Nazca Lines

Aerial Panorama of Lima with Rimac River

Professor René DavidsARCH 201 River/City/LifeCities worldwide are engaging the water’s edge with ambitious programs intended to clean up disused, polluted harbors and riverfronts. Projects which took shape in the 1980s such the London Docklands and Battery Park City in New York have been followed in recent years by a surge of revitalization efforts now underway in Hamburg, Stockholm and Sydney that include waterside parks, arts centers and other cultural facilities, as well as residential and commercial districts. Many of these initiatives involve sites contaminated with industrial wastes and require sustainability and green building

City Water IV: Architecture and the Recovery of Urban Watercourses in Latin America ARCH 201

Lima, Perú, Spring 2010

Aerial Panorama of Lima with Rimac River Aerial Panorama of Lima with Rimac River

Lima on Rimac River in 1600

components. The high cost of these remediation projects requires that creative strategies be devised to finance and implement them, as when government agencies, or public–private partnerships, sell or lease derelict waterfront property to private developers, usually multinational consortia, for the purpose of building new communities. As part of this new wave of post-industrial revitalization, some cities are pioneering innovative approaches to site regeneration through which re-use proposals for both land and water sites are considered simultaneously. Such approaches to redevelopment emphasize dynamic processes, performance and adaptive re-use over time. In these more ambitious projects, designers are able to develop strategies to engage the complex ecologies of culture and nature at the water’s edge. Lima, PerúPoor living and working conditions in rural areas of Perú and increasing urban industrialization have produced unchecked growth in Lima and depopulation of settlements in the Andean region..Throughout the twentieth century, vast popular mobilizations were staged to establish shantytowns, or barriadas in urban areas, 55% of them located in the coastal cities containing 72% of Perú’s population, including 30% in Lima alone. Today Lima can be accurately be described as a huge barriada interspersed with a few isolated pockets of European-style development. Without adequate strategies in place to manage its massive growth, Lima’s urbanization will continue to be disorderly, marked by social instability and threatened with ecological crisis. Two of Lima’s three river valleys are intensively urbanized: 90% of the Rimac valley and 68% of the Chillon valley. With an urbanization ratio of 16%, the Lurin valley basin is regarded as one of Lima’s few surviving green enclaves, though it too is constantly threatened by property conflicts, water management problems, and the pressures of urban densification.

The Río Rimac begins in a lake high in the Andes and ends as a brown stream near Jorge Chávez International Airport in the desert city of Lima, capital of Perú and, until the middle of the eighteenth century, the most important city of the Spanish dominions of South America. Re-assessment of the river’s role in the life of the capital city edge has only recently begun, and the Rio Rimac continues to be polluted by industrial contaminants as well as wastes from the numerous informal housing settlements that have sprung up along its banks. The Rimac provides approximately 70 percent of Lima’s potable water but samples have revealed high concentrations of pollutants, including deadly arsenic. A site adjacent to the Río Rimac near the historic center of Lima, where vestiges of its colonial past remain, will be the focus of the 201 City Water Studio in Spring 2010. Barrios Altos: Museum of the Built EnvironmentDuring colonial times, in Barrios Altos a neighborhood located east of Lima’s Plaza de Armas bordering the Rimac, there were churches and orchards belonging to various religious orders. By the 18th century approximately 40% of Lima lived in Barrios Altos and villas with gardens were built there in the 19th century; few traces of its elegant past remain and many once grand houses are now derelict. Barrios Altos is ripe for redevelopment and a new museum would begin its renaissance. The Museum of the Peruvian Built Environment will house a collection of photographs, artifacts, and models from pre-colonial to contemporary times of the built landscapes of Peru. Unlike the National Building Museum

in Washington DC which is dedicated to building processes, documents and architectural technology, this museum will emphasize buildings as modifiers of the landscape.

ProgramThe current collections store in various buildings contain approximately 75,000 photographs, 68,000 architectural prints and drawings, 1000 linear feet of documents and 4,500 objects, including material samples, architectural fragments, and building models stored in a variety of storage facilities and buildings without display space. The new museum will also to act as storage facility, but its primary mission will be pedagogical: to inform, influence and inspire people making decisions about the built environment at all levels, and to foster research and archival work. The emphasis will be on the history of building technology and the continuum of buildings and landscape that comprises the built environment. The permanent exhibit will consist of displays related to a selection of seven Peruvian built environments to be chosen by each student. Cleaned water from the Rio Rimac will be used for the outdoor exhibits and the river’s edge transformed into an aquatic landscape sustained by seasonal rains that accommodates seasonal flooding.

MethodThe studio will produce fieldwork, diaries, recordings, research exercises and films during the Lima visit, as well as research before and after the field trip.1)Two Urban TransfersThroughout its history of human settlement, Latin America has been the site of cultural transfers, absorptions and transformations, resulting in a hybrid civilization that is at the heart of its identity. Working within this tradition the Lima Studio will execute two transfers:

Working in five groups of three, students will select an urbanized area of Lima the same size as the Studio 1. site and superimpose on an image of the site using digital photo collage, then locate the area in Lima from which the image was taken, analyze and survey it photographically, and research historic, economic and social information associated with it. The area selected should have an open space – a plaza, park or vacant lot - and one large building - institutional, commercial, cultural or industrial, if possible adjacent to major infrastructure such as highways, rivers, railroads, or any combination of these.Do the same transfer exercise with a familiar area a home town or Berkeley. Transfer help to develop a 2. sense of scale and stimulate imaginative urban conceptual relationships.

2) Survey The area immediately adjacent to the Lima Studio site will be divided into sections to produce a photographic survey and a large digital model of the surrounding urban context. The pieces will be assembled to build a single large digital model of the area surrounding the Museum site.

3) Photography

Barrios Altos, Lima View of Site by Rimac River

Produce at least 4 sequences of 10 individual photographs, one for each of the following themes:a) waterb) built environmentsc) museums/exhibits/collections/assembliesd) material explorations.

4) ResearchResearch the subject categories below. Teams of two or three students will be responsible for each category;1. From Inca Empire to Independence: Peruvian History Timeline2. Modern Peruvian History: 1800 - 20093. Peruvian Avant-Garde: Art, Literature & Architecture4. Urban Plans of Lima / History of Cartography5. Demographics, Infrastructure and the Environment6 Archeological Finds in the Lima RegionDeliver 8.5” X 11” photocopies presented in landscape formal with text in Arial 12 pt leaving a margin of 2” on the left side margin for binding.

5) DiaryStudents will keep a field trip diary by making entries in a notebook every two hours for each day of the trip and rigorously recording sights, explorations, observations, thoughts and investigations, each entry annotated with the date and time.

6) Film The creation of a film is very similar to the making of a complex piece of architecture. The viewer or participant in both cases is brought into a knowledge of a new world built sequentially over time whose creator slowly reveals the rules, establishes the sense of place, creates tensions, establishes conflicts, and frustrations, all in an effort to heighten the senses and stimulate the emotions through the choreography of scenes or spaces that is the finished work.

Theme Decide how the film should look and unfold in time and stick with it. Begin by establishing a theme and editorial strategy so that decisions about what to film are easier to make.

Structure Consider structural devices such as pacing, rhythm, chronology, juxtaposition, inversion, suspension, contraction, expansion, transitions, narrative overlaps, simultaneity, real time, memory, linearity, completion, repetition, rituals.

Layers Consider social strata, economics, modernism, classicism, formality, colors, affinity, contrasts, transparency, boundaries, borders, frames, selection, close versus remote space, deep and flat space, active and passive conditions, serenity, agitation, density, intimacy, landscapes, ecology, water, power, poverty, data, civic space, historical structures, streets, light and shadow. Make relationships and compositional decisions evident in each choice about the film’s development.

Pedagogical Goals of the Lima Studio

• To increase knowledge about international architecture, and enrich urban and architectural vocabulary• To foster understanding of architecture from an international perspective• To expand cross-cultural communication and problem-solving skills• To prepare for professional activity in an increasingly diverse and international workplace• To broaden academic and cultural horizons

Publication of Lima Studio Research A publication containing the work of all school participating in the Lima Studio will be published with the support of the University of California, Berkeley Center for Latin American Studies, the Peruvian Consulates in California, Schedule and Budget for Lima StudioTransportation: Aero Mexico: San Francisco/Mexico City/Lima – $599 return (as of 11/18/09)Accommodation: Youth Hostel Malka, Los Lirios 165 San Isidro, Lima, Perú

10 days@ $12 per night = $120 per studentMeals: 10 3-course meals @ $23/each = $230 per student

10 breakfasts and lunches @ $15 combined = $150 per student

Local transportation $50 per student, approximate estimateTotal expense $1150 per student, approximate estimate

Bibliography

Lima

Charney, Paul John. Final report for the master plan study on the disaster prevention project in the Rimac River Basin: main report.by Kokusai Kyoryoku Jigyodan. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.

Crespo Rodríguez, María Dolores. Arquitectura domestica de la Ciudad de los Reyes (1535-1750) Env. Design Library: NA7318.L5 C74 2006.

Doering, Juan Gunther Lohmann Villena Guillermo Lima. Madrid : Editorial MAPFRE,Main F3601.3 D64, 1992

Flores Alejandro Reyes. Historia urbana de Lima: los barrios altos 1820-1880. Biblioteca Nacional de Chile

Flores, Zuniga, Fernando. Haciendas y Pueblos de Lima : historia del valle del Rimac : de sus orígenes al siglo XX Lima: Fondo Editorial del Congreso del Peru. F 3601.2 .F56 2008

Gale, Thomas Martin. The History of Lima, Peru: the City and the Cabildo, 1535-1549. Main Library:

Gale, Thomas Martin. The Destruction and Reorganization of Indian society in the Lima Valley, Peru, 1532-1824. SRLF A0012455051

Herrera Cornejo H. Andrés. Album fotográfico del Rímac : Instituto Fotográfico Eugenio Courret. Main Library: F3611.R5 H47 2003

Huiza, José Luis Urban Growth and Social Change: Lima 1900-1931. University of Miami Coral Gables Coral Gables, FL 33124

Leguía Olivera, Enriqueta. “Lima 1919-1930” in La Lima de Leguía Lima. Fundacion Augusto B. Leguía: San Marcos, 2007. Davis F3601 .L7325 2007

Leonard John B. “City Profile: Lima” in Cities Volume 17, Issue 6, (December 2000): 433-445 . Ludeña Urquizo Wiley.Lima: Historia y urbanismo en cifras, 1821-1970 Main Library: HT169.P42 L558 2004

Ludeña Urquizo Wiley Tres buenos tigres : vanguardia y urbanismo en el Perú del siglo XX Main Library: NA9178.L5 L83 2004

Ludeña, Wiley, Ideas y arquitectura en el Perú del siglo XX : teoría, historia, crítica, NA915 .L84 1997

Marks, Patricia H. Deconstructing Legitimacy: Viceroys, Merchants, and the Military in late Colonial Perú Pennsylvania State University Press. 2007

Piqueras, Belaúnde, la Agrupacion Espacio : tres buenos tigres : vanguardia y urbanismo en el Perú del siglo XX Env. Des. NA9178.L5 L83 2004

Sierra Talaverano Mario. El migrante andino : la necesidad de expresión / Main Library HB 2035 .S54 2005

Housing

ARQ 57/ Ludena Urquizo, Wiley (2004): Zonas Aridas. Lima: Desert Baroque Escuela de Arquitectura Universidad Catolica de Chile www. Scielo.cl/pdf/arq/n57/art03.pdf

ARQ 57/ Dam, Paulo (2004): La Ocupacion del desierto de la playa Asia, Lima, Escuela de Arquitectura Universidad Catolica de Chile www. Scielo.cl/pdf/arq/n57/art03.pdf

Bromley, Juan; José BARBAGELATA (1945). Evolución urbana de la ciudad de Lima. Lima: Concejo Provincial de Lima.

Main F3601.3 .S54 2004

Burga Bartra, J. (2006). El ocaso de la barriada. Propuestas para la vivienda popular. Lima: Ministerios de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Env. Des. NA917.L5 B87 ,2006

Caminos, Horacio; Turner, John F. C.; Steffian, John A. (1969). Urban Dwelling Environments. An elementary survey of settlements for the study of design determinants. Cambridge: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. 1976. EnvDesign NA9053.H6 C3

Cole, John P. (1957). Estudio geográfico de la gran Lima. Lima: Oficina Nacional de Planeamiento y Urbanismo ONPU. University of Wisconsin.

Collier, D. (1978). Barriadas y elites: de Odría a Velasco. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. SRLF

Cordova Valdivia, Adolfo (1958). La vivienda en el Perú. Estado actual y evaluación de las necesidades. Lima: Comision para la Reforma Agraria y la Vivienda. Edited by Berta Turner / Community Books, London

Leggett, Gary (2006): Polis: visiones y versiones de Lima a inicios del siglo 21. Editorial La Moderna, Lima. Main NA915.6 .P644 2006

Ludena Urquizo, Wiley (2004): Lima. Historia y urbanismo en cifras 1821-1970 Geographischen Intitut der Universitat Kiel / Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria. Deutschland/ Lima . Env. Des, HT169.P42 L558 2004

Ploger, Jorg (2006): Practices of Socio-Spatial Control in the Marginal Neighbourhoods of Lima, Peru. London School of Economics Cases Env. Des. HT169.5 .T75

Williams, C.; Gustavo, G. (1986). Barriadas y Pueblos Jóvenes en Lima 1986. Ponencia para Reunión sobre Vivienda y Servicios para los pobres en Áreas Metropolitanas-Centro de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Regional, Nagoya, Japón.Peruvian

Alexander, Alberto. Estudio sobre la crisis de la habitación en Lima. Lima: (spi). 1922. Indiana University

History and Archeology

Engel, Frederic-Andre. Prehistoric Andean Ecology. Man, Settlement and Environment in the Andes Humanity Press for the Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York. 1981,

Engel, Frederic-Andre. A Pre-ceramic Settlement on the Central Coast of Peru: Asia, Unit I The American Philosophical Society Philadelphia. 1963.

Uhle, Max (1991): Pachacamac, a reprint of the 1903 edition. And, Pachacamac Archaelogy: retrospect and prospect. The University Museum of Archeology and Anthropology. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia.

City Water

Deza Rivasplata, Jaime. El agua de los Incas. Sistemas de riego en el Peru Prehispanico Universidad Alas Peruanas. 2005. Gardener Stacks F3429.3.A4 D48 2005

Schreiber, Katharina/ Rojas, Josu C. L. Irrigation and Society in the Peruvian desert: The Puquios of Nasca Lanham, Md.:Lexington Books. 2003. Anthropology F3429.1.N3 S37 2003

Ecology

Ruano, Miguel. Ecourbanism. Sustainable Human Settlements: 60 Case Studies. Editorial Gustavo Gilli, SA, Barcelona. 1998. Env. Des. HT169.55 .R836 1999

Mitch, V.J. and J.G. Gosselink Wetlands. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1993. Bio Sci QH541.5.M3 M591 2007

Riley, A.L. Restoring Streams in Ciie: A guide for Planners, Policy makers and Citizens. Covelo, CA: Island Press. 1998.

Water Resources Library 84 N8 c.2

Maps

Lima 1921 Earth Sci G 5310 S100 .P5

Lima 1928 Earth Sci G 5314.L5 1928 .H6

Plano de la ciudad de Lima : capital de la República [del Peru] / Levantado en 1859 por el ingeniero y arquitecto del estado Antonio María Dupard Bancroft G 5314.L5 1859 .D8