaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.October1–March31personalnoticerequired.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations DisconnectionsallowedMonday9:00am–Thursday4:00pm.Nodisconnectionsonlegalholidaysorondayswhentheutilityservicesarenotopentothepublic.
PaymentPlans Yes.Deferredpaymentprogramswhenanapplicantcannotpayanoutstandingdebtinfull.Utilitiespermittedtohavebudgetpaymentplansorequalpaypaymentplans.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Medicalcertificationpostponesdisconnectionforthelesserofonemonthorthedurationofthemedicalcertification.Postponementformedicalcertificationmaybeusedtwiceinacalendaryear.Acustomerwithalifesupportdevicemedicalcertificationreceives30daysofadditionalnoticebeforedisconnection.
VERMONT
62
Source 18-1VT.CODER.§§4:3.301,4:3.302,4:3.303,4:3.304,4:3.305,4:3.306,31:11
Notice Writtennoticemustbeprovidedbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Ifmailed,itshouldbesentfivedaysbeforescheduleddisconnection.Ifdelivered,itshouldbeposted72hoursbeforescheduleddisconnection.Personalnoticerequired48hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnectionduringNovember1–March31.Postednoticeorpersonalnoticeisrequiredatthetimeofdisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–March31nodisconnectionswithoutpersonaloralnoticeatleast48hoursinadvanceofdisconnection.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsondayswhenitwillbebelow10ºFonthedayofdisconnectionorthefollowingday.Nodisconnectionsforhouseholdswithamember62yearsorolderwhenthetemperaturewillbebelow32ºFonthedayofdisconnectionorthefollowingday.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectionsallowedbetween8:00am–2:00pmiftheutility’sbusinesshoursextenduntil5:00pm.Disconnectionsallowedbetween8:00am–5:00pmiftheutility’sbusinesshoursextenduntil8:00pm.
PaymentPlans Yes.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthirtydayswithmedicalcertification.Medicalcertificationmaybeconsecutivelyrenewedonce.MedicalcertificationforpostponementorreconnectionmaynotbeusedmorethanthreetimesinacalendaryearwithoutwrittenpermissionfromtheCommission.
VIRGINIA
Source VA.CODEANN.§56-247.120Va.Admin.Code5-330-40(electricity)
Notice Writtennoticemustbemailedatleasttendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection None.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthirtydayswithmedicalcertification.Postponedfortendaysbasedonwrittenororalreportingofmedicalconditiontoallowforamedicalcertificationtobesubmitted.Electricutilityisnotrequiredtoprovidetheten-daypostponementmorethanonceinacalendaryear.
WASHINGTON
63
Source WASH.ADMIN.CODE480-90-128,480-90-133,480-90-138,480-90-143(gas),480-100-128,480-100-133,480-100-138,480-100-143(electricity),365-100-010,365-100-030
Notice NoticemustbemailedatleasteightdaysbeforethescheduleddisconnectionifmailedfromwithinWashington,Oregon,orIdaho.Noticemustbemailedatleastelevendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnectionifmailedfromanyotherstate.Secondnoticemustbemadebymail,delivery,ortelephoneatleasttwobusinessdaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November15–March15.Nodisconnectionsforlow-incomecustomerswhoenterapaymentplan.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
DisconnectionLimitations NodisconnectiononWeekends,legalholidays,oranyotherdaywhenautilityisnotavailabletoreconnectservicethatdayorthefollowingday.
PaymentPlans Yes.Deferredpaymentplansavailabletopreventdisconnectionduring
winterprotectionperiod.Equal-paymentplansareavailabletoallcustomersatanytime.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforthelesserofsixtydaysorlengthofcertificationwithmedicalcertification.Customermustenterapaymentagreement.Utilitymaynotaskformorethan10%ofarrearagestobeginthepaymentplan.Medicalcertificationcanbeusedtwicewithinany120-dayperiod.
WESTVIRGINIA
Source W.VA.CODER.§§150-3-4(electricity),150-4-4(gas)
Notice Writtennoticemustbemailedtendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Noticemustbemadeinpersonorbyphoneatleast24hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Writtennoticemustbemailedfivedaysbeforethescheduleddisconnectionforacustomerwhohasdefaultedonapaymentplan.
DateBasedProtection Yes.December1–February28(29)nodisconnectionswithouttheapprovalofamanageroftheutility.
TemperatureBasedProtection None.
PaymentPlans Yes.Deferredpaymentplansavailabletopreventdisconnection.Utilitiesmustrenegotiateapaymentplanifthecustomer’sfinancialsituationsignificantlychanges.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.Standardreconnectionchargeis$5.00.
64
MedicalProtections Ifacustomernotifiestheutilityofherinabilitytopayandinformstheutilitythatdisconnectionoftheservicewouldbeespeciallydangeroustothehealthorsafetyofamemberofherhousehold,thecustomerisentitledtomeetwithamanageroftheutilitybyphoneorinperson.Theutilityhasdiscretiontodisconnect,pendingcustomer’sappealtothecommission.Disconnectionmaybeprohibitedforthefollowinghealthorsafetyconsiderations:1)Householdswhereamemberhasamedicalcertification.Medicalcertificationmustberenewedeverythirtydays,unlessaphysiciancertifiesthattheconditionispermanent.2)ThetimeperiodfromDecember1-February28(29).3)theuseoftheutilityforlife-supportingequipment.
OtherProtections Nodisconnectionwithoutthird-partynoticeforcustomers65yearsorolder,orcustomerswithdisabilities.
WISCONSIN
Source WIS.ADMIN.CODEPSC§§113.012,113.0301,113.0303,113.0304(electricity),134.02,134.062,134.0623,134.0624(gas)
Notice Writtennoticemustbemailedordeliveredtendaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Ifthedisconnectiondoesnottakeplacewithintwentydaysofthedatelistedonthewrittennotice,anadditionalnoticemustbeleftonthepremises24–48hoursbeforethescheduleddisconnection.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–April15nodisconnectionsforcustomerswhosehouseholdincomeisatorbelow250%ofthefederalpovertyguidelines.Nodisconnectionsforthosewithmedicalcertification,theelderly,thosewithdisabilities,oryoungchildren.Burdenofproofthatdisconnectionisallowedisontheutility.Management-levelemployeemustapprovealldisconnectionsduringthisperiod.Bytheendofthedayfollowingadisconnection,autilitymustprovideafollow-upvisittocheckfordangerstohealthorsafetyforanymemberofthehousehold.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectioninacountyonadaywhenaheatadvisory,heatwarning,orheatemergencyisineffect.
DisconnectionLimitations NodisconnectionsonFridays,weekends,legalholidays,oranyotherdaywhentheutilityisnotavailabletoreconnectservices.Notapplicableifutilityprovidestheseservices24hoursaday,sevendaysaweek.
PaymentPlans Yes.Paymentplansavailabletopreventdisconnection.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionforuptotwenty-onedayswithmedicalcertificationorotherprotectivecertification(elderlyandyoungchildren).Customermustenterintoapaymentplan.
OtherProtections “Iftheutilitybecomesawarethatthereareextenuatingcircumstances,suchasinfirmitiesofaging,developmental,mentalorphysicaldisabilities,theuseoflifesupportsystems,orlikeinfirmitiesincurredatanyage,orthefrailtiesassociatedwithbeingveryyoung,theutilityshalltakethesecircumstancesintoconsiderationpriortodisconnectingservice.”
65
WYOMING
Source WYO.ADMIN.CODE§PSCPSCRCh.3§§9,10
Notice Noticemustbeprovidedtothecustomeratleastsevencalendardaysbeforethescheduleddisconnection.Noticemaybecompletedbymail,inperson,oroverthephone.Anadditionalnoticemaybeprovidedelectronically.Noticeinpersonorbyphonemustbeattemptedbeforeadisconnectionduringwinterprotectionperiod.
DateBasedProtection Yes.November1–April30additionalnoticebyphoneorinpersonisrequiredbeforedisconnection.NodisconnectionsfromDecember24–January2.
TemperatureBasedProtection Yes.Nodisconnectionsondayswhenitisforecastedtobebelow32ºFanytimeinthefollowing48hours.Temperatureprotectionappliesonlyforcustomerswhoareeligibleforgovernmentassistanceorwhoareonlyabletopayforserviceininstallments.
DisconnectionLimitations Disconnectionsbetween8:00am–4:00pmMonday–Thursday.Nodisconnectionsonlegalholidays,thedaybeforelegalholidays,oronanyotherdaywhentheutilityisnotopentothepublic.
PaymentPlans Yes.Paymentplansavailabletopreventdisconnection.
ReconnectionCharge Yes.
MedicalProtections Postponementofdisconnectionfor15dayswithmedicalcertification.
OtherProtections Utilitiesmustassistcustomerswhoareelderlyorwhohaveadisabilityandwhoareunabletopaytheirutilitybillswithdeterminingavailablegovernmentassistance.
66
ENDNOTES
1Seee.g.,MICH.ADMIN.CODEr.460.137(2016)(permittingdisconnectionofacustomerfornonpayment,failuretoprovidea
2Ibid.
3Hernández,Diana."Sacrificealongtheenergycontinuum:acallforenergyjustice."EnvironmentalJustice8,no.4(2015):151-156.4Ibid.
5DeneenLBrownMaryPatFlahertyJohnWoodrowCox."CarbonMonoxideBlamedafterFatherandHis7ChildrenDieinTheirSleep."TheWashingtonPost,April8,2015.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-37832793.html?refid=easy_hf.6Ibid.
7"PowerShutOff:CandleTriggersBlaze;10Killed."TheEveningNews(Beacon,NY),May15,1982.AccessedDecember28,2016.https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1982&dat=19820515&id=AYRGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mTINAAAAIBAJ&pg=1950,1867982&hl=en.8UtilitySaysItFollowedRulesinShuttingOffService,DAILYTRIBUNE(May1,2015),http://www.dailytribune.com/general-news/20150501/utility-says-it-followed-rules-in-shutting-off-service;Seealso,KhalilAlHajal,RelativeofJohnMorganShocked
OverPowerDisconnectionthatCameDaysBeforeFlintSenior’sDeath,MLIVE(Feb.21,2012),http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2012/02/relative_of_john_morgan_shocke.html;SusanCandiotti,ManWhoFroze
HadHistoryofLateUtilityPayments,CNN(Feb.19,2009),http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/19/michigan.freezing.death/index.html?iref=nextin;JohnKass,ElderlyWomanDiesAfter
GasShutOff,CHICAGOTRIBUNE(Jan.22,1985),http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-01-22/news/8501050026_1_gas-service-peoples-gas-light-three-other-deaths.9Jones,Shannon."DETROITERSDEMANDENDTOUTILITYSHUT-OFS."VoiceofDetroit,March14,2011.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://voiceofdetroit.net/2011/03/20/detroiters-demand-end-to-utility-shut-offs-mar-12/.10"Officials:CandlesLikelyCauseOfFireThatKilled3YoungBoysInTheBronxNeighbors:MomUsedCandlesAfterElectricityHadBeenTurnedOffDueToNonpayment."CBSNewYork,October26,2013.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/10/26/police-candles-likely-caused-fire-that-killed-3-young-boys-in-the-bronx/.11Norlander,Gerry."CandleFires:ASymptomof"RollingBlackouts"AffectingLow-IncomeHouseholds."CandleFires:ASymptomof"RollingBlackouts"AffectingLow-IncomeHouseholds.September05,2006.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://pulpnetwork.blogspot.com/2006/09/candle-fires-symptom-of-rolling.html.12Ishimaru,Heather."FAIRFIELDFAMILYHADPOWERSHUTOFF."ABC7NewsSanFrancisco-Oakland-SanJose,April30,2010.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://abc7news.com/archive/7416709/.13PennsylvaniaPublicUtilityCommission,2015GasandElectricColdWeatherSurveyResults(Dec.22,2015),http://www.puc.pa.gov/General/publications_reports/pdf/Cold_Weather_Results_2015.pdf.14ThomasGaist,“EnergycompaniescontinueutilityshutoffsasbittercoldhitsDetroit,”InternationalCommitteeoftheFourth
International,2014,https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/01/28/dtes-j28.html.15Guy,Michael,andAzadehAnsari."Nextblastofarcticairwillbringmoreblisteringcoldtemperatures."CNN,December16,2016.AccessedDecember28,2016.16"ClimateChangeImpacts."EPA.December20,2016.AccessedDecember28,2016.https://www.epa.gov/climate-impacts.17"TheStateofHomelessnessinAmerica2016."NationalAlliancetoEndHomelessness.April06,2016.AccessedJanuary03,2017.http://www.endhomelessness.org/library/entry/SOH2016.18"TheHottestCitiesinU.S.vs.theFastestWarming."ClimateCentral:AScience&NewsOrganization.July19,2016.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://www.climatecentral.org/news/fastest-warming-cities-2053519"U.S.FacesDramaticRiseinExtremeHeat,Humidity."ClimateCentral:AScience&NewsOrganization.July13,2016.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://www.climatecentral.org/news/sizzling-summers-20515.20"HotandGettingHotter:HeatIslandsCookingU.S.Cities."ClimateCentral:AScience&NewsOrganization.August20,2014.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://www.climatecentral.org/news/urban-heat-islands-threaten-us-health-17919.21Shockman,Elizabeth."Willheatwavescausemoredeathsastheclimatewarms?"PublicRadioInternational.July23,2016.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-07-23/will-heat-waves-cause-more-deaths-climate-warms.22"NationalClimateAssessment."NationalClimateAssessment.2014.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report.23Ibid.24Henderson,BrianHolton."HypocrisyandCronyisminthe'Sunshine'State."TheHuffingtonPost.July16,2014.AccessedJanuary03,2017.http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-holton-henderson/florida-solar_b_5574755.html.
67
25Kaiser,Brian."EnvironmentalGroupExposesFirstEnergyHypocrisyonCleanEnergyinNewlyLaunchedDigitalAds."OhioEnvironmentalCouncil.March09,2016.AccessedJanuary03,2017.http://www.theoec.org/press-releases/environmental-group-exposes-firstenergy-hypocrisy-clean-energy-newly-launched-digital.26"BrownSky:TheTruthAboutHowRockyMountainPowerObstructsRenewableEnergy."HEALUtah.August07,2015.AccessedJanuary03,2017.http://www.healutah.org/BrownSky/.27EnergyJusticeNetwork,“CedarPowerProject,”2016,http://www.energyjustice.net/map/displayfacilityadvanced-68910.htm.28Ibid.
29Warrick,Joby."Utilitieswagecampaignagainstrooftopsolar."WashingtonPost(2015).30Sforza,Teri."Watchdog:Californiautilitiesspendlotsofpublic'smoneytoinfluencestatepolitics."OrangeCountyRegister,October25,2015.AccessedJanuary4,2017.http://www.ocregister.com/articles/political-689074-public-million.html.31ThomasGaist,“EnergycompaniescontinueutilityshutoffsasbittercoldhitsDetroit,”InternationalCommitteeoftheFourth
International,2014,https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/01/28/dtes-j28.html.32BetsyWebsterandNickSloan,“OverlandParkmanhelpingneighborwithoutpowersayshewasthreatenedbyKCP&L,”KCTV,2016,http://www.kctv5.com/story/32297060/overland-park-man-helping-neighbor-without-power-says-he-was-threatened-by-kcpl.33EnergyJusticeNetwork,“ShawneeMissionMedicalCenter,”2016,http://www.energyjustice.net/map/displayfacilityadvanced-72570.htm.34TheEditorialBoard,“AboutThat93-Year-OldManWhoFrozetoDeath,”TheNewYorkTimes,2009,http://theboard.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/about-that-93-year-old-man-who-froze-to-death/?_r=1.35ChristineMetz,“Utilitycutoffsalife-or-deathmatterforEudoracouplerecoveringfromhousefire,”LawrenceJournal-World,
2011,http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/feb/27/utility-cutoffs-can-be-life-or-death-matter/.36L.M.Sixel,“Lawsuitsayspowercutoffwasfataltomanonoxygen,”HoustonChronicle,2016,http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/Family-sues-power-company-claiming-electricity-6791350.php#photo-9318593.37EnergyJusticeNetwork,“CedarPowerProject,”2016,http://www.energyjustice.net/map/displayfacilityadvanced-68910.htm.38Seee.g.,MICH.ADMIN.CODEr.460.137(2016)(permittingdisconnectionofacustomerfornonpayment,failuretoprovidea
deposit,engaginginunauthorizeduseoftheutilityservice,refusingtoallowaccesstoutilityequipmentinstalledonthepremises,misrepresentinghisorheridentityattheoutsetofservice,andviolatinganyutilityrulesapprovedofbythecommission).39SeeAppendixAinfrap.25forasurveyofdisconnectionpoliciesfromallfiftystatesandtheDistrictofColumbia.
40SeeIbid.
41Ibid.
42Munnv.PeopleofStateofIllinois,94U.S.113,126,24L.Ed.77(1876).43SeeEricFilipink,Servingthe“PublicInterest”–Traditionalvs.ExpansiveUtilityRegulation,NAT’LREG.RES.INST.,December30,
2009at3,10.44CHARLESF.PHILLIPS,JR.,THEREGULATIONOFPUBLICUTILITIES:THEORYANDPRACTICE87(PublicUtilitiesReports,Inc.,3rded.1993).45Filipinksupranote33at11;HEMPLINGsupranote30at3-4(notingthatsomecommissionsreceivetheirpowersdirectlyfromconstitutions).46SeeFilipinksupranote33at3.
47Ibid.at12-13.
48Ibid.at14.
49Ibid.;seegenerally,NAACPv.FPC,425U.S.662(1976).
50Filipinksupranote33at14.;seegenerally,Ark.Elec.Co-operativeCorp.v.Ark.Pub.Serv.Comm’n,461U.S.375.51SeeFilipinksupranote33at14.
52infrap.25.
53See,e.g.3830PURUtil.Reg.News1(“Also,associatedwiththecostofthelineextensionfacilitiesthatgointotheutility'sratebasearecostsforsuchthingsasdepreciation,return,incometaxes,propertytaxes,O&Mcosts,administrativeandgeneralcosts,andfranchisefeesanduncollectibles.”);ThomasK.Schmieder,MeasuringtheCostofLate-PayingCustomers,PUB.UTIL.FORT.,January181990,at25(“Late-payingcustomersarebeingsubsidizedbythosecustomerswhopayontime.”).54DePanfilis,Diane.Childneglect:Aguideforprevention,assessment,andintervention.USDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,AdminsitrationforChildrenandFamilies,AdministrationonChildren,YouthandFamilies,Children'sBureau,OfficeonChildAbuseandNeglect,2006.55Fridersdorf,Conor."WhentheStateTakesKidsAwayFromParents:ThreePerspectives."TheAtlantic.July24,2014.AccessedJanuary25,2017.http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/07/when-the-state-gets-between-kids-and-parents-3-radically-different-perspectives/374954/.
68
56SeegenerallySchmieder,MeasuringtheCostofLate-PayingCustomerssupranote27.
57SeeKnauss,WhyisNationalGridShuttingOffSoManyHomesforNonpaymentThisSummer?And5OtherQuestionssupra
note16(“[thedirectorofcreditandcollectionsforNewYorkelectriccompany]isacutelyawareofthehazardscustomersfaceiftheyprovidetheirownlightandheatwithcandles,generatorsorkeroseneheaters.‘Itkeepsmeupatnight,’hesaid.”).58SCOTTHEMPLING,REGULATINGPUBLICUTILITYPERFORMANCE:THELAWOFMARKETSTRUCTURE,PRICINGANDJURISDICTION,2-3(2013).59Ishimaru,Heather.“FairfieldFamilyHadPowerShutOff.”April30,2016.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://abc7news.com/archive/7416709/.60AmericanCoalitionforCleanCoalElectricity,“EnergyCostImpactsonAmericanFamilies,”2015,http://www.americaspower.org/sites/default/files/Trisko-National-Family-Energy-Costs-June-2015-FINAL.PDF.61SeeFigure1infrap.21.Figure1iscompiledfromdatafromthemostrecentResidentialEnergyConsumptionSurvey:
U.S.ENERGYINFO.ADMIN.,TABLECE1.1:SUMMARYHOUSEHOLDSITECONSUMPTIONANDEXPENDITURESINTHEU.S.–TOTALSANDINTENSITIES(2012),https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.php?view=consumption#summary.62SeeFigures2-3infrapp.21-22.Figures2-3arecompiledfromdatafromU.S.ENERGYINFO.ADMIN.,NOVEMBER2016MONTHLY
ENERGYREVIEW85,123(2016),http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/archive/00351611.pdf.Naturalgasandelectricityarethemostcommonutilitiesusedtoheatandcoolhomes.SeeU.S.EnergyInfo.Admin.,EverywherebutNortheast,FewerHomesChooseNaturalGasasHeatingFuel(2014),http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=18131.63SeeU.S.EnergyInfo.Admin.,NewerU.S.Homesare30%LargerbutConsumeAboutasMuchEnergyasOlderHomes(2013),
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=9951;Figure4infrap.22.Figure4iscompiledfromdatafromthemostrecentResidentialEnergyConsumptionSurvey:TABLECE1.1supranote6.64Drehobl,Ariel,andLaurenRoss."LiftingtheHighEnergyBurdeninAmerica’sLargestCities:HowEnergyEfficiencyCanImproveLowIncomeandUnderservedCommunities."InAmericanCouncilforanEnergyEfficientEconomy.2016.65TABLECE1.1supranote6.66SeeDanielSimmons-Ritchie,AsUtilityDisconnectionsHaveRiseninPA,AreMorePeopleDying?,PennLive(Feb.25,2016),
http://www.pennlive.com/news/2016/02/as_utility_disconnections_have_risen.html;TimKnauss,AlarmedbyRisingUtility
Disconnections,NYRegulatorsLaunchReviewofLow-IncomeAssistancePrograms,THEPOST-STANDARD(Jan.8,2015),http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2015/01/alarmed_by_rising_utility_disconnections_ny_regulators_launch_review_of_low-income_ass.html.67SeeFigures4-5infrap.23compilingdatafromColumbiaGasofOhio,AnnualReportofServiceDisconnectionsfor
Nonpayment(Jun.18,2015),http://dis.puc.state.oh.us/TiffToPDf/A1001001A15F18B04321A88891.pdf;DominionEastOhio,AnnualReportofServiceDisconnectionsforNonpayment(Jun.24,2015),http://dis.puc.state.oh.us/TiffToPDf/A1001001A15F24B31136J00420.pdf;TheClevelandElec.IlluminatingCo.,AnnualReportofServiceDisconnectionsforNonpayment(Jun.29,2015),http://dis.puc.state.oh.us/TiffToPDf/A1001001A15F29B13823D00352.pdf;OrwellNat.Gas,AnnualReportofServiceDisconnectionsforNonpayment(Aug.6,2015),http://dis.puc.state.oh.us/TiffToPDf/A1001001A15H06A93752J00358.pdf.ClevelandwasonecityofinterestidentifiedbytheNAACPforreview,andOhioisonestatethatrequirestheannualreportingofdisconnectionsduetononpaymentpursuanttoOHIOREV.CODE§4933.123(2016).68SeeIbid.
69Oakland,C.A."Energy,Economics,andtheEnvironment:EffectsonAfricanAmericans."(2004).70Ibid.71Ibid.72Ibid.73Choate,Jo-ann,andMarkWolfe."2009nationalenergyassistancesurvey."Washington,DC:nationalenergyassistance
Directors’association(2010).74PolicyAnalystattheNat’lConsumerLawCtr.,UnpublishedDisconnectionInformation,receivedfromMarcusFranklinoftheNAACPonOctober25,2016.Notably,theanalystcitestoinformationfromthe2009ResidentialEnergyConsumptionSurvey.Questionsonthesurveyaskspecificallyaboutarespondent’sneedfororuseofenergyassistanceprogramsforbothheatingandcoolingutilities;thesurveycollectsinformationregardingthenumberofdisconnectionnotices,numberofdaysacustomerremaineddisconnected,andwhetherornotmedicalattentionwasrequiredasaresultofthedisconnection.U.S.ENERGYINFO.ADMIN.,RESIDENTIALENERGYCONSUMPTIONSURVEY,89-94(2009),http://www.eia.gov/survey/form/eia_457/archive/2009%20RECS%20457-A%20Household%20Survey.pdf.Thesurveyalsocollectsdataontheraceoftherespondents,andtracksthegeographiclocationofrespondents.Id.at84-85.Whilethisdatawascollectedinthesurvey,itwasnotreleasedinthepubliccopyofthesurveymicrodata.SeeU.S.ENERGYINFO.ADMIN.,PUBLICUSE
MICRODATA(2013),https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.php?view=microdata.Accessingamorecompletesetofmicrodatacollectedfromthissurveycouldassistadvocatesindeterminingaclearerpictureoftheracialdisparitythathasbeenidentifiedintheapplicationofdisconnectionpolicies.Theprevalenceofthisdisparity,andadditionalinformationaboutwhichstates,cities,orotherareasdemonstratethisdisparitycouldbeascertainedbasedontheinformation
69
collectedinthesurvey.Additionally,thereiscurrentlya2016ResidentialEnergyConsumptionSurveyavailablethataskssimilarquestionstothe2009version.U.S.ENERGYINFO.ADMIN.,RESIDENTIALENERGYCONSUMPTIONSURVEY,17-18(2016),http://www.eia.gov/survey/form/eia_457/2015_EIA-475A_paper.pdf.Theresultsofthissurveyandaccesstothecompletesetofdatawouldbeespeciallyhelpfulforadvocatestoaccessbecauseitwouldgiveamorecurrentpicturethatmightbemorehelpfulforlegislatorsandregulatorstoconsiderwhenchoosingdisconnectionpolicies.75Ibid.
76Ibid.
77Ibid.
78U.S.EnergyInfo.Admin.,HeatingandCoolingNoLongerMajorityofU.S.HomeEnergyUse(2013),http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=10271.79SeeFigures2-3infrapp.21-22.Figures2-3arecompiledfromdatafromU.S.ENERGYINFO.ADMIN.,NOVEMBER2016MONTHLY
ENERGYREVIEW85,123(2016),http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/archive/00351611.pdf.80SeeDeNeenL.Brown,MaryPatFlaherty&JohnWoodrowCox,CarbonMonoxideBlamedAfterFatherandHis7ChildrenDiein
TheirSleep,WASHINGTONPOST(Apr.7,2015),https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/grandparents-father-of-7-who-died-in-princess-anne-home-was-doing-his-best/2015/04/07/fa8debc2-dd14-11e4-be40-566e2653afe5_story.html?utm_term=.22c640ffbb02;TimKnauss,WhyisNationalGridShuttingOffSoManyHomesfor
NonpaymentThisSummer?And5OtherQuestions,THEPOST-STANDARD(Sept.7,2014),http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2014/09/why_national_grid_disconnections_for_nonpayment_are_peaking_at_80_per_hour_this_summe.html;Fatherand3KidsKilledbyCarbonMonoxidePoisoning,WILX(July16,2009),http://www.wilx.com/home/headlines/50986627.html.81“SpaceHeatersInvolvedin79PercentofFatalHomeHeatingFires.”February11,2010.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/news-and-media/press-room/news-releases/2010/space-heaters-involved-in-79-percent-of-fatal-home-heating-fires.82SeeL.M.Sixel,LawsuitSaysPowerCutoffWasFataltoManonOxygen,HOUSTONCHRON.(Jan.28,2016),
http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/Family-sues-power-company-claiming-electricity-6791350.php;BrianR.Ballou,PowerisCut,aWomanDies,andFurorFollows,TheBostonGlobe(June262010),http://archive.boston.com/yourtown/salem/articles/2010/06/26/power_is_cut_nh_woman_dies_and_furor_follows/;Family
SuesUtilityOverMother’sDeathAfterPowerDisconnected,SOUTHBENDTRIB.(Jan.26,2007),http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2007-01-26/news/26767343_1_ipl-utility-worker-medical-devices.83SeeMemphisLight,Gas&WaterDiv.v.Craft,436U.S.1,98S.Ct.1554,56L.Ed.2d30(1978)(“autilitymaynotterminate
service“atwill”butonly“forcause,”andhencerespondentsasserta“legitimateclaimofentitlement”withintheprotectionoftheDueProcessClauseoftheFourteenthAmendment.”).84See,e.g.,NEV.ADMIN.CODE§704.360(2011).
854COLO.CODEREGS.§723-3:3408(2016).86HAW.CODER.§6-60-8(1981)(“TerminationshallnotoccuronSaturdays,Sundaysorholidaysobservedbytheutilityandshallbeplannedduringnormalutilityworkinghours.”).87See,e.g.,ALA.ADMIN.CODer.770-X-1-.12(2013)(“Wheneverserviceisdiscontinuedfornonpaymentandcustomerrequests
thatserviceberestored…areconnectionfee,intheamountauthorizedbytheCommissionforeachrespectiveutility,shallbeaddedtocustomer'sdelinquentaccount…andcanberequiredbytheutilitytobepaidbeforeserviceisrestored.”).88SeeSchmieder,MeasuringtheCostofLate-PayingCustomerssupranote27;IntheMatterofJacksonCty.FuelComm.,
PetitionsforMoratoriumofDisconnections&Disconnects.,14146,2014WL1762943,at*1(Apr.30,2014)(“Thesixenergyutilities'reconnectionchargesrangefrom$20to$32andonlypartiallycovertheutilities'coststoreconnectresidentialservice.”);W.G.Gas,Inc.,PetitiontoIncreaseReconnectionFee.,99-1539-G-T,2000WL36572195,at*1(Mar.14,2000).Butsee,DaveLieber,TheWatchdog:TexasElectricityCompaniesProfitfromFeesThatSomeCall‘MoneyforNothing’,TheDallasMorningNews(Aug.2013),http://www.dallasnews.com/news/watchdog/2013/08/10/the-watchdog-texas-electricity-companies-profit-from-fees-that-some-call-money-for-nothing.89See,e.g.,MICH.ADMIN.CODEr.460.1626(2016).
9039-1CODEMISS.R.§2:8(2011).91"WinterReconnectOrder:Maintainelectricandnaturalgasservice."WinterReconnectOrder:Maintainelectricandnaturalgasservice.AccessedJanuary24,2017.http://www.puco.ohio.gov/puco/index.cfm/be-informed/consumer-topics/winter-reconnect-order-maintain-electric-and-natural-gas-service/#sthash.zrQVrJLk.dpbs.92ARK.ADMIN.CODE§§126.03.2-6.04,126.03.2-6.09,126.03.2-6.13,126.03.2-6.15,126.03.2-6.1893"ConsumerInformation."UtilityServices|ConsumerInformation.August2012.AccessedJanuary25,2017.https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0220-utility-services.94"BillingRights."MarylandStatePublicServiceCommission-BillingRights.AccessedJanuary25,2017.http://webapp.psc.state.md.us/intranet/info/billingrights_new.cfm.
70
95"DepositsandConnectionFees|YourOwnUtilities."DepositsandConnectionFees|YourOwnUtilities.AccessedJanuary25,2017.https://www.talgov.com/you/you-customer-helpful-fees.aspx.9626DEL.ADMIN.CODE§3002-1.0(2016).97N.M.CODER.§17.5.410(2011)(“Autilityshallofferabudgetpaymentplantoitsresidentialcustomers….Thebudgetpaymentplanshallprovidetheresidentialcustomerwithamethodoflevelizingthebillforutilityservice.Itshallbedesignedtoavoidtheaccumulationofanunpaidbalancewhichwillbeburdensometopayinasinglepayment.”).98UTAHADMIN.CODEr.R746-200(2012).99ARK.ADMIN.CODE§126.03.2-6.15(2016).100OR.ADMIN.R.860-021-0405.(2009).101
Ibid.102
Ibid.103
Ibid.Theregulationrequiresthat:Attempttocontactthecustomerataserviceaddresswhereremotedisconnectcapabilityisinstalledviathetelephoneatleasttwiceadayforthethreeconsecutivedayspriortotheproposeddisconnection,andatleastonecallmustbeplacedduringthemorningorafternoon(8:00amto5:00pm)andanothercallplacedduringearlyevening(6:00pmto8:00pm).Whereanansweringmachineorserviceisavailable,theutilitymustleaveamessageattheendofeachcallingdayinformingthecustomeroftheproposeddisconnection.
1044COLO.CODEREGS.§723-3:3408(2016).105IOWAADMIN.CODEr.199-19.4(476)(2016).106Cheung,Jason."LandlordFailsToPayaUtilityBill."LandlordFailsToPayaUtilityBill|LegalMatchLawLibrary.April06,2015.AccessedFebruary17,2017.http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/landlord-fails-to-pay-a-utility-bill.html.107ARK.ADMIN.CODE§§126.03.2-6.04,126.03.2-6.09,126.03.2-6.13,126.03.2-6.15,126.03.2-6.1810853-1R.I.CODER.§15:III(2016).109
Ibid.110
Ibid.111
Ibid.InRhodeIsland,customerswhoqualifyforprotectedstatusincludeindividualswhoare,“unemployed,seriouslyill,elderly,handicappedorarecipientofLIHEAPfunds.”11252PA.CODE§56.461(2011).113PENNSYLVANIAPU.UTILITYCOMM.,PressReleases,(2014)http://www.puc.pa.gov/about_puc/press_releases.aspx?ShowPR=3472.114R.I.Gen.Laws§20872016115"StateofRhodeIslandGeneralAssembly."StateofRhodeIslandGeneralAssembly.April26,2016.AccessedFebruary17,2017.http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/pressrelease/_layouts/RIL.PressRelease.ListStructure/Forms/DisplayForm.aspx?List=c8baae31-3c10-431c-8dcd-9dbbe21ce3e9&ID=11705&Web=2bab1515-0dcc-4176-a2f8-8d4beebdf488.116220MASS.CODEREGS.25.03(2016).117
Ibid.118N.D.ADMIN.CODE69-09-02-05.1119Drehobl,Ariel,andLaurenRoss."LiftingtheHighEnergyBurdeninAmerica’sLargestCities:HowEnergyEfficiencyCanImproveLowIncomeandUnderservedCommunities."InAmericanCouncilforanEnergyEfficientEconomy.2016.120Ibid.121Harak,Charlie."UTILITIESADVOCACYFORLOW-INCOMEHOUSEHOLDSINMASSACHUSETTS."StayConnected.June2013.http://www.nclc.org/special-projects/stay-connected-training.html.122Ibid.123Drehobl,Ariel,andLaurenRoss."LiftingtheHighEnergyBurdeninAmerica’sLargestCities:HowEnergyEfficiencyCanImproveLowIncomeandUnderservedCommunities."InAmericanCouncilforanEnergyEfficientEconomy.2016.124"OccupantHealthBenefitsofResidentialEnergyEfficiency."E4TheFuture.(2014)125Adamkiewicz,Gary,AmiR.Zota,M.PatriciaFabian,TeresaChahine,RhonaJulien,JohnD.Spengler,andJonathanI.Levy."Movingenvironmentaljusticeindoors:understandingstructuralinfluencesonresidentialexposurepatternsinlow-incomecommunities."Americanjournalofpublichealth101,no.S1(2011):S238-S245.126Ibid.127“Top5ReasonstoBeEnergyEfficient,”AlliancetoSaveEnergy,November13,2013,accessedOctober19,2016,http://www.ase.org/resources/top-5-reasons-be-energy-efficient.128Ibid.129Kiker,Patrick."Report:"EnergyBurden"onLow-Income,AfricanAmerican,&LatinoHouseholdsuptoThreeTimesasHighasOtherHomes,MoreEnergyEfficiencyNeeded."Report:"EnergyBurden"onLow-Income,AfricanAmerican,&Latino
71
HouseholdsuptoThreeTimesasHighasOtherHomes,MoreEnergyEfficiencyNeeded|ACEEE.April20,2016.AccessedJanuary06,2017.http://aceee.org/press/2016/04/report-energy-burden-low-income.130Farrell,John,andKarleeWeimann."Report:InclusiveFinancingforEfficiencyandRenewableEnergy."InstituteforLocalSelfReliance.November2016.AccessedJanuary06,2017.https://ilsr.org/report-inclusive-energy-financing/.131Ibid.132Ibid.133Hernández,Diana."Sacrificealongtheenergycontinuum:acallforenergyjustice."EnvironmentalJustice8,no.4(2015):151-156.134
Ibid.135AlliancetoSaveEnergy,“Top5ReasonsToBeEnergyEfficient,”2012,http://www.ase.org/resources/top-5-reasons-be-energy-efficient.136Walton,Robert."PayAsYouSave:Co-opsarereachingnewcustomerswithanovelwaytopayforefficiency."UtilityDive.August17,2016.AccessedJanuary06,2017.http://www.utilitydive.com/news/pay-as-you-save-co-ops-are-reaching-new-customers-with-a-novel-way-to-pay/424234/.137"BenefitsofRenewableEnergyUse."UnionofConcernedScientists.AccessedJanuary06,2017.http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/public-benefits-of-renewable-power#.WG_HRlUrKM8.138Campbell,RichardJ."Weather-relatedpoweroutagesandelectricsystemresiliency."CongressionalResearchService,LibraryofCongress,2012.139Bukowski,Diane.“DETROITERSDEMANDENDTOUTILITYSHUT-OFS.”March20,2011.AccessedDecember28,2016.http://voiceofdetroit.net/2011/03/20/detroiters-demand-end-to-utility-shut-offs-mar-12/.140
Ibid.141"UtilityProjectUrgesSupremeCourttoReverseDecisionImpedingStateElectricPowerInitiativesandNottoEndorseDeregulation."NewYorksUtilityProjectTohelpeducatethepublicaboutitslegalrightsasutilityconsumers.December15,2015.AccessedJanuary07,2017.http://utilityproject.org/2015/12/15/utility-project-urges-supreme-court-to-reverse-decision-impeding-state-electric-power-initiatives/.142"AbouttheCampaign."OurPowerCampaign.2016.AccessedJanuary06,2017.http://www.ourpowercampaign.org/about.