limits of accuracy andlimits of accuracy and improvements ... · limits of accuracy andlimits of...
TRANSCRIPT
Limits of accuracy andLimits of accuracy and improvements on the
Centrede coopérationinternationaleen recherche
pHVI cotton fiber test
agronomiquepour ledéveloppement Cotton, from the plant
t th fi l d tJean-Paul Gourlot
to the final productJean Paul Gourlot
Cirad-ca, Cotton Technology Laboratory
Plan of presentation
• Introduction• Different ways of fibers characterization• A point about the standardization processp p• How does work an HVI• An example of relation between fiber and• An example of relation between fiber and
yarn qualityC l i• Conclusions
2
Cotton plant cycle
60 d60 days
37 days 55 days
Cotton plant growth
FromCirad
‘C ’‘Cotons’software
4
Harvesting and ginning
Cotton ginningCotton bolls harvest
R llRoller
5Saw
Statistics and economy
40 700
303540
600
700Surface
(millions ha)
202530
400
500( )
Yield(kg/ha)
101520
200
300
510
100
200World production(millions of tons)
0
24/25
30/31
36/37
42/43
48/49
54/55
60/61
66/67
72/73
78/79
84/85
90/91
96/97
02/03
0( )
6
1924
1930
1936
1942
1948
1954
1960
1966
1972
1978
1984
1990
1996
2002
Cotton cycle* (1/3)
Seeds * From GOURLOT J.-P. et al 1999, R h h t dé l t
SowingRecherche et développement en
technologie : mesurer et améliorer la qualité des produits du cotonnier,
créer de nouveaux débouchés, A i lt t dé l t
Cropping (IPM, fertilizers …)Agriculture et développement,
n°22, Juin 1999, ISSN 1249-9951, pp. 90-113.
Harvesting
Gi i
Commercial parametersLength, Length unif, StrengthGinning
Seeds Fibers
g , g , gGrade, Micronaire
Average and variabilitySeeds Fibers
Bales Samples for quality controlOil7Grouping / quality Marketing
OilFlour, …
Cotton cycle (2/3)
Opening / cleaning / mixing Strength fineness
CardOther fibers
Strength, fineness,Maturity, Length,
Length unif., pollutions
Drawing frame
St th fi
g pAverage, and variability
Ring spinning Rotor spinning
Y l i
Strength, fineness,Maturity, Length,
Length unifYarn cleaning
Preparation to weaving Yarn strength and eveness
Length unif.,pollutions
Preparation to weaving
Weaving
Knitting
M t it
Yarn strength and evenessSCF, yarn imperfections
8
g
Dying / Finishing / ClothingMaturity
Easy care
Cotton cycle (3/3)SeedsSowing
Harvesting
Cropping (IPM, fertilizers …)
GinningCommercial parameters
Length, Length unif, Strength
Seeds FibersBales Quality control
g
OilFl
Grade, MicronaireAverage and variability
Opening/cleaning/mixing Strength, fineness,
Grouping / quality MarketingFlour, …
Card
Drawing frame
Other fibers Maturity, Length,Length unif., pollutions
Average, and variabilityg
Ring spinning Rotor spinning
Yarn cleaning
Strength, fineness,Maturity, Length,
Length unif.,Yarn cleaning
Preparation to weaving KnittingYarn strength and eveness
SCF, yarn imperfections
g ,pollutions
9Weaving
Dying / Finishing / ClothingMaturity
Easy care
SCF, yarn imperfections
Fiber quality development
30 6Length
25
30
nd
n) 5
6
cron
s)
Perimeter
LengthPrimary wall
15
20
mm
) an
r(m
icro
3
4
ess
(micPerimeter
10
15
Len
gth
(ia
met
er
2
3
l thi
ckne
Maturity
0
5L di
0
1
Wal
lMaturity
Secondary wall00 10 20 30 40 50 60
Age of the boll (days)
0
10
g ( y )
Fiber constitution
C tit t P tConstituants Percentage
Cellulosis 95.0Cellulosis 95.0
Proteins 1.6
Waxes 0.9
Physiological sugars 0.3
Other 2 2Other 2.2
11
Fiber quality measurement
length
Measured
perimeteror fineness Wall thickness
ior maturity
‘Micronaire’Mike, IM Color + contaminants
Tensile behavior12
, Tensile behavior
Fiber quality measurement
Could be measured• Cellulose types• Wax content• Flexion / flexibility• ‘Curling’ / crimp
SpiralReversals13
Spiral ...Reversals
Plan of presentation
• Introduction• Different ways of fibers characterization• A point about the standardization processA point about the standardization process• How does work an HVI• An example of relation between fiber and
yarn qualityyarn quality• Conclusions
14
Fiber quality measurement
Why do we measure length ?
Define what type of final product will be made out of the fibers
length
Check the settings of ginning equipmentsDefine a commercial price of the fibersAllow settings of the processing equipments
15
Fiber quality measurement
Manual :
pulling => commercial lengthlength
comb sorter => length diagrams (W, N)=> ML, CV%, SFC Could be measured
16
Fiber quality measurement
Instrumental :Instrumental :with classical instruments :
Fibrograph => SL2 5% SL 50% UR%Fibrograph => SL2.5%, SL 50%, UR%Almeter 101 => diagrams (W, N) => ML CV% SFC
length
=> ML, CV%, SFC
17
Fiber quality measurement
Instrumental :Instrumental :with classical instruments :
Fibrograph => SL2.5%, SL 50%, UR%Almeter 101 => diagrams (W, N) => ML, CV%, SFC
length
with High Volume Instrument (HVI)=> UHML, ML, UI%, SFI, , ,
18
Fiber quality measurement
Instrumental :with classical instruments :
Fibrograph => SL2.5%, SL 50%, UR%Almeter 101 => diagrams (W N)Almeter 101 => diagrams (W, N) => ML, CV%, SFC
with High Volume Instrument (HVI)
length
=> UHML, ML, UI%, SFI
with Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS)(AFIS)length (W, N)=> ML, CV, UQL, SFC
19
Fiber quality measurementLength histograms on 2 seeds (AFIS)Length histograms on 2 seeds (AFIS)
20
161820
121416
Seed 1Seed 2
68
10%
246
02
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
20Lengh group (mm)
Mean and variability parameters
Fiber quality measurementLength diagram (AFIS)Length diagram (AFIS)
100
8090
100Diagram
607080
304050%
102030
010
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
21Lengh group (mm)
Fibre length Part of the optical sensorPart of the optical sensor
Capteurpoptique
22
Fiber quality measurementLength FibrogramLength Fibrogram
100
8090
100Fibrogram
506070
%
203040
01020
4 8 2 6 0 4 8 2 6 0 44 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Lengh group (mm)Mean Length Upper Half ML
23Uniformity Index % = ML . 100UHML
Fiber quality measurementLength FibrogramLength Fibrogram
100
8090
100Fibrogram
506070
%
203040
01020
4 8 2 6 0 4 8 2 6 0 44 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Lengh group (mm)SL 2.5 %SL 50 %
24UR% = SL 50 % . 100SL 2.5 %
Fiber quality measurementLength parametersLength parameters
SL 2.5 ~ UHML ~ Pulling22 – 40 mm
SL 50 % <> ML10 – 18 mm 18 – 30 mm
UR % <> UI %38 – 50 % 78 – 85 %
25
Fiber quality measurement
Why do we measure Fineness and Maturity ?
i t Predict the number of fibers per yarn cross-section
perimeter
=> yarn strength and evenessChemical treatments and dye consumptionwall thicknessDye uptake ability
26
Fiber quality measurement
Manual :perimeter
using microscope on longitudinal fibers
using microscope on fibers sectionswall thickness
27
Fiber quality measurement
Manual :Manual :with classical instruments
Fibronaire => Micronaireperimeter
wall thickness
28
Fiber quality measurement
Manual :Manual :with classical instruments
Fibronaire => MicronaireFibronaire Micronaire
with Fineness Maturity Tester (FMT)perimeter
with Fineness Maturity Tester (FMT)IM, MR, PM%, H, HS
wall thickness
29
Fiber quality measurement
Manual :Manual :with classical instruments
Fibronaire => MicronaireFibronaire Micronairewith Fineness Maturity Tester (FMT)
IM, MR, PM%, H, HSperimeter
with High Volume Instrument (HVI)wall thickness
Micronaire
30
Fiber quality measurement
Manual :Manual :with classical instruments
Fibronaire => Micronaireith Fi M t it T t (FMT)with Fineness Maturity Tester (FMT)
IM, MR, PM%, H, HSwith High Volume Instrument (HVI)
perimeterg ( )
Micronaire
i h Ad d Fib I f iwall thickness
with Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS)Di t ib ti f Di tDistribution of Diameter,Theta, MR, H
31
Fiber quality measurement
Recorded results:Recorded results:IM : micronaire [2, 7]MR : Maturity Ratio [0, 1.2]PM% : Percent Mature fibers [0, 100]
perimeter[ ]
H : Linear Fineness (mtex) [120, 350]Hs : Standard Fineness (mtex) [120 400]wall thickness Hs : Standard Fineness (mtex) [120, 400]
Hs = H (tex = grams/1000 m)MR
32
Micronaire, maturity and fineness
Fine Large
M tperimeter
Mature
wall thickness
Immature
=> Some combinaisons of MR and H d t l IM f
33correspond to close IM for very
different fibres
Micronaire, maturity and fineness
IM = 4 1IM = 4.1
perimeter
wall thickness
MR = 1.04H = 150
MR = 0.67 H = 220H 150
Hs = 144H 220
Hs = 328
34
Fiber quality measurement
perimeter
wall thickness
35
Relation between IM, MR and Hs
1 2Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220MR
1.1
1.2 240260300
Fine
0 9
1.0300
0.8
0.9
Coarse0.7 (Variety dependent)
0.5
0.6
IM362.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
MR² =(3.86 x IM² + 18.16 x IM + 13) / Hs PM = (MR - 0.2) x (1.565 - 0.471 x MR) x 100
IM
Relation between IM, MR and Hs
1 2Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220MR
1.1
1.2 240260300
0 9
1.0300
Acceptable maturity range
0.8
0.9p y g
0.7 Premium range
0.5
0.6
IM372.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
IM
Relation between IM, MR and Hs
1 2Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220MR
1.1
1.2 240260300
0 9
1.0300
0.8
0.9
0.7 Growing conditions problems induce
0.5
0.6problems induce
lower MR and lower IM
IM382.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
IM
Fiber quality measurement
Why do we measure color and trash ?
• To identify bales having homogeneous characteristics and group them per lot
• To avoid variations in color in raw and dyed fabrics
• To limit wastes during processing
39
Fiber quality measurement
Pressure plate
Gl t
Cotton Sample
Glass support
Light bulbsfl h li htor flash light
40Yellowness
+ bReflectance
Rd %Image
analysis …
Fiber qualityFiber qualitymeasurement
41
Fiber quality measurementTrashmeter imageTrashmeter image
Grey level
67123
012345672345678910
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 72 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 62 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 63 7 7 6 7 5 4 7 64 7 7 4 5 4 3 6 65 7 6 3 2 0 2 5 56 7 6 3 1 0 4 5 5
42Binarisation and threshold applied …
6 7 6 3 1 0 4 5 57 7 7 4 2 6 6 7 7
Fiber quality measurementTrashmeter imageTrashmeter image
8 i l8 pixels considered
t h
78
as trash particle
45678
45
67
01234
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 12
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
Trash count Trash area Leaf Leaf grade43
Trash count, Trash area, Leaf, Leaf grade
Fiber quality measurement
Why do we measure strength ?
• To define what product can be made from these fibers
• To define a commercial price
• To predict yarn strength
44
Fiber quality measurement
Manual :Manual :with classical instruments
Stelometer : T1 (cN/tex) and elongation E1 (%)Stelometer : T1 (cN/tex) and elongation E1 (%)
with High Volume Instrument (HVI)with High Volume Instrument (HVI)Strength (cN/tex) and elongation Elong (%)
with devices measuring individual fibersBreaking force and elongationg g
45
Fibrogram curve
100 % of fibers
Strength (g/tex) = Force x KFibrogram
80
100 % of fiberse
Strength (g/tex) = Force x K Estimated weigth
60
ping
zon
e
1/8° inch
40
Force
Cla
mp
20
jaws0
Fiber length
46
Fibrogram curve after a break
100 % of fibers
80 Strength (g/tex) = Force x K E ti t d i ht
60
ne
Estimated weight
40
ping
zon f(nb de fibres et IM)
20 Cla
m
jaws
0Fiber length
47
Caractérisation de la fibre
Les principales caractéristiques de fibre peuvent êtreétablies soit manuellement, soit sur appareilsclassiques ou soit sur chaînes HVI.
Seules les chaînes HVI :permettent des mesures instrumentalespermettent des mesures instrumentales,
automatisées, rapides et intégrées des critèrescommerciauxcommerciaux,
et autorisent un classement balle à balle surl ’ bl d itè
48
l ’ensemble de ces critères
Fibre quality per spinning method
Rank Ring spinning Open end Air-jet
1 L th St th L th1 Length Strength Length
2 Strength Fineness Trash2 Strength Fineness Trash
3 Fineness Length Finenessg
4 Trash Trash Strength
49Deussen, 1992
Fiber quality measurement
Length
Micronaire
Length
Length uniformityMicronaire Length uniformity
StrengthColor Strengthand moreTrash content
Example of ITC(Thi di l d t tit t t f d ti f thi i t
50
(This display does not constitute any type of recommendation for this equipment, picture from an advertisement from Uster Technologies)
Example of HVI classification in Dumas (AK)(AK)
51
Fiber quality measurement
Actual major manufacturers of so-call HVI i t ( l h b ti d )equipments (alphabetic order)
- Lintronics (Israel)- Premier (India)- Schaffner Technologies (USA)Schaffner Technologies (USA)- Zellweger Uster (USA)
52
Fiber quality measurement
Number of HVI equipments
1400
800
1000
1200
400
600
800
0
200
400
19801981
19821983
19841985
19861987
19881989
19901991
19921993
19941995
19961997
19981999
Y
0
53
Year
From Hunter, 2000
Fiber quality measurement
High Volume Instrument (HVI) in the world
North America46.9%
Total = 883 HVI
Australia1.6%
C t S th
Middle East
Cent., South America
7.4%Far East23.3%
AfricaEuropa15 2%
Middle-East1.8%
54Source : HUNTER L., ITMF Committee, Brème, Mars 1994.3.9%
15.2%
Plan of presentation
• Introduction• Different ways of fibers characterization• A point about the standardization processA point about the standardization process• How does work an HVI• An example of relation between fiber and
yarn qualityyarn quality• Conclusions
55
Normalization steps
1923
1940-1950International Calibration
1923Universal Standards :
Grade, Pulling ;Transactions International Calibration
Cotton Standards (ICCS) ;Research + Transactions.
Transactions .
1986HVI Calibration Cotton ; 1995/1998
Transactions, USA. - ICCS restricted for research ;
- HVI Calibration Cotton HVI Calibration Cotton Transactions, world.Time
56Based on so-call ’reference methods’
Expected precision forinternational market
Confidence interval
international market
Confidence interval
IM (+/ ) 0 1 unitIM (+/-) 0.1 unitLength (+/-) 0.02 inch
(+/-) 0 51 mm(+/-) 0.51 mmLength uniformity (+/-) 1.5 %Strength (+/-) 1 5 cN/texStrength (+/-) 1.5 cN/texRd % (+/-) 1 %+b (+/-) 0 5+b (+/-) 0.5Trash (+/-) 0.1 %
57From Sasser, 1992.
Reference cotton use in the world: 1991
Who No HVI Consumption
HVICC Ratio ICCS Ratiokg kg/HVI kg kg/HVIkg kg/HVI kg kg/HVI
USDA 212 19214 91 3023 14.2USDA 212 19214 91 3023 14.2
USA except USDA 91 828 9 49 0.5
OutsideOutsideUSA 318 192 0.6 1.8 0.004
58Total 621
Reference cotton use in the world: 1994
Who No HVI Consumption
HVICC Ratio ICCS Ratiokg kg/HVI kg kg/HVIkg kg/HVI kg kg/HVI
USDA x 14145 ? 6803 ?USDA x 14145 ? 6803 ?-21% +125%
USA except USDA x 766 ? 127 ?
- 7% +159%OutsideOutsideUSA x 245 ? 42 ?
+27% +2200%
59Total 883
+42%
Existing reference cottons after 1998
ICCS ICCS Mik l HVICCICCS ICCS Mike only HVICC
* Stelometer HVI HVI Stelometer HVI HVI
* Carded cotton Raw cotton Raw cotton
* 3 types 6 types 2* 2 types
* Measurement ofT1 Mike Length (UHM)T1 Mike Length (UHM)E1 UI%
(1 type with SL%) Strength
60
( yp ) g
ICCS Mike only standards
6 - International normalisationof the measurements
Length of ICCS standards
6 - International normalisationof the measurements
4 65.2
5.6
5 35 0
6.0
7.0Mike Length of ICCS standards
1.251.35 1.40
1.40
1.60Inches
2.8
3.74.2
4.6
3.43.7
4.44.8
5.3
3.0
4.0
5.0
0.700.80
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.10
0.90 0.90 0.881.00 1.00
1.151.25 1.20
0.80
1.00
1.20
2.5
Gm Cm Dm Bm Im AmCotton types
1.0
2.00.60 0.60
K F H G B A I C D ECotton types
0.40
0.60
yp
Strength Histogram2356 Cottons from different origins
yp
Upper Half Mean Length Histogram2356 Cottons from different origins
35Percentage %
30
40Percentage %
20
25
30
35g
0
10
20
0
5
10
15
61
15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43Strength in g/tex
0
St Maxi HVICC/St Mini HVICC Tested cottons
20 25 30 35 40Upper Half Mean Length in mm
0
Length Maxi HVICC/Length Mini HVICC Tested cottons
Existing reference cottons after 1998
62
Existing reference cottons after 1998
63
HVI modules calibration : IM
5 5 Calibration =
5
5.5s
Calibration change slopeand offset
4
4.5
d va
lues
Theo.
and offsetbetween observed vs
3.5
4
bser
ved Theo.
Obs.observed vs theorical values
3
Ob
2.52.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
64Theorical values
About reference values establishement
Question : is there any drift in the establishment of Calibration Cotton reference data ?
• A set of calibration cotton = at least 2 cottons • These can also be analyzed as samplesCalibration Samples Issue/DateSet 1 Set 1, 2, 3, … 1Set 2 Set 1 2 3 2Set 2 Set 1, 2, 3, … 2Set 3 Set 1, 2, 3, … 3
Comparison between results => drift ?65
p
Preliminary experiment
112• Illustrer dérive110
112 ICCSHVICC(1)
Slope 0.48 cN/tex / year
• et modifier diapo précédente
106
108 HVICC(2)
104
106
100
102 Slope 0.68 cN/tex / year
98
100Slope 0.11 cN/tex / year
661981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997
Drift and other troubles
Observed Drift
Consumption in 1991
• Observed Drift + Delay to access to recent generations of reference cottons+ Delay to access to recent generations of reference cottons
80
100cottons
=> Differential in reading levels cottons
=> Differential in reading levels => Lower accuracy in the yarn quality prediction
40
60kg
900
Breaking force (cN)RS 20 tex r = 0,96OE 20 tex r = 0,96RS 27 t 0 97
from fiber quality measurement
0
20Relations between yarn
500
700
RS 27 tex r = 0,97OE 27 tex r = 0,98RS 37 tex r = 0,97OE 37 tex r = 0,98=> Use / consume reference materials !!!!HVICC ICCS
USDA USA (not USDA) Other
versus fiber quality 300
500
6720 25 30 35 40 45 50
HVI strength (cN/tex)
100
Economical incidence of quality on fiber exchange priceon fiber exchange price
1 9 9 31 9 9 3
68
Evolution of premium/discounts for HVI strength over 5 years ( P SASSER EFS 1995)strength over 5 years ( P. SASSER EFS 1995)
400
300
400Data collected during M. Sasser’s presentation
200
b 1991
0
100
cent
s/lb 1992
1993
-100
019 23 24 26 30U
S 19941995
-200
69-300
Plan of presentation
• Introduction• Different ways of fibers characterization• A point about the standardization processA point about the standardization process• How does work an HVI• An example of relation between fiber and
yarn qualityyarn quality• Conclusions
70
Hardware design
FixedLight sensor Fixedclamp(front)
Mobileclamp
Light sensor Calibrated with
C b + fib
( ) clamp (back) ‘reference’
massesComb + fibers
Force sensor
Light emission
71Step motor
TenacityMaterialMaterial
Force sensorsensor
Opticalpsensor
72
TenacityMaterialMaterial
Forcesensorsensor
Tractionjaws
73
Fibrogram curve
Light sensor,measure of variation
% of fibers
Fibrogrammeasure of variation Fibrogram
Quantity of fibersQuantity of fibers for tensile test
Displacement
Light
sp ace e t
Displacement
74
gemission
p
Fiber length
Fibrogram curve
100 % of fibers
Fibrogram80
100 % of fibersne60
ping
zon 1/8° inch
40
Force
Cla
m
20
jaws0
Fiber length
75
Force / elongation curve
16000
12000
14000 Peak ForceModule
10000
12000
(cN
)
Strength (cN/tex) = Force x kStrength = Tenacity (cN/tex)6000
8000
Forc
e Strength (cN/tex) Force x k Estimated mass
Strength Tenacity (cN/tex) = Constraint= Force/Broken surface
2000
4000
= f (quantity of fibers, IM)= Force/Broken surface
+/-= Force/fineness0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64
76Displacement (Step)Elongation
Fibrogram curve after a break
100 % of fibers
80
60
ne
40
mpi
ng z
on
20
Cla
m
jaws
0Fiber length
77
Fibrograms
100
80
100Fibrogram after breakFibrogram before break
60
fiber
s
40% f
0
20
00 10 20 30 40 50 60
Length78
Length
Position of the break
79a b<a
Rheology
Constraint
Elasticityof
reorganization
Elasticity
Slig
Slippage
DeformationPlasticity
80
Tenacity or strength
Results and conclusions
HVI Single fibers
FF FS S
F
81Tenacity F / S should be constant
Optical sensor
Light sensor Transmission
Diffraction- inside- outsideScatteringScattering- inside- outside
Light emission
outside
Absorption
82
g t e ss o
Original drawing : Gourlot 12/97
Possible effects of fiber properties(example on strength)(example on strength)
• 1-Sensor linearityLight sensor • 2-Shape factor
– micronaire– scouring / swelling
• 3-Maturity and fineness
Light emission
3 Maturity and fineness distributions
• 4-Colorg
Attention: the mass of b k fib i i d
4 Color• 5-Length distribution• 6-Ambiant conditionsbroken fibers is estimated
from this signal for the calculation of strength
• 6-Ambiant conditions
83
calculation of strength
Ambiant conditions
Should be at any time:Should be at any time:• 21 °C +/- 1 °C
65 % R l ti H idit (RH%) / 2 %• 65 % Relative Humidity (RH%) +/- 2 %
84
Ambiant conditions
Material and method
Hypothesis : ambiant conditions should be t bl d th t t d fib
BrushOptical sensor
stable around the tested fibers• Use of temperature and relative humidity
Sensor
probes• Use of HVI or RSTComb
Ejection
FibrosamplerAir ejection OFF
ON
85
Ambiant conditions
Results and conclusions : air succion OFF
14
m osampler
h or cal s
ensor
b osampler
10
12 ExternalBuilt-in
0
5
Room
Fibros
Brush
Senso
rOptic
aCom
bFibro
s
6
8
Tem
p (°
C)
-10
-5
0
%)
4
6
Diff
T
-20
-15D
iff H
R (%
0
2
m r h r r b r-30
-25
ExternalBuilt-in
86-2Roo
m
Fibrosam
plerBru
shSen
sor
Optical
sensor
Comb
Fibrosam
pler -35
Ambiant conditions
Results and conclusions : air succion ON
14
E t l osampler
h or cal s
ensor
b osampler
tion
10
12
ExternalBuilt-in
0
5
Fibros
Brush
Senso
rOptic
aCom
b
Fibros
Ejectio
6
8
Tem
p (°
C)
-10
-5
0
%)
4
6
Diff
T
-20
-15D
iff H
R (%
0
2
ler sh or or mb ler on-30
-25
ExternalBuilt-in
87
-2
Fibrosam
plerBru
shSen
sor
Optical
sensor
Comb
Fibrosam
pler
Ejectio
n-35
1920
Teneur en humidité (%)Moisture content (% w/w)
161718
GraineSource: USDA Seeds
131415
Coton-graine
More than 1 cN/tex
Seed-cotton
101112 More than 1 cN/tex
difference !(Sasser 1990)
789
Fibre
(Sasser 1990)
Fibres
456 Fibres
0123
880 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Humidité relative de l'air (%)
0
Relative humidity in the air (%)
Strength stability : HVICC bale 27985Strength stability : HVICC bale 27985Measuring unit covered vs uncovered
Motion Control 3500
24
25cN/tex
Motion Control 3500
22
23
24
Accepted range after calibration
21
22
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 24019
20
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240Time (mn)
(Covered) (Uncovered)
89
Strength stability : HVICC bale 28484Strength stability : HVICC bale 28484Measuring unit covered vs uncovered
Motion Control 3500
33
34cN/tex Motion Control 3500
32
33Accepted range after calibration
30
31
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 24029
30
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240Time (mn)
(Covered) (Uncovered)
90
Other possible bias in HVI measurement
Mass of this deposit = 0.0175 g91
Sources of variability in the results
VarietyG i diti
Plant to plantPi ki t h i
Seed cotton preparationGi i t h i (R/S)Growing conditions
(fertilizer, insects)Picking technique
Farm sizeGinning technique (R/S)
Lint cleaning
PrecisionAccuracy
R t bilit
RH conditionsNumber of samples / bale
RepeatabilityReproducibility
92
RH conditions,HVI calibration
Nb tests / sample
Number of samples / baleNumber of bales / lotMethod of sampling
Confidence Intervals (research samples in specific sampling conditions)specific sampling conditions)
2.5Units
2.0
2.5
UHMLUI
Upland Saw ginned
1.5
0StrengthUHMLUI
gsamples
Barbadense
1.0
UIStrength
Barbadense cottons
0.5
0.0
930 10 20 30 40 50
Nb measures / sample
Plan of presentation
• Introduction• Different ways of fibers characterization• A point about the standardization processA point about the standardization process• How does work an HVI• An example of relation between fiber and
yarn qualityyarn quality• Conclusions
94
Relations between yarnversus fiber qualityversus fiber quality
Open EndCard
D i fRing spinning
Drawing frame
95
Relations between yarn versus fiber qualityy q y
Coton A Coton BML ( ) 22 6 24 2ML (mm)UHML (mm)
22.628.4
24.228.9
UI (%)Strength (cN/tex)
79.625
83.730.3
Elong (%)IM
5.02.9
5.73.8
MRPM (%)
0.6758.5
0.9079.6
H (mtex)HS (mtex)
143214
155173
96Rd (%)+b
69.711.9
72.811.3
Relations between yarn versus fiber qualityy q y
CRL yarn tenacity tests
600Breaking force cN
Coton A RS
400
500 Coton A RSCoton A OE
Breaking force = 14.45 x Tex - 79.07
200
300
0
100 Breaking force = 11.38 x Tex - 62.20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
-100
97Tex
Relations between yarn versus fiber qualityy q y
CRL yarn tenacity tests
700800
Breaking force cN
Coton B RS
500600 Coton B OE
Breaking force = 17,27 x Tex - 39,14
200300400
0100200
Breaking force = 14,75 x Tex - 78.92
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0-100
98Tex
Relations between yarn versus fiber qualityy q y
CRL yarn tenacity tests (RS)
700800
Breaking force cN
Coton A
500600700
Coton B
300400 Breaking force = 17,27 x Tex - 39,14
100200
Breaking force = 14,45 x Tex - 79,07
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0-100
99
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Tex
Relations between yarn versus fiber qualityy q y
Eveness tester UT3 : thick places (RS)
1800
thick places 1000 m
1400
1800
1000Coton A
600
C t B
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40200
Coton B
100Tex
Relations between yarn versus fiber qualityy q y
Eveness tester UT3 : thin places (RS)
1200Thin places 1000 m
800
1000
600
800
Coton A
200
400
C t B
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 400
200 Coton B
101
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Tex
Relations between yarn versus fiber qualityy q y
Eveness tester UT3 : neps places (RS)
1300Neps 1000 m
900
1100Coton B
700
900
300
500
Coton A
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40100
300
102
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Tex
Relations between yarn versus fiber qualityy q y
Eveness tester UT3 : hairiness (RS)
7 5
8Hairiness H
6 5
7
7.5 Coton A
5 5
6
6.5
C t B
4 5
5
5.5 Coton B
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 404
4.5
103
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Tex
Relations between yarn versus fiber qualityy q y
Eveness tester UT3 : CV% (RS) 26
CV %
22
24
C t A20
Coton A
16
18
Coton B
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 4014
Coton B
104
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Tex
Relations between yarnversus fiber qualityversus fiber quality
Breaking force (cN)
900
g ( )RS 20 tex r = 0,96OE 20 tex r = 0,96RS 27 t 0 97
700
RS 27 tex r = 0,97OE 27 tex r = 0,98RS 37 tex r = 0,97
500
S 3 te 0,9OE 37 tex r = 0,98
300
20 25 30 35 40 45 50100
105
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
HVI strength (cN/tex)
Effect of fibre parameters on yarn resistanceresistance
• 191 cottons from various origins• Fibre analysis + spnning RS 20tex
T Fil 0 44 T HVI 0 0016 H 2 58 MR 0 33 UI 27 03Ten Fil = 0.44 TenHVI - 0.0016 H + 2.58 MR + 0.33 UI - 27.03R² = 0.76 ***
106
Fibre strength and UI vs yarn strenght RS 20 texstrenght RS 20 tex
UI%
1819
UI%
16178
Yarn80
1415
Yarn strength (cN/tex)
1213
1124 26 28 30 32 34
107HVI strength (g/tex, HVICC)
Fibre strength and UI vs yarn strenght RS 20 texstrenght RS 20 tex
UI%
1819 86
84
UI%
16178
Yarn
8280
1415
Yarn strength (cN/tex)
1213
1124 26 28 30 32 34
108HVI strength (g/tex, HVICC)
Fibre strength and MRvs yarn strenght RS 20 texvs yarn strenght RS 20 tex
MR
1819
MR
16178
Yarn0.70
1415
Yarn strength (cN/tex)
1213
1124 26 28 30 32 34
109HVI strength (g/tex, HVICC)
Fibre strength and MRvs yarn strenght RS 20 texvs yarn strenght RS 20 tex
MR
1819 0.97
0.90
MR
16178
Yarn
0.800.70
1415
Yarn strength (cN/tex)
1213
1124 26 28 30 32 34
110HVI strength (g/tex, HVICC)
Fibre strength and Hvs yarn strenght RS 20 texvs yarn strenght RS 20 tex
H
1819 130
H
16178
Yarn
1415
Yarn strength (cN/tex)
1213
1124 26 28 30 32 34
111HVI strength (g/tex, HVICC)
Fibre strength and Hvs yarn strenght RS 20 texvs yarn strenght RS 20 tex
H
1819
170130
H
16178
Yarn
170210
1415
Yarn strength (cN/tex)
1213
1124 26 28 30 32 34
112HVI strength (g/tex, HVICC)
Fibres characteristics vs yarn strenght RS 20 texvs yarn strenght RS 20 tex
19 UI%Yarn strength (cN/tex)
18
19 86
8284
U %
16
178280
14
15 MR H
13
14 0.97
0.800.90 170
130
210
11
12
4 6 9 1 4 4 7 9 2 4 5 7 0 2 5
0.800.70
210
113
24 26 29 31 34 24 27 29 32 34 25 27 30 32 35
HVI strength (g/tex, HVICC)
Fibres characteristics vs yarn eveness RS 20 texvs yarn eveness RS 20 tex
• 30 cottons• Fibres characterization• Spinning OE 20, 27 and 37 tex p g ,• Spinning RS 20, 27 and 37 tex
114
Correlations coefficients between fibres characteristics and OE yarn evenesscharacteristics and OE yarn eveness
ML UHML UI ST EL Thin pl. (FIN) 20 tex -0.55 -0.58 -0.33 -0.62 -0.43 Thick pl. (GRO) ‘’ -0.34 -0.37 -0.12 -0.34 -0.20 Neps (NEP) ‘’ -0.25 -0.28 -0.10 -0.26 -0.22Neps (NEP) 0.25 0.28 0.10 0.26 0.22CV evenness (CVR) ‘’ -0.62 -0.63 -0.48 -0.60 -0.49 Hairiness (PIL) ‘’ -0.63 -0.61 -0.60 -0.55 -0.59 FIN 27 tex 0 54 0 57 0 33 0 52 0 41FIN 27 tex -0.54 -0.57 -0.33 -0.52 -0.41GRO ‘’ -0.32 -0.35 -0.12 -0.29 -0.25 NEP ‘’ -0.29 -0.32 -0.10 -0.28 -0.27 CVR ‘’ -0.39 -0.40 -0.27 -0.27 -0.34PIL ‘’ -0.57 -0.56 -0.52 -0.52 -0.41 FIN 37 tex -0.43 -0.44 -0.32 -0.34 -0.30GRO ‘’ -0.39 -0.41 -0.23 -0.28 -0.34 NEP ‘’ -0.25 -0.29 -0.03 -0.21 -0.17 CVR ‘’ -0.29 -0.28 -0.29 -0.21 -0.26
115
CVR 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.21 0.26PIL ‘’ -0.65 -0.64 -0.59 -0.49 -0.62
Correlations coefficients between fibres characteristics and RS yarn evenesscharacteristics and RS yarn eveness
ML UHML UI ST EL Thin pl. (FIN) 20 tex -0.75 -0.70 -0.86 -0.68 -0.71Thick pl. (GRO) ‘’ -0.85 -0.81 -0.87 -0.78 -0.81 Neps (NEP) ‘’ -0.60 -0.61 -0.42 -0.51 -0.60p ( )CV evenness (CVR) ‘’ -0.89 -0.86 -0.89 -0.82 -0.83 Hairiness (PIL) ‘’ -0.72 -0.66 -0.86 -0.64 -0.73 FIN 27 tex 0 71 0 66 0 85 0 64 0 67FIN 27 tex -0.71 -0.66 -0.85 -0.64 -0.67GRO ‘’ -0.82 -0.80 -0.79 -0.75 -0.79 NEP ‘’ -0.49 -0.53 -0.24 -0.41 -0.48 CVR ‘’ 0 90 0 87 0 90 0 84 0 85CVR ‘’ -0.90 -0.87 -0.90 -0.84 -0.85PIL ‘’ -0.68 -0.62 -0.84 -0.64 -0.72 FIN 37 tex -0.66 -0.60 -0.82 -0.58 -0.60GRO ‘’ -0.81 -0.79 -0.74 -0.73 -0.75 NEP ‘’ -0.47 -0.51 -0.20 -0.40 -0.43 CVR ‘’ -0 90 -0 86 -0 90 -0 83 -0 84
116
CVR -0.90 -0.86 -0.90 -0.83 -0.84PIL ‘’ -0.71 -0.66 -0.86 -0.64 -0.75
Plan of presentation
• Introduction• Different ways of fibers characterization• A point about the standardization processA point about the standardization process• How does work an HVI• An example of relation between fiber and
yarn qualityyarn quality• Conclusions
117
Conclusion
HVI cotton fiber measurements may be used to :
• Commercialy characterize cotton fibers properties
y
Commercialy characterize cotton fibers properties
– standardization ongoing for all measured parameters
– future evolutions to integrate new properties characterization
that may induce new rules in the trade– that may induce new rules in the trade
118
Conclusion
HVI cotton fiber measurements may be used to :
• Arrange laydowns to stabilize or control :
y
g y
– mean valuesmean values
– variability around those mean values according to production means (from field to ginning mill), sampling procedures (from ginning to spinning mills) …
119
Conclusion
HVI cotton fiber measurements may be used to :
• Predict the fiber behavior in the processing steps both
y
p g pin terms of :
– quality
productivity– productivity
120
Conclusion
HVI cotton fiber measurements may be used to :
• Control,
y
,
• Check,Check,
• And set spinning machineriesAnd set spinning machineries
to get the highest yarn quality as demanded by theto get the highest yarn quality as demanded by the market
121
Conclusion
HVI cotton fiber measurements may be used to :
• Breed new varieties depending on the improvements
y
p g pmade in the transformation stages.
depending on commercialy recognised characterizationcharacterization
122
What Cirad does and recommends
1) A t lib ti t i di l l1) Apparatus calibration to insure a proper reading level.
2) Check and set-up of procedures to warrant proper precision and accuracy levels.
3) Check of the results through a participation to3) Check of the results through a participation to periodical international round tests.
4) Check the precision in classing routine.
TO GETTO GET
– Homogeneous results on the cotton market
123– Limited number of claims.
Centrede coopérationinternationaleen recherche Thank youagronomiquepour ledéveloppement
y
for your attention