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Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 Garvin Heights Road Winona, MN

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Page 1: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Linda SeppanenGarvin Heights Vineyards2255 Garvin Heights Road

Winona, MN

Page 2: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,
Page 3: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine.

Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker, winery, region, and country level.

Many different techniques, recipes, outcomes. Desired wine style dictates much of winemaking techniques employed.

Money, time and workers also important.

Page 4: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Why we bother!

Page 5: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Evaluating Wine – Objective Qualities Varietal character

How well a wine presents the aromas and flavors inherent to the grapes from which it was made 

Integration How well all the components of wine are balanced and 

complementary to each other Expressiveness

Well‐defined and clearly projected aromas and flavors Complexity

That indescribable something that makes wine more art than beverage

Connectedness The cultural connection a wine has to the place it was grown

Page 6: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Components of Wine Alcohol 

Comes from fermentation; affects body, texture, aroma, & flavor May be sensed as a “hot” smell or burning sensation in the nose

Acidity Comes from natural acid in the grape; may be sensed as tartness Wines lacking acidity taste dull, flat or flabby and do not age well

Tannin Comes from seeds, skins and stems; adds “backbone” and “character” 

to the wine; is a natural preservative In overabundance, wine tastes harsh or bitter

Fruitiness  Propensity of wine to display fruity aromas and flavors

Sugar (sweetness/dryness) Depends on how much of the grape’s original sugar content was 

converted to alcohol Not the same as fruitiness!

Page 7: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Evaluating Wine

Smell Taste  Sight

Page 8: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Evaluating Wine ‐ SmellMuch of taste is smell, so getting a good whiff is important  Aerate the wine by swirling it in the glass Stick your nose in the glass and inhale

Called the nose, aroma, or bouquet Aroma traditionally refers to grape‐associated smells Bouquet refers to other smells (e.g. oak, vanilla, nutty or buttery)

Page 9: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Aroma Wheel

Page 10: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Evaluating Wine ‐ Taste Initial taste

The first impression of a wine on your tongue Take a sip, don’t swallow yet

Taste Swirl the wine around in your mouth, draw in some air Evaluate body & texture as well as flavor and balance

Aftertaste The flavors and aromas that last after swallowing the wine Evaluate length of finish (the longer the better) as well as 

flavor

Spit or Swallow…?

Page 11: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Evaluating Wine Body

Light, medium, or full?  (think about the difference between skim milk, whole milk, and cream)

Texture How does the wine feel in your mouth (e.g. soft, sharp, smooth)?  If you had to describe the wine as a fabric, what would it be?

Flavor What specific components can you taste?  It may help to run 

through lists of choices. Balance

Is the wine overwhelmed by any components (alcohol, acidity, tannin, fruitiness, sugar)?  

Length How long do the flavors and aromas linger after swallowing? 

Page 12: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Evaluating Wine ‐ Sight Color

Hold glass down & at 45 degree angle against a white backdrop Is a clue to age (whites darken, reds lighten w/ age) Is not a clue to flavor intensity For white wines, also look for clarity

Legs Swirl the wine in the glass & note viscosity of droplets which form & 

run down glass Indicates body & possibly alcohol content and/or sweetness

Page 13: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,
Page 14: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Definitions USA: definition for taxation

Table wine:   7 – 14% alcohol Fortified wine: up to 24% alcohol Sparkling wine: effervescent wine with certain level of carbonation

Europe Table wine: lowest quality wine produced No appellation or much distribution

Page 15: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

From the vineyard to the glass ‐

Page 16: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Terroir, the taste of place The qualities in a wine determined by its point of origin or appellation

The combined effect of sun exposure, soil conditions, climate, water quality

The sense of history In all agricultural products, but most talked about in wine and maybe cheese

Upper Mississippi River Valley Viticulture Area

Page 17: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,
Page 18: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Winery Operations Harvest Crush Must Additions Pressing Settling/Racking Fermentation(s) Aging/Blending Filtering/Cold Stabilization Bottling

Page 19: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Harvest

Page 20: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Harvest decisions• How do we determine ripeness?

• Vineyard Sampling

• Berry Growth

• Sugar concentration (Brix)

• Titratable Acidity and pH

Portable refractometer for Brix

Page 21: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Vineyard Sampling Sample must represent entire vineyard (changes in topography, soil, etc.)

Everything must be chosen randomly i.e.. different areas of cluster, canopy location, row orientation

Berry Sample (100‐200 berries) Most Robust but must be meticulous and unbiased

Cluster Sample (20‐50) Removes bias in berry sampling but requires more fruit

Vine Sample (all clusters from 1 vine) Only useful in vineyards where topography is uniform

Most robust is Berry sampling

Page 22: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Berry Expansion During Ripening Berry Growth goes through 3 stages

Stage 1 Rapid Growth Stage 2 Lag Phase Stage 3 Resumed Growth and Maturation

Growth pattern follows a double sigmoid During ripening the berry is expanding 

3 to 4 cell number  cell volume  300 fold.

Veraison (softening and coloration) begins at stage 3 

Page 23: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Sugar and Organic Acids

Primary compounds of interest are sugar and organic acids (sweet and sour).

As grape ripens it accumulates sugar Rapid sugar accumulation starts at veraison

Organic Acids decline during ripening Decline is due to dilution and respiration. Climatic Variation changes sugars and organic acids Hot Climate: High sugar Low Acid  Cool Climate: Low sugar High Acid

Page 24: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Sugar and Organic Acids during Ripening

Page 25: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Sugar Measurement Sugar (glucose and fructose) is the most abundant compound(s) found in berry. 

Other berry constituents are synthesized from it. Abundance allows indirect methodology for   measurement. (Unit Brix=% or g/100 mL)

Hydrometer used in winery to monitor fermentation Refractometer used in vineyard.                                        (Uses refractive index of sugars)

Page 26: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Sugar and Ripeness Typically grapes will accumulate up to 25‐26 Brix and after that increases are apparent and occur from dehydration.

Winemakers often will allow crop to hang on vine and dehydrate waiting for flavors to develop.

During this hang time the berries tend to shrivel and lose weight.

Negotiation for grape prices can be based on tonnage and this reduces weight of clusters. 

Winemakers who like to develop flavors should negotiate an acreage contract to maintain grower relationship.

Page 27: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Ethanol Predictions

Ethanol can be predicted from initial Brix in crusher.

Alcohol % = about ½ Brix

Table wine (USA definition) = 7 – 14% alcohol

Page 28: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Organic Acids Principal organic acids are tartaric acid and malic acid. Tartaric acid (most abundant) Stereochemistry was elucidated by Louis Pasteur in 1849.

Stable to microbial fermentation but forms insoluble salts with potassium (K2Tar found on the bottom of the cork or bottle in aged wines, KHTar is cream of tartar)

Malic acid (second abundant) can be metabolized by yeast and bacteria (discussed later).

Page 29: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Organic Acid Measurement Measured by titrating with a base of known concentration in the presence of a chemical indicator with a known pH end point. 

This measurement called titratable acidity (TA) pH is measured either with a meter or litmus paper. Concentrations range from 8.0 g/L to 6.5 g/L pH ranges from 2.8 to 4.0. 

White wine 3.0‐3.3 Red wine 3.2‐3.4

Page 30: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Other Parameters? Anthocyanin and tannin content in red grapes Total phenols in white grapes. Grape and wine relationship not well established for either because of processing effects.

Aroma compounds in grape difficult to measure. Methodology(s) for measurement tedious and not ready for production scale.

Page 31: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Tasting Grapes

Contrary to myth no one can accurately estimate sugars and acid by taste.

Tasting by panel (including winemaker and grower) with examination of sugar, acid, color,  and flavor.

Experience will provide perspective on varietal aroma, color and balance.

Building a historical database with subjective and objective descriptions can help.

Page 32: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Harvesting Practices

Primary objectives: Pick all of the grapes as fast as possible with minimum damage, inexpensively.

Sounds impossible? Condition of fruit at crush largely determines wine quality.

Competition with birds (good ripeness indicator). Early morning harvest are good because it is easier to process cool fruit.

Page 33: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Manual vs. Machine Harvesting Manual harvesting can be quick, selective, thorough, with minimal damage but not cheap.

Machine harvesting is cheaper but usually damages vines and reduces yield slightly.

Vineyard topography and trellis design largely determine type of harvesting style.

Hilly vineyards are difficult to machine harvest. Trellis design must be able to withstand machine damage and make fruit easily accessible to machine mechanism.

Good manual labor is hard to find.

Page 34: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Crush

Page 35: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Making White Wine Grapes are picked Grapes are crushed (stems may or may not be removed)

Grapes are pressed, skins removed, and placed in tank

Yeast may be added, and fermentation begins

Page 36: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Making White Wine (cont.)

When fermentation ends, wine may be left in contact with lees (spent yeast)

Wine is racked Possibly cold stabilized Possibly put into barrels to age

Possibly filteredWine is bottled

Page 37: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Making Red Wine

Grapes are picked Grapes are crushed (stems may or may not be removed)

Grapes, juice, skins and seeds are put in a tank

Yeast may be added, and fermentation begins

Page 38: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Making Red Wines (cont.) “Cap” is pushed downWine is drained (first run) and then pressed (first press) off skins after fermentation ends

Wine is put in barrels to age Periodically racked Possibly filteredWine is bottled

Page 39: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Press

Page 40: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Tanks for aging

Page 41: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Bottling

Page 42: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Primary fermentation is conversion of sugar into EtOH and CO2 is carried out under anaerobic conditions.

Anaerobic: Lacking oxygen C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 Heat is a by‐product of reaction Yeast can be killed if temperature gets too high. Above 38C problems occur.

Fermentation temperature can be regulated CO2 is dangerous by‐product that needs to be managed

Fermentation

Page 43: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Fermentation Temperature

Whites generally ferment at a lower temperature than reds.

White fermentation temperatures Lower temp. to preserve volatile components

Red fermentation temperatures Higher temp. for extracting phenolic components from skins and seeds

Page 44: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Regulation of Fermentation Temperature Metal tanks (excellent conductor) can use jacket filled with coolant (ethylene glycol, ammonia)

Wooden tanks (poor conductor) can use heat exchangers (uses tubes  filled with cooler liquid, that when moved past warmer liquid trades temperatures). Requires external pump.

Barrel fermentation temperature not controlled

Page 45: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

CO2 Management Carbon dioxide is dangerous by‐product How much is produced? 

About 3 times the volume of liquid during one day of a slow fermentation.

Fermentation rooms must have proper ventilation Cellar workers going into tanks should work in pairs CO2 detectors should be used in winery (Workplace safety have an upper limit of 0.5%)

Evolved CO2 also will remove off odors and pleasant ones.

Page 46: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

CO2 Management II Tank fermentations

Ventilation system with a fan or blower Ferment in an outside tank

Barrel fermentations‐Inside Ventilation system required Air conditioning load to cool room is greatly effected by outside air.

About 10,000 liters of CO2 produced by one complete barrel fermentation.

Page 47: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Yeast SelectionBasic Criteria for selecting a yeast Fermentation vigor (rate of fermentation) Finishes fermentation to dryness Reproducible fermentation characteristics Ethanol tolerance Temperature tolerance Produces no off‐flavors or aromas Sulfur dioxide tolerance

Page 48: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Yeast Selection II Dried yeast are produced healthy under aerobic conditions with plenty of survival factors (saturated fatty acids, sterols) Healthy cell membrane for EtOH tolerance.

Dried packets will survive for one year if stored in cold.

Before addition to must, re‐hydrate in a small volume of warm (40C) water.

Add about 0.1‐0.2 g dry per L of must.

Page 49: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Yeast by‐productsAside from EtOH and CO2

Glycerol‐viscous by‐product Not enough to modify wine mouth feel Elevated production in  SO2 conditions

Acetic Acid‐vinegar (volatile acid) Normal production (100 to 200 mg/L) can be made from nutrient deficient musts

Also made by spoilage organisms (Acetobacter)

Page 50: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Yeast by‐products II Higher Alcohols‐ higher MW  higher BP Formation by breakdown of amino acids (removal of amino group at end of pathway).

Excess amino acids does   Also made from sugar breakdown Not enough to normally change aroma of wine.

Isoamyl alcohol (banana) Active amyl alcohol (?) N‐propyl alcohol  Phenyl ethanol (rose aroma)

Page 51: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Yeast Selection III  Don’t choose a yeast because it supposedly produces different 

aromas CO2 blows of most yeast volatiles during fermentation. “Fermentation bouquet” are unstable volatiles that can be 

achieved through cool fermentation and protected from air contact it can be maintained for about a week.

Research showed no detectable differences between strains with same initial juice after fermentation was complete.

During fermentation all lots of odors are detected but not after fermentation is complete.

Only exceptions to this are wild yeasts and different species of Saccharomyces

Page 52: Linda Seppanen Garvin Heights Vineyards 2255 …...Overview of winemaking Quality fruit Grapes are fermented by yeast and converted into wine. Winemaking procedure(s) differs at winemaker,

Wild Yeasts Examples: Kloeckera, Hansenula, Candida, Brettanomyces, Zygosaccharomyces

Can produce off aromas (horse sweat, feces) Compete with Saccharomyces Generally are SO2 and EtOH intolerant.  Can be reduced by early SO2 addition and inoculation with Saccharomyces.

Are temperature intolerant, at 25C they are inhibited while Saccharomyces will survive up to 38C

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Stuck Fermentations

Two classes: Stuck and Stinky Some can be easily fixed, while others are more challenging.

Causes: EtOH toxicity, nutrient limitations, substrate inhibition, toxic substances and temperature shock.

Monitoring Fermentation is key to catching a stuck or sluggish ferment.

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Oak Oak

Used in fermentation, aging, both, or neither Provides vanilla and oak(!) flavors Depends upon the amount of toast Barrels or spirals

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Advances in Winemaking Stainless steel tanks Screw top?

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St Croix Marquette

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Frontenac Sabrevois

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Frontenac Gris La Crescent

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Edelweiss St Pepin

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Prairie Star Brianna

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Summary Good vineyard practices Quality fruit Harvest Crush Pressing Fermentation(s) Settling/Racking Aging/Blending Filtering/Cold Stabilization Bottling Enjoyment 

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Questions?

Thank you for your attention.

Come visit us at Garvin Heights Vineyards to enjoy a glass of local wine and the great views.

Take some bottles home to share.2225 Garvin Heights Road   Winona, MN  55987507‐474‐WINE (9463)www.ghvwine.com