Limb Anatomy

Azami PHD

Definitions

• Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”– Study of the structure of the body, either

regionally or systematically

• Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

History of Anatomy

• Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims.

• First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC

• Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

Hippocrates (~370 BC)

• Greek physician who studied anatomy

• “Father of Anatomy”• Hippocratic oath taken

by doctors at graduation

Galen

• 2nd Century AD

• Compiled anatomical studies of earlier writers

• Also performed vivisection on animals

Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th )

• When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies.

• Cadavers were no longer used

• Avicenna ( سینا پورسینایا ابن )

16th Century Contributions

• Began to compile extensive drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

17th and 18th centuries• Few dissections were allowed

• Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them

• Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection

19th Century • Began studying

developmental anatomy• England became the center

of anatomical research• Anatomy Act of 1832

provided adequate supply of corpses

• Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858 (for traveling doctors)

Modern Anatomy

• CAT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRI

Anatomy definition

• A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms.

• Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another.

• This is generally divided into:– Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye)– Histology (miscroscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells)– Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)

Gross Anatomy

• Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system

• Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

• Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Organ systems - 1

• Integument (skin)• Skeleton• Muscles• Nervous system– Central (brain and spinal cord)– Peripheral (the peripheral nerves)

• Endocrine (glands)

Organ systems - 2

• Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins)• Lymphatic (lymph vessels and nodes)• Respiratory• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive (male/female)

Anatomical terminology

• This generally relates to:– Names of the organ systems or regions– Names of body organs or their parts– Anatomical planes– Anatomical locations

Anatomical planes

Anatomical Planes• Saggital – divides the body into right and left

parts• Coronal or frontal– divides the body into

anterior and posterior parts• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) –

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Anatomical planes - 1

• Median or mid-saggital plane

• Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.

Anatomical planes - 2

• Saggital:Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts

Saggital plane

Anatomical planes - 3

• Coronal or frontal:divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Coronal Plane

Anatomical planes - 4

• Horizontal or transverse (cross section) :divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Horizontal Plane

Body Planes

2

1

3

Anatomical positions - 1

• 1. Cranial toward the head • 2. Caudal - toward the feet• 3. Medial - toward the middle• 4. Lateral - toward/from the side• 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb• 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes• 7. Superior - above• 8. Inferior - below

Anatomical positions - 2

Anatomical movements - 1

• 1. External rotation• 2. Internal rotation• 3. Supination• 4. Pronation• 5. Eversion• 6. Inversion• 7. Adduction• 8. Abduction

Anatomical movements - 2Flexion/Extension

Other anatomical terms

• Volar(relating to the palm of hand)• Plantar (the sole of the foot)• Superficial (towards the surface)• Deep (towards the centre)

MovementsFlexion• Bending a joint or decreasing the

angle between two bones

Extension• Straightening a joint or increasing

the angle between two bones

Hyperextension• Excessive extension of the parts at

a joint beyond anatomical position.

Movements

MovementsAdduction• Moving a body part towards

the midline of the body

Abduction• Moving a body part away

from the midline of the body

Prone• Lying face down

PronationSupine• Lying face up

Supination

Movements

Retraction• Moving a part backward

Protraction• Moving a part forward

Movements

Movements

Rotation• Turning on a single axis

Circumduction• Tri-planar, circular motion at

the hip or shoulder

Internal rotation• Rotation of the hip or shoulder

toward the midline

External rotation• Rotation of the hip or shoulder

away from the midline

MovementsLateral Flexion• Side-bending left or

right

Visualising Anatoomy

• Cadaver• Atlas• Models• Plastination• 3D Model

Visualising the living subject

• There are a number of ways of visualising the anatomy of a living subject:– Surface anatomy– Medical imaging– Using scopes– Surgery

Radiological terminology -1

• Imaging techniques:– X-ray– computed axial tomography (CAT) CT scan – Ultrasound scans (Sonography)– Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Radiological terminology - 2

• X-rays depend on the difference in absorption of x-rays by various tissues.

– Radiopaque means a lot of x-ray energy is absorbed (causing the fils to be WHITE)

Like: bone, teeth, metal implants

– Radiolucent means little energy is absorbed (causing the film to be BLACK)

Like: air, fat

Radiological terminology - 3

• Plain film– X-ray without the use of artificial contrast.

• Contrast film– X-ray where radiopaque contrast has been

introduced into a cavity, space or vessel.• Examples:

– Angiogram (x-ray of arteries, e.g. of the heart)– Venogram (x-ray of veins, e.g. of the legs)– Barium meal (x-ray of the upper digestive tract)– Myelogram (x-ray of the spinal cord and spinal nerves)

QUIZ

1. Hip __________________________2. Hip __________________________3. Hip __________________________

Knee ________________________ Ankle ________________________

4. Wrist _________________________ (a) __________________________ (b) __________________________

5. Hip __________________________ Knee ________________________ Ankle ________________________

6. Forearm (a) ___________________ Forearm (b) ___________________

7. Shoulder ______________________8. Shoulder ______________________9. Jaw __________________________10. Shoulder ______________________

1. Hip _Abduction_________________2. Hip _Adduction_________________3. Hip _Flexion___________________

Knee _Extension________________

4. Wrist _Extension________________ (a) _Hyperextension_____________ (b) _Flexion____________________

5. Hip _Flexion___________________ Knee _Flexion__________________ Ankle ______________

6. Forearm (a) _Supination__________ Forearm (b) _Pronation__________

7. Shoulder _Circumduction_________8. Shoulder _Elevation_____________9. Jaw _Protraction________________10. Shoulder _Rotation______________

Range of Motion

End