linear integrated circuit lab manual by prabhu.pdf

U4ECB10 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Prepared ByPRABHU KUMAR SURARAPU

Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Electronics and CommunicationVel Tech Dr.RR&Dr.SR Techincal University

Chennai


VEL TECHDR.RR&DR.SR TECHNICAL UNIVERSITYPage 2

LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

SYALLABUS

1. Design of Inverting amplifier and Non-inverting amplifier, Adder &sub tractor.

2. Design of Integrator and Differentiator.

3. Differential amplifier and Schmitt Trigger using op-amp.

4. Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using op-amp.

5. Astable & Monostable multivibrators using Op-Amp.

6. Active low pass, High pass and band pass filters.

7. Design of A/D and D/A convertor.

8. Astable and Monostable multivibrators using NE555 Timer.

9. Study of PLL and its use as Frequency Multiplier

10. Design of Instrumentation amplifier. .

Beyond the syllabus

11. Voltage regulators.

12. Simulation of Active filters using PSICE.



EXP NO:1 INVERTING AND NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER

1a) INVERTING & NON - INVERTING AMPLIFIER

AIM:

To design an Inverting and noninverting Amplifier for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC 741.

THEORY:

The inverting amplifier is shown in the following Fig1.1. The input signal drives the

invertinginput of the op-amp through resistor R1 . The op-amp has an open-loop gain of A, so

that the output signal is much larger than the error voltage. Because of the phase inversion, the

output signal is 180 out-of-phase with the input signal. This means that the feed back signal

opposes the input signal and the feedback is negative or degenerative.

Figure 1.1

Basic Inverting Amplifier



PIN DIAGRAM:

Figure 1.2Pin diagram of IC 741

DESIGN:

We know for an inverting Amplifier ACL = RF / R1Assume R1 ( approx. 10 K ) and find RfHence Vo = - ACL Vi .Design the Inverting amplifier with the specifications: 1. R1=5 K,2.R1=2 K and 3.22 K

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 1.3Inverting Amplifier Connection Diagram

APPARATUS REQUIRED:



S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity1. Function Generator 3 MHz 12. CRO 30 MHz 13. Dual RPS 0 30 V 14. Op-Amp IC 741 15. Bread Board As per requirement 16. Resistors As per design As per design7. Connecting wires and probes As required As required

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.

3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator,

appropriate input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.

4. The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage

waveforms are plotted in a graph sheet.

THEORY:NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

A typical non-inverting amplifier with input resistor R1 and a feedback resistor Rf is shown in the

following figure 1.5 . The input voltage is given to the positive terminal.

V O=(1+ (R f / R1))VidDESIGN:

We know for a Non-inverting Amplifier ACL = 1 + ( RF / R1)

Assume R1 ( approx. 10 K ) and find Rf,Hence Vo = ACL Vi Design the Non Inverting amplifier with the specifications:1.R1=5 K,2.R1=2 K and 3.22 K



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF NON INVERITNG AMPLIFIER:

Figure 1.4Non Inverting Amplifier Connection Diagram

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No InputOutput

Practical Theoretical

1.Amplitude( No. of div x Volts per div )

2.Time period( No. of div x Time per div )

MODEL GRAPH(Inverting Amplifier)



Figure 1.5(a) Figure 1.5(b)

Input wave form Output Wave forms

MODEL GRAPH:(Non inverting amplifier)

Figure 1.6(a) Figure 1.6(b)

Input wave form Output wave form



RESULT:

The design and testing of the inverting and non inverting amplifier is done and the input and

output waveforms were drawn.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is an op-amp?2. Give the characteristics of an ideal op-amp.3. How a non-inverting amplifier can be converted into voltage follower?

4. What is the necessity of negative feedback? 5. What do you mean by unity gain bandwidth?



EXP.NO: 1(b) ADDER AND SUBTRACTOR USING OP-AMP.

AIM:

To construct an Adder and Subtractor using OP-AMP and verify its working.

THEORY:

ADDER:

The gain for each input to the adder depends upon the ratio of the feedback resistance

of the circuit to the value of the resistor at that input. The adder is sometimes called a weighted

adder because it provides a means of multiplying each of the inputs by a separate constant

before adding them all together. It can be used to add any number of inputs and multiply each

input by a different constant. This makes it useful inapplications like audio mixers.

Figure 2.1

Circuit diagram for Adder

Its behavior is governed by the following equation:



SUBTRACTOR:

It amplifies the difference between the two input voltages by Rf/Rin, which is the

overall gain for the circuit. Note that the ability of this amplifier to effectively take the

difference between two signals depends on the fact that it uses two pairs of identical

resistances. Also note that the signal that is subtracted goes into the negative input to the op-

amp. Be careful with the term differential. In spite of its similarity to the term

differentiation, the differential amplifier does not differentiate its input.

The circuit in the following Figure 12.2 is a differential amplifier, also called a

difference amplifier.

Figure 2.2

Circuit Diagram for Sub tractor

Its behavior is governed by the following equation:



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

ADDER:

SUBTRACTOR:



APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity1. Function Generator 3 MHz 22. CRO 30 MHz 13. Dual RPS 0 30 V 14. Op-Amp IC 741 15. Bread Board - 16. Resistors 2K 47. Connecting wires and probes As required -

PROCEDURE:



3. The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage waveforms

are plotted in a graph sheet.

RESULT:

The Adder and Subtractor circuits are constructed and their functions are verified.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Is it possible to construct an adder in non-inverting mode? How?

2. Why same values of resistors are used in the circuits?

3. Can you construct an Adder just with resistors?

4. Is your subtractor same as Differential amplifier? How?



EXP NO:2 DIFFERENTIATOR AND INTEGRATOR

AIM:

To design a Integrator and Differentiator circuit for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC 741.DIFFERENTIATORTHEORY:

The differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation. The differentiator may be constructed from a basic inverting amplifier if an input resistor R1

is replaced by a capacitor C1.The expression for the output voltage is given as,

Vo = - Rf C1 (dVi/dt)

Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 1800out of phase with the input signal.

A resistor Rcomp = Rf is normally connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp to compensate for the input bias current. A workable differentiator can be

designed by implementing the following steps:

1. Select fa equal to the highest frequency of the input signal to be differentiated. Then,

assuming a value of C1< 1 F, calculate the value of Rf.

2. Choose fb= 20 fa and calculate the values of R1 and Cf so that R1C1 = Rf Cf.

The differentiator is most commonly used in waveshaping circuits to detect high frequency components in an input signal and also as a rateofchange detector in FM

modulators.



DIFFERENTIATOR DESIGN:

[To design a differentiator circuit to differentiate an input signal that varies in frequency from 10

Hz to about 1 KHz. If a sine wave of 1 V peak to peak at 1000Hz is applied to the

differentiator, draw its output waveform.]

Given

fa= 1 KHz

We know the frequency at which the gain is 0 dB, fa = 1 / (2 Rf C1)Let us assume C1 = 0.1 F ; then

Rf = _________

Since fb = 20 fa, fb = 20 KHz

We know that the gain limiting frequency fb = 1 / (2 R1 C1)Hence R1 = _________

Also since R1C1 = Rf Cf ; Cf = _________

Given VP = 1 V and f = 1000 Hz, the input voltage is Vi = Vp sin tWe know = 2f

Hence VO= - RF C1 (dvi/dt)

= - 0.94 cos tDesign the Differentiator for fallowing specifications.

1. An input signal that varies in frequency from 10 Hz to about 750Hz. If a sine wave of 3

V peak at 750Hz is applied to the differentiator, draw its output waveform.







CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 2.1Differentiator Connection Diagram

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity1. Function Generator 3 MHz 12. CRO 30 MHz 13. Dual RPS 0 30 V 14. Op-Amp IC 741 15. Bread Board 16. Resistors As per design As per design7. Capacitors As per design As per design8. Connecting wires and probes As required As required

PROCEDURE:



3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate

input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.





INTEGRATORTHEORY:

A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage waveform is the integrator.

Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic inverting amplifier configuration if the feedback resistor Rfis replaced by a capacitor Cf .The expression for the output voltage is

given as,

Vo = - (1/RfC1 ) Vi dt

Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 180 0 out of phase with the input

signal.

Normally between fa and fb the circuit acts as an integrator. Generally, the value of fa< fb . The input signal will be integrated properly if the Time period T of the signal is larger

than or equal to Rf Cf . That is,

T Rf CfINTEGRATORDESIGN:

In the circuit of figure 2.2.(a),R1 Cf =1 second, and the input is a step (dc) voltage,2V. Determine the output voltage.

Let the input function is constant beging at t=0 second ,0



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: INTEGRATOR

Figure 2.2Integrator Connection Diagram

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity1. Function Generator 3 MHz 12. CRO 30 MHz 13. Dual RPS 0 30 V 14. Op-Amp IC 741 15. Bread Board 16. Resistors 10K 17. Capacitors 0.1f 18. Connecting wires and probes As required As required

PROCEDURE:





3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate

input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.



OBSERVATION TABLE: (Differentiator)

S.No Input Output

1.Amplitude

( No. of div x Volts per div )

2.Time period

( No. of div x Time per div )

OBSERVATION TABLE:(Integrator)

S.No Input Output

1. Amplitude( No. of div x Volts per div )

2. Time period( No. of div x Time per div )

MODEL GRAPH: DIFFERENTIATOR



Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

MODEL GRAPH

Figure 2.2(b)

Input and output wave form



VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is integrator?

2. Write the disadvantages of ideal integrator?

3. What is differentiator?

4. What will happen if R1 not present?

5. Write the application of differentiator?

6. Why compensation resistance is needed in differentiator.?

7. Why integrators are preferred over differentiators in analog comparators?



EXP NO: 3 DIFFRENTIAL AMPLIFIER& SCHMITT TRIGGER

AIM:

To design and test the operation of Differential amplifier and Schmitt trigger.

DIFFRENTIAL AMPLIFIER

THEORY:

A Circuit that amplifies the difference between two signals is called a differential amplifier.

This type of amplifier is very useful in instrumentation circuits. For differential amplifier, though the circuit is not symmetric, but because of the

mismatch, the gain at the output with respect to positive terminal is slightly different in

magnitude to that of negative terminal.

So even with the same voltage applied to both the inputs, the output is not zero.DIFFRENTIAL AMPLIFIER DESIGN:

Gain = 100, & Let R1 = 1 K

AD = R2 / R1

So R2 = AD * R 1

R2 = 100 * 1K = 100K.

1. Design the Differentiator amplifier having gain of 40.



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM



Figure 3.1

Differential Amplifier connection diagram

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity1. Function Generator 3 MHz 22. CRO 30 MHz 13. Dual RPS 0 30 V 14. Op-Amp IC 741 15. Bread Board 16. Resistors As per design As per design7. Connecting wires and probes As required As required

PROCEDURE:


2. Set the input Voltages V1 = 50mV & V2 =40mV.

3. Note down the Output Voltage

4. Vary the input Voltages and note down the output voltages.

TABULATION:

SL

NO

VI(V) V2(V) VO(V)



SCHMITT TRIGGERTHEORY:

The Schmitt trigger is a comparator with positive feedback. It converts slowly varying waveforms into square wave.

The input voltage is applied to the inverting terminal and the feedback circuit is connected to the non-inverting terminal. The input voltage triggers the output every

time it exceeds certain voltage levels.

These voltage levels are called as upper threshold voltage (VUT) and lower threshold voltage (VLT). As long as the input voltage is less than VUT the output remains at +Vsat.

When Vi is just greater than VUT, the output regenerative switches to - Vsat and remains at this level. When the input voltage becomes lesser than VLT, the output switches from -

Vsatto + Vsat.

FORMULA:

)(21

2satLT VRR

RV

SCHMITT TRIGGER DESIGN:

Vsat=0.9Vcc=0.9X12V=10.8V

To find R1 and R2 values

Choose R2 = 1K

12

1 UT

sat

V

V

R

R

R1 = 47K for VUT = 0.225V

satUT VRR

RV

212



1.Design the Schmitt Trigger R1=100,R2=56K,Vin=1V.Determine the threshold voltages.

2 Design the Schmitt Trigger R1=50,R2=22K,Vin=1V.Determine the threshold voltages.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 3.2Schmitt Triger

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the input voltage as 1Vpp.

3. Measure the amplitude of the output signal.

4. Note down the upper and lower threshold voltages by superimposing the square wave

on the input sine wave.

5. Plot the input and output waveforms.

TABULATION: Schmitt Triger

Waveform Nature Amplitudes(Volts) Time period(ms)

Input waveform Sine wave

Output waveform Square wave



MODEL GRAPH:

Figure 3.3 Schmitt trigger output graph

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the types of comparators?

2. What is the limiting factor of op-amp comparator?

3. Mention some applications of op-amp comparator.

4. Explain the operation of zero crossing comparator.

5. Which feedback is employed in Schmitt trigger?

6. What is the other name for Schmitt trigger?

7. What is hysteresis?

8. What parameters determine the hysteresis?

9. Give the applications of Schmitt trigger.

10. What is the use of Differential amplifier?

11. Define CMRR.

12. What happens when you apply same voltages?



EXP NO: 4 WEIN BRIDGE and PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP 741

AIM:To design the Wien Bridge and Phase shift oscillator using OP-AMP IC for the given specification.WEIN BRIDGETHEORY:

The Wien bridge oscillator is the most commonly used audio frequency oscillator

because of its simplicity and stability. Figure shows the Wien bridge oscillator in which

Wien bridge circuit is connected between the amplifiers input terminals and the output

terminal. The bridge has a series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC network in the

adjoining arm. In the remaining two arms of the bridge, resistors R1 and Rf are

connected.

The phase angle criterion for oscillation is that the total phase shift around the circuit

must be 00. This condition occurs only when the bridge is balanced. The frequency of

oscillation fois exactly the resonant frequency of the balanced Wien bridge and is given

by, fo = 1/(2 R C )WEIN BRIDGE

DESIGN

fo=1kHz

fo = 1/(2 R C ) and Rf = 2R1Choose C=0.05 F

So R= 1/ (2 10000.05 F) =3.1K

Take R1=10R=30 K and

Rf=2R1= 60 K (use100 K pot to get the exact value by varying the pot)

1. Design the oscillator that f0 =965Hz



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 4.1

Wien Bridge Oscillator

APPARATUS REQUIRED:S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Function Generator 3 MHz 22. CRO 30 MHz 13. Dual RPS 0 30 V 14. Op-Amp IC 741 15. Bread Board 16. Resistors As per design As per design7. Capacitors As per design As per design8. Connecting wires and probes As required As required

PROCEDURE:

1. Construct the circuit with the values obtained in the design.

2. Observe the output wave form on an Oscilloscope.

3. Measure the frequency of oscillator and voltage amplitude.

Model Graph:

U4ECB10

VEL TECHDR.RR&DR.SR TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Figure 4.2

Wein bridge Output graph

phase-shift oscillator

THEORY:A phase-shift oscillator is a linear

It consists of an inverting amplifie

back to its input through a phase

feedback network 'shifts' the phase

frequency to give positive feedback

audio oscillators.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:



Output graph

linear electronic oscillator circuit that produces a sine wave

inverting amplifier element such as a transistor or op amp with its output

phase-shift network consisting of resistors and

phase of the amplifier output by 180 degrees at the oscillation

positive feedback. Phase-shift oscillators are often used at audio frequency

Figure 4.3


Page 28

sine wave output.

with its output fed

and capacitors. The

of the amplifier output by 180 degrees at the oscillation

udio frequency as



Phase oscillator

phase-shift oscillator Design:Let C=0.1f,ThenR= (0.065)/(200*0.1f)=3.25KTo prevent the loading of amplifier R1>10R,therefore R1=10R=33K;Rf=29R1Rf=29(33)=957KPROCEDURE:

1. Construct the circuit with the values obtained in the design.

2. Observe the output wave form on an Oscilloscope.

3. Measure the frequency of oscillator and voltage amplitude.

Model Graph:

Figure 4.4

RC Phase shift oscillator output graph

TABULATION:

AMPLITUDE (V) TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY



RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What happens at the output if Rf is changed?

2. How is phase shift oscillator different from RC phase shift oscillator?

3. What are the applications of phase shift oscillator?

4. What happens at the output if Rf is changed?

5. How is Wein bridge oscillator different from RC phase shift oscillator?

6. What are the applications of Wein bridge oscillator?

7. What is the condition for the bridge to be balanced?



EXP NO:5 ASTABLE & MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS USING OP-AMP

AIM:To design and construct an Astable and Monostable multivibrators using IC Operational

amplifier 741.

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATORTHEORY:

Multivibrators are group of regenerative circuits. They are widely used in timing applications.

An electronic circuit that generates square waves (or other non-sinusoidal such a rectangular, saw tooth waves) is known as a multivibrator.

A multivibrator is a switching circuit, which depends for operation on positive feedback. It is basically a two-stage amplifier with output of one feedback to the input of the

other.

Multivibrators are classified as Bistable multivibrator Monostable multivibrator Astable multivibrator

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

Astable circuits are used to generate square waves. It is also known as free running multivibrator.

The circuit has two quasi stable states (no stable state). Thus, there is an oscillation between two states and no external signals are required to produce the change in state.

OPERATION:

In a free running mode, the two states of the multivibrator are momentarily stable and the circuit switches respectively between these two states.



In one state the amplifier output goes to positive saturation level while in the other state it goes into negative saturation. The amplifier output is thus a square wave; the

period of a square wave is determined by the time constant R & C.

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR DESIGN:

Feedback factor () = R2/(R1+R2)

Time period of the square wave T =2RC ln[(1+)/(1-)]

Let R1 =R2 10K then =0.5

Assume C = 0.1F

For a time period of 1ms

T= 2RC ln 3

Rf = 4.55K

Component values:

R1 =10K R2 = 10K

Rf = 4.55KC = 0.1F

1.Design the Astable multivibrartor ,so that f0 =1kHz.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 5.1ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMP Circuit Diagram



APPARATUS REQUIRED:


PROCEDURE:

1. Get the required components and check the condition of them.


3. Switch on the power supply and look at the output with CRO.

4. Measure the width and time period of the output waveform.

5. Look at the voltage across the capacitor, an exponentially rising and falling wave

between 5V and 10V is noted.

6. After completing the experiments, reduce the supply to zero potential and disconnect

the circuit diagram.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Parameters Amplitude(Volts) Time period(ms)

Output voltage

Capacitor voltage

MODEL GRAPH: ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR



Figure 5.2MONOSTABLE

THEORY: It is also known as one shot multivibrator. It generates a single pulse of specified duration in response to each external trigger

signal. A mono-stable multivibrator exits only one stable state.

Application of a trigger causes a change to the quasistable state. The circuit remains in a quasistable state for a fixed interval of time and then reverts to

its original stable state.

An internal trigger signal is generated which produces the transition to the stable state. Usually, the charging and discharging of a capacitor provides this internal trigger signal.

MONOSTABLE DESIGN:

SPECIFICATION:

Vcc = 10V, V (Sat) = 10V, pulse width T = 1msec

1. To find R1 and R2

= R1 R1+R2

Assume R1=R2, so = 0.5

2. To find charging period of capacitor,



T = R*C ln (Vsat / Vsat-Vt)

We know that,

Vt = Vsat* R2 / R1+R2 where Vsat = 12V and Substitute Vt in T, we get

T = R*C ln (1+R2 / R1) Take R2 = R1=10k.

T = R * C (0.69)

T = 0.69 RC

Choose T = 1ms, & C = 0.1f, find out the value of R, Therefore R = 12kohms.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 5.3

Monostable Multivibrator

PROCEDURE:

1. Get the required components and check the condition of them.


3. Switch on the power supply and look at the output with CRO.




OBSERVATION TABLE:

Parameters Amplitude(Volts) Time period(ms)

Output voltage

Capacitor voltage

MODEL GRAPH:

Figure 5.4Monostable multivibrator Output graphs

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is a multivibrator?

2. Give the principle of operation of Multivibrators?

3. What is another name for astable multivibrator?

4. What do you mean by astable multivibrator?

5. Differentiate astable and monostable multivibrator?

6. Give the application of astable multivibrator.



EXP NO: 6 SECOND ORDER ACTIVE LOW PASS HIGH PASS AND BAND PASS FILTER

AIM:To design a second order low pass, high pass and band pass filter and also to

determine its frequency response using IC 741.

THEORY:

LOWPASS FILTER:

An improved filter response can be obtained by using a second order active filter. A second

order filter consists of two RC pairs and has a roll-off rate of -40 dB/decade. A general second

order filter (Sallen Kay filter) is used to analyze different LP, HP, BP and BSF.

HIGHPASS FILTER:

The high pass filter is the complement of the low pass filter. Thus the high pass filter canbe

obtained by interchanging R and C in the circuit of low pass configuration. A high pass

filterallows only frequencies above a certain bread point to pass through and it terminates the

lowfrequency components. The range of frequencies beyond its lower cut off frequency fL is

calledstop band.

BANDPASS FILTER:

The BPF is the combination of high and low pass filters and this allows a specified range of

frequencies to pass through. It has two stop bands in range of frequencies between 0 to fL

andbeyond fH. The band b/w fL and fH is called pass band. Hence its bandwidth is (fL-fH). This

filter has a maximum gain at the resonant frequency (fr) which is defined as



DESIGN:Given: fH = 1 KHz = 1/ (2RC) Let C = 0.1 F, R = 1.6 K

For n = 2, (damping factor) = 1.414,Pass band gain = Ao = 3 - =3 1.414 = 1.586.Transfer function of second order Butterworth LPF as:

1.586

H(s) = ---------------------------

S2 + 1.414 s + 1

Now Ao = 1 + (Rf / R1) = 1.586 = 1 + 0.586

Let Ri = 10 K, then Rf = 5.86 K1.Design the second order high pass filter at a cut off frequency of 1khz with passband gain of 2.

2.Design a wideband pass filter with fL =200Hz,fH =1kHz and pass band gain=4

3.Design a second order low pass filter at high cutoff frequency of 1kHz.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LPF:

Figure 6.1 Low pass filter connection diagram



HPF:

Figure 6.2High pass filter connection Diagram

BPF:

Figure 6.3Band pass filter connection Diagram





PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The signal which has to be made sine is applied to the RC filter pair circuit with the non-

inverting terminal.

3. The supply voltage is switched ON and the o/p voltages are recorded through CRO by

varying different frequencies and tabulate the readings.

4. Calculating Gain through the formula and plotting the frequency response

characteristics using Semi-log graph sheet and finding out the 3 dB line for fc.

MODEL GRAPH:

LPF:

Frequency Response Characteristics: (Use Semi log Graph):

Gain - 3 dB IndB

fc = 1KHz

Frequency (Hz) Figure 6.4



HPF:

Figure 6.5

BPF:

Figure 6.6



OBSERVATION TABLE:

VIN = Volts

S.No. FREQUNCY Hz

O/P voltage(VO )Volts Av=20 log Vo/Vi dB

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is pass band and stop band?

2. What has to be done in the circuit, if you want your filter to exactly follow the cut-off

frequency?

3. Can a Band pass filter be constructed just by coupling a low pass filter and high pass

filter, how?

4. Why do we draw a line at 3 dB below the peak gain to calculate the pass band of a filter?



EXP NO: 7 ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANLOG CONVERTER

AIM

To design and test a 4 bit Successive approximation type A/D and 3 bit R-2R ladder D/A

converter

THEORY

The analog to digital converter is normally required at the input of a digital system for

the measurement or control of analog quantities. In A/D converters, the input is an analog

voltage and the output is a digital code. A/D converters are more complex and time consuming

than D/A converters.

A/D converters can be designed with or without the use of D/A converters as part of

their circuitry. The commonly used types of A/D converters are

(a) Successive- approximation converter

(b) Counting or digital ramp converter.

PROCEDURE

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply.

3. Give voltage to the IC.

4. Note the sequence of LED blinking.

APPARATUS REQURIED

SL. No Apparatus Range Qty

1. Operational amplifier IC 741 4

2. RPS (0-30V) 1

3. Resistors 1k, 20k14



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 7.1

Schematic Diagram for A/D converter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Qty

4. Operational amplifier IC 741 1

5. RPS (0-30V) 2

6. Resistors 1.1k, 2.2K, 4.4K, 8.8K20k, 10kEach 1Each 4

7. Voltmeter (0-10V)MC 1



D/A

THEORY

The decoder is one, which converts the digital information from the digital processing

unit to analog output. We call the digital to analog converter or in short D/A converter. The D/A

converter decode the digital information to analog form.

The input to a digital to analog converter is a binary signal available in parallel form.

These digital signals are available at the output of the latches or registers and correspond to

logic 0 and logic 1. These voltages are not directly applied to the converter but are used to

operate digitally controlled switches. The switch is put into two positions depending on the

digital signal 1 or 0, which connect the fixed voltages. Let us suppose we want to convert the

binary form the processing unit to a 0 to 3 volts output. We must first set up a truth table for all

possible situations. The following table shows four inputs into a D/A converter.

PROCRDURE

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch ON the power supply.

3. Set the digital input by using switches SW1 to SW8

4. The output analog equivalent for the digital data can be viewed from pin6

5. Verify the analog output theoretically by sing the formula given below

6. Repeat the steps 4 to 6 for different digital inputs

FORMULA USED

Vanalog = VR[(b1. 21) + (b. 2) + (b3. 23) + + (bn. 2n)]Where,

Vanalog = analog input voltage

VR = reference input voltage (4.99 volts)

b1,b2 bn = n-bit digital outputs

b1 is the MSB of the digital data

bn is the LSB of the digital data



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 7.2

D/A Converter circuit diagram

RESULT

Thus the R-2R ladder DAC and a binary weighted DAC has been tested for various digital inputs.



EXP NO: 8 ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

USING NE555 TIMER

AIM:To design, construct and test the astable multivibrator and monostable multivibrator using

IC 555.

THEORY:

IC555 is a combination of linear comparators and digital flip flops. The output of comparators is used to set/reset the FF.

The output FF circuit is brought out through an amplifier stage. The FF output is also give to a transistor to discharge a timing capacitor.

The 555 timer has two basic operational modes: astable and monostable.

Astable operation:

When IC555 is to be configured as an astable multivibrator, both the trigger and threshold inputs (pins 2 and 6) to the two comparators are connected together and to

the external capacitor.

The capacitor charges toward the supply voltage through the two resistors, R1 and R2. The discharge pin (7) connected to the internal transistor is connected to the junction of

those two resistors.

Monostable operation:

The trigger input is initially high (about 1/3 of +V). When a negative-going trigger pulse is applied to the trigger input, the threshold on the lower comparator is exceeded.

The lower comparator, therefore, sets the flip-flop. That causes T1 to cut off, acting as an open circuit. The setting of the flip-flop also causes a positive-going output level

which is the beginning of the output timing pulse.

The capacitor now begins to charge through the external resistor. As soon as the charge on the capacitor equal 2/3 of the supply voltage, the upper comparator triggers and

resets the control flip-flop.



That terminates the output pulse which switches back to zero. At this time, T1 again conducts thereby discharging the capacitor.

Whenever a trigger pulse is applied to the input, the 555 will generate its single-duration output pulse. Depending upon the values of external resistance and

capacitance used, the output timing pulse may be adjusted and the duration of the

output pulse is approximately equal to T = 1.1 x R x C

DESIGN:

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

T= 0.693(RA+2RB) C

0.7 (RA+2RB) CLet RA=RB=R

T= 2.1 RC

Assume R=10K and C = 0.1F for T=2.1msecAlso TON = 0.7(RA+RB)C =1.4msec

TOFF = 0.7RBC=0.7msec

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

TON= 1.1 RC

Assume R=10K and C=0.1F for TON=1.1msecCIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Figure 8.1



MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Figure 8.2APPARATUS REQUIRED:


PROCEDURE:



3. Observe the voltage across the capacitor and note down the amplitude.

4. Tabulate the readings

5. Plot the graph



TABULATION:

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR :

PARAMETERS AMPLITUDE(VOLTS) TIME PERIOD(MS)

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE

MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR :

PARAMETERS AMPLITUDE(VOLTS) TIME PERIOD(MS)

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE

MODEL GRAPH:

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Figure 8.3



MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Figure 8.4

RESULT:Thus the design of Astable multivibrator and Monostable multivibrator was done and

output was verified.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the modes of operation of 555 timers?

2. Explain the function of reset.

3. Define duty cycle.

4. Mention the applications of IC555.

5. Give the methods for obtaining symmetrical square wave.

6. What is the other name for monostable multivibrator?

7. Explain the operation of IC555 in astable mode.

8. Explain the operation of IC555 in monostable mode.

9. Why negative pulse is used as trigger?

10. What is the charging time for capacitor in monostable mode?



EXP.NO:9 FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL IC

AIM:

To study the operation of NE 565 PLL as a frequency multiplier.

THEORY:

Figure shows the block diagram of a frequency multiplier using the 565 PLL. The frequency

counter is inserted between the VCO and the phase comparator. Since the output of the divider

is locked to the input frequency fIN, the VCO is actually running at a multiple of the input

frequency.

The desired amount of multiplication can be obtained by selecting a proper divide by N

network, where N is an integer. For example, to obtain the output frequency fOUT =5 fIN, a divide

by N = 5 network is needed. The 4 bit binary counter (7490) is configured as a divide by 5

circuit. The transistor Q is used as a driver stage to increase the driving capability of the NE 565.

C3 is used to eliminate possible oscillation. C2 should be large enough to stabilize the VCO

frequency.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 9.1

Block Diaram for PLL



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 9.2



APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO ITEM RANGE QTY

1 IC IC NE565IC 7490

11

2 Resistors As required

3 Capacitor As required4 CRO 30MHz 1

5 RPS DUAL(0-30) V 1

6 Transistor 2N3391 1

7 Bread Board - 1

8. Connecting wires As required

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. The free running frequency fOUT of VCO is varied by adjusting R1 and C1 and the output

frequency is determined and it should be 5 times the input frequency.

3. Determine the output frequency for different input frequency of 1 KHz and 1.5 KHz.

TABULATION:

INPUT OUTPUT

AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY

RESULT:

The frequency multiplier using PLL principle is studied and the output waveform is observed.



VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the other applications of PLL?

2. Explain the working of the transistor 2N3391?

3. What is VCO? Explain its working.

4. What are the characteristics of PLL?

5. What is IC 7490?



EXP NO:10 DESIGN OF INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

AIM:To design an Instrumentation Amplifie for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC 741.

THEORY:

An instrumentationamplifier is a type of differential amplifier that has been outfitted with input

buffers, which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier

particularly suitable for use in measurement and test equipment.

Although the instrumentation amplifier is usually shown schematically identical to a standard

op-amp, the electronic instrumentation amp is almost always internally composed of 3 op-

amps. These are arranged so that there is one op-amp to buffer each input (+,), and one to produce the desired output with adequate impedance matching for the function.

Figure 3.1

Typical instrumentation amplifier schematic

U4ECB10


The most commonly used instrumentation amplifier circuit is shown in the figure. The gain of

the circuit is

The rightmost amplifier, along with the resistors labeled

differential amplifier circuit, with gain =

amplifiers on the left are the buffers. With

gain buffers; the circuit will work in that state, with gain simply equal to

impedance because of the buffers. The buffer gain could be increased by putting resistors

between the buffer inverting inputs and ground to shunt away some of the negative feedback;

however, the single resistor Rgain

method: it increases the differential

mode gain equal to 1. This increases the common

and also enables the buffers to handle much larger common

would be the case if they were separate and had the same gain. Another benefit of the method

is that it boosts the gain using a single resistor rather than a pair, thus avoiding a resistor

matching problem (although the two

the gain of the circuit to be changed by changing the value of a single resistor. A set of switch

selectable resistors or even a potentiometer can be used for

gain of the circuit, without the complexity of having to switch matched pairs of resistors.

The ideal common-mode gain of an instrumentation amplifier is zero. In the circuit shown,

common-mode gain is caused by mismatches in the values of the equally

and by the mis-match in common mode gains of the two input op

matched resistors is a significant difficulty in fabricating these circuits, as is optimizing the

common mode performance of the input op




The rightmost amplifier, along with the resistors labeled R2 and R3 is just the standard

differential amplifier circuit, with gain = R3 / R2 and differential input resistance = 2

amplifiers on the left are the buffers. With Rgain removed (open circuited), they are simple unity

gain buffers; the circuit will work in that state, with gain simply equal to R3 / R

nce because of the buffers. The buffer gain could be increased by putting resistors


gain between the two inverting inputs is a much mo

method: it increases the differential-mode gain of the buffer pair while leaving the common

mode gain equal to 1. This increases the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the circuit

and also enables the buffers to handle much larger common-mode signals without clipping than


is that it boosts the gain using a single resistor rather than a pair, thus avoiding a resistor

matching problem (although the two R1s need to be matched), and very conveniently allowing

the gain of the circuit to be changed by changing the value of a single resistor. A set of switch

selectable resistors or even a potentiometer can be used for Rgain, providing easy changes to the

of the circuit, without the complexity of having to switch matched pairs of resistors.

mode gain of an instrumentation amplifier is zero. In the circuit shown,

mode gain is caused by mismatches in the values of the equally-numbered

match in common mode gains of the two input op-amps. Obtaining very closely


common mode performance of the input op-amps.


Page 58


is just the standard

and differential input resistance = 2R2. The two

removed (open circuited), they are simple unity

R2 and high input

nce because of the buffers. The buffer gain could be increased by putting resistors


between the two inverting inputs is a much more elegant

mode gain of the buffer pair while leaving the common-

mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the circuit

signals without clipping than


is that it boosts the gain using a single resistor rather than a pair, thus avoiding a resistor-

s need to be matched), and very conveniently allowing

the gain of the circuit to be changed by changing the value of a single resistor. A set of switch-

, providing easy changes to the

of the circuit, without the complexity of having to switch matched pairs of resistors.

mode gain of an instrumentation amplifier is zero. In the circuit shown,

numbered resistors

amps. Obtaining very closely


U4ECB10


An instrumentation amp can also be built with 2 op

but the gain must be higher than 2 (+6 dB).

Design :

Design the instrumentation amplifier having overall gain of

Stage1:let AV1 =AV2

A=Suare root of (100)

=10

Stage 2:Designing the resistor values:

Asuume =R3/ R2 =10; and (1+2R/R

Taking Rgain=10k on solving R

1.Design the instrumentation ampl

2. Design the instrumentation ampl

3. Design the instrumentation ampl



entation amp can also be built with 2 op-amps to save on cost and increase CMRR,

but the gain must be higher than 2 (+6 dB).

Design the instrumentation amplifier having overall gain of 100

Stage 2:Designing the resistor values:

=10; and (1+2R/Rgain) = 10; taking R2 =1k ,R3 =10

on solving R1 =4.5 k

Design the instrumentation amplifier having overall gain of 25.




Page 59

amps to save on cost and increase CMRR,



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 3.2

Instrumentation Amplifier

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity1. Function Generator 3 MHz 22. CRO 30 MHz 13. Dual RPS 0 30 V 14. Op-Amp IC 741 15. Bread Board 16. Resistors As per design As per design7. Connecting wires and probes As required As required



PROCEDURE:

1.Patch the connections and connect the design resistance Rg extending to have the desired

gain.

2.Measure the input voltage at Vin1 and Vin2 using digital multimeter.

3.The difference in Vin2- Vin1 is amplified and indicated in LCD display.

4.Check the theoretical value with the experimental value.

TABULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the instrumentation amplifier with digital indication was designed and the working of this

was studied.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Why the above circuit is called Instrumentation amplifier?

2. What would happen if the Op-amps were fed back positively, in the above circuit?

3. What changes would you get if you increase or decrease the Rgainvalue?

4. What happens to the output when you change the values of R1, R2, and R3

separately?

5. What is the difference between Instrumentation amplifier and Differential amplifier?

S.No THEORETICAL VALUE PRACTICAL VALUEGAIN

SETTINGVIN1(mv)

VIN2(mv)

VIN2 - VIN1 Vout(mv)

GAIN = Vout/ VIN2 - VIN1



EXP NO: VOLTAGE REGULATORS

AIM:

1) To design a adjustable voltage regulator using IC LM 317 to vary the output from 1V to

4V.

2) To design a voltage regulator to give output voltage of 4-5V using LM723.

THEORY:

The LM317 is an extremely common positive voltage regulator - many laboratory supplies and other equipment are based on it. It can produce any amount between

1.25V and up to 35V by adjusting the resistance between its adjustment pin and ground.

The internal circuitry of the LM317 can only handle 1.5 A of current as an absolute maximum.

The LM317 is a linear regulator. This means that it dissipates the excess voltage as heat, with more heat produced as the voltage is set lower and lower. Thus heat sink must be

mounted on the regulator that is capable of dissipating the heat produced.

The LM723/LM723C is a voltage regulator designed primarily for series regulator applications. By itself, it will supply output currents up to 150 mA;

but external transistors can be added to provide any desired load current. The circuit features extremely low standby current drain, and provision is made for either linear or

fold back current limiting.

The LM723/LM723C is also useful in a wide range of other applications such as a shunt regulator, a current regulator or a temperature controller.

DESIGN:

CALCULATION:

LM317

The output voltage of the LM317 is

Vout = 1.25V * (1 + R2/R1) + Iadj * R2

If Iadj is negligible then



Vout 1.25V * (1 + R2/R1)Assume R1=220ohms, R2 = 100ohms

Vo = 1.25[1+(R2/R1)]

= 1.25[1+(100/220)] = 1.81V.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LM317

Figure 10.1

Voltage Regulator usnig LM317

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

Power supply (0-30v) 1

Resistors 5k,220

LM317 1

Voltmeter (0-30v) 1



PROCEDURE:

1. Make the circuit connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the amplitude of input signal as 12 Volt

3. Vary the DRB value.

4. Measure the output voltage.

5. Tabulate the readings.

TABULATION:

Adjustable DC Power supply using LM317 Vi=10Volts

Sl

No

DRB Value

in KOutput Voltage, Vo (volts)

Theoretical Practical



(II)LM 723

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 10.2

Voltage Regulator Using LM 723

DESIGN:

LM723

Assume R3=1kohms, R4 = 2.2Kohms

Vo = 7.15[1 + (R3/R4)]

= 7.15[1 + (1/2.2)]

= 4.95V



APPARATUS REQUIRED:

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the circuit connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the amplitude of input signal as 12 Volt

3. Vary the DRB value.

4. Measure the output voltage.

5. Tabulate the readings.

DC Power supply using LM723 Vi=10 Volts

Sl

No

DRB Value

in KOutput Voltage, Vo (volts)

Theoretical Practical

S.No.ITEM SPECIFICATION QTY

1 IC 723 2

2 Resistors 1kohms 2

3 Capacitors 100 pF,0.1microfarad 1 each

3 R. P. S (0- 30) V, 1 mA 1

4 DRB 1

5 Bread Board and

Connecting Wires

1,as

required



RESULT: Thus voltage regulator circuit is constructed and verified.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is regulated power supply?

2. What is series voltage regulator?

3. What is negative voltage regulator



EXP NO: STUDY OF SMPS

AIM: Study the power supply ( SMPS) and their voltage levels by multi-meter with proper attention to measure various voltage .

THEORY:Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) have become the architecture of choice for power conversion because of their economy, higher efficiency and lighter weight. In this lab you will investigate the basic operating principles of a switch mode power supply, and then design, build and test a simple supply given a few basic components.A considerable amount of background theory and design advice is included following the Procedure description below.

Block Diagram:

Figure 11.1

Block Diagram of SMPS



Design Objective:

Your objective will be to build either a 5V or 12V, 5W regulated supply with a maximum1% ripple at full load, maintained over a 10% input voltage variation. If the availablecomponents are such that you must design for a slightly different output voltage, discuss this change in objective with your supervisor. It is more important that you understand the design process and characterize the supply you build than to have a specific output voltage. Note that you will also have to test your supply to verify the specifications, and to characterize other parameters such as its response to step changes in load current and how long it can maintain the output if the input supply is interrupted.

SMPS Investigation and AnalysisThe first part of this lab involves investigating the principles of operation of a SMPS and the parameters that you will employ in the design.

Design and testing of a regulated SMPS For the remainder of this lab, you will be asked to design, build and test a regulated Switch Mode Power Supply. The restrictions you will be required to work within are as follows:

the input must be from the 120/24VAC step-down transformers available in the laboratory

the integrated regulator circuit available to you is from STMicroelectronicss UC384xB family: specifically, the UC3845B

a switch mode transformer is available: TS223-Y01MS (or a TS227-Y05MS, TS202-Y03MS, or TS222-Y01MS) from Coil Winding Specialists. While these vary slightly in specifications, they are all designed for approximately the same output power and voltages.

Remaining components must be from laboratory stock (A reasonable selection of suitable components is available. Some parameters may have to be adjusted slightly to conform to component specs.)

RESULT:

The study of SMPS is done by measuring the quantities.



EXP NO: DESIGN OF FILTERS USING PSPICE

AIM: To simulate the Active filters circuits using PSPICE.

THEORY:

LOWPASS FILTER:

An improved filter response can be obtained by using a second order active filter. A second

order filter consists of two RC pairs and has a roll-off rate of -40 dB/decade. A general second

order filter (Sallen Kay filter) is used to analyze different LP, HP, BP and BSF.

HIGHPASS FILTER:

The high pass filter is the complement of the low pass filter. Thus the high pass filter canbe

obtained by interchanging R and C in the circuit of low pass configuration. A high pass

filterallows only frequencies above a certain bread point to pass through and it terminates the

lowfrequency components. The range of frequencies beyond its lower cut off frequency fL is

calledstop band.

BANDPASS FILTER:

The BPF is the combination of high and low pass filters and this allows a specified range of

frequencies to pass through. It has two stop bands in range of frequencies between 0 to fL

andbeyond fH. The band b/w fL and fH is called pass band. Hence its bandwidth is (fL-fH). This

filter has a maximum gain at the resonant frequency (fr) which is defined as



DESIGN:Given: fH = 1 KHz = 1/ (2RC) Let C = 0.1 F, R = 1.6 K

For n = 2, (damping factor) = 1.414,Pass band gain = Ao = 3 - =3 1.414 = 1.586.Transfer function of second order Butterworth LPF as:

1.586

H(s) = ---------------------------

S2 + 1.414 s + 1

Now Ao = 1 + (Rf / R1) = 1.586 = 1 + 0.586

Let Ri = 10 K, then Rf = 5.86 K1.Design the second order high pass filter at a cut off frequency of 1khz with passband gain of 2.

2.Design a wideband pass filter with fL =200Hz,fH =1kHz and pass band gain=4

3.Design a second order low pass filter at high cutoff frequency of 1kHz.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LPF:

Figure 5.1 Low pass filter connection diagram



HPF:

Figure 5.2High pass filter connection Diagram

BPF:

Figure 5.3Band pass filter connection Diagram





PROCEDURE:Solution:1. Select programs->microsim eval8->design manager. click on tools->schematics. select draw->get new part->advanced.2.To create the circuit we need a uA 741 op-amp, two dc supplies(VDC),four labels(GLOBAL),six ground terminals(AGND),five resistors(R),two capacitors(c),and VAC. using part browser advanced. select all the above parts one at a time and place them in the work space. now close the get new part option by clicking on place and close.3. Arrange the parts in the work area the way they appear. Interconnect the parts using draw->wire.4.The parts in the circuit that require setting new attributes are the two dc supplies, five resistors, two capacitors, and VAC.A parts attribute is changed by first double-clicking on the part of the label and then entering the new value. set the attributes and change the attribute values of above parts. Also,set the GLOBAL labels, two each as +Vcc and VEE. To set up VAC attributes double-click on the symbol and then in pop-up window change magnitude and as shown below.ACMAG->1v->saveattr->change display->both name and value->0kACPHASE->0->save attr->0kAdd the location of V0 to the out of the circuit.5. Since a plot of V0 versus frequency is desired,open analysis->probe setup and click on automatically run probe after simulation.6.Open analysis->setup->Enable AC sweepOpen AC sweep->decade->pts/decade->10->start freq->10HZ->end freq->10HZ7. Save the circuit as a file.8.Open analysis->create netlist to make sure that there are no wiring errors.Aworning will appear if there are any errors.click onOK ana a list ofthe error locations will be displayed.if there are no errors,the circuit is ready for simulation.



9. Use analysis->simulate->analysis type->AC to execute the program.click on OK.if all is OK,the probe window with a black sceen will appear.10. Use trace->add->V[V0]Plot->Y axis setting->scale->log11. To add the V0 label to the graph, use tools->Label->Text and a text label box will be displayed. Type inVo and click on Ok.use the mouse toplace Vo above the wave form.12. Print the circuit schematics and the plot. The spice model of low pass filter and the output waveform are shown respectively.

MODEL GRAPH:

LPF:

Frequency Response Characteristics:

Gain - 3 dB IndB

fc = 1KHz

Frequency (Hz)

HPF:



BPF:

RESULT:

Active filter are simulated by using Pspice and Characteristics are observed in the out put.

linear integrated circuit lab manual by prabhu.pdf

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