ling 205 vowels and glides - university of albertakirchner/205/ling205lec11.pdf · preference of...
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Ling 205Vowels and Glides
Fall 2013
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Topics
• Cardinal vowel system– Primary Cardinal Vowels
– Secondary Cardinal Vowels
– Central Vowels
• Other vowel distinctions– Pharyngeal expansion (ATR)
– Nasalization
– Rhotacization
– Length
• Some non-English glides (vocalic approximants)
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Vowel Discrimination
• Try to distinguish as many vowels as possible:http://www.ualberta.ca/~kirchner/205/MyFairLadyClip.avi
clip from “My Fair Lady”
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Daniel Jones
• English Phonetician (1881-1967)
• Devised Cardinal Vowel System
• An Outline of English Phonetics (1918, Ch. 8.)
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Cardinal vowels
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Cardinal Vowels
• By definition the cardinal vowels are arbitrary reference points
• evenly spaced around the outside of the possible vowel area
• Sound clips produced by Daniel Jones in 1956 when he was 75: http://www.let.uu.nl/~audiufon/data/e_cardinal_vowels.html
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From cardinal vowels to vowels in IPA
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Dimensions of vowel space
• High/low
• front/back
• Rounded/unrounded
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Learning of the Cardinal Vowels
Cardinal Vowels can only be learnt from a teacher who knows how to make them or from a gramophone record or tape record. It is for the purpose of making these vowels widely known that these (...) records have been prepared.
Daniel Jones (1956 )
http://www.let.uu.nl/~audiufon/data/e_cardinal_vowels.html
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Intellectual Genealogy
• Paul Passy (1859-1940; Founder of the IPA, French phonetician) → Daniel Jones (1881-1967) → David Abercrombie (1909-1992) → Peter Ladefoged (1925-2006)
→ Patricia Keating (1952? - )
→ me (1961 - )
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Two extreme positions
just short of a palatal
fricative
just short of a pharyngeal fricative
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Primary Cardinal Vowel: Front unrounded
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Primary Cardinal Vowel: Back rounded (except [ɑ])
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Secondary Cardinal Vowel: Front rounded
• Deliberate reversal of normal action of the lips
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FrenchPronunciation Orthography Gloss
li lit Bed
le les the, plural
lɛ laid ugly
la là there
lɑ las tired
lɔk loque rag
lo lot prize
lu loup wolf
ly lu read, past part.
lø le the, m., sing.
lœʁ leur their
http://phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter14/french.html
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Secondary Cardinal Vowel: Back unrounded (except [ɒ])
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Vietnamese back unrounded vowels(Ladefoged, 2001, p. 268)
http://phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter11/vietnamese/vietnamese.html
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Interim Summary: Cardinal Vowels
• Sounds produced by Daniel Jones
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Central Vowels
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Additional miscellaneous Vowels
• [a] is officially a front vowel
• No IPA symbol for an open low central vowel
• [a] is nevertheless frequently so-used
(a)
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Swedish Vowel Chart
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Preference of unrounded front vowels and rounded back vowels?
• The features front and unrounded both conspire to increase F2
– The highest F2 found in vowels is in /i/.
• Back and round conspire to lower the second formant, so the lowest F2 is found in /u/.
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More levels of height than those of front/back?
• Auditory response to low frequencies (e.g. F1) is better tuned than that to high frequencies (e.g. F2)
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Summary
• Cardinal Vowel System– Primary Cardinal Vowels– Secondary Cardinal Vowels– Central Vowels
• Identifying vowel quality based on formant frequencies– F1 is inversely related to height– F2 is related to frontness/backness
– (Lip) rounding lowers formant values (esp. F2)
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Other vowel distinctions
• Nasalization• Rhotacization• Length• Pharyngeal expansion (ATR)
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Glides (vocalic approximants)
• Bilabial: ββ̞ (lip constriction without tongue body raising)
• Labiodental: ʋ (a weak [v])• Palatal: j (glide corresponding to [i])• Labiopalatal: ɥ (glide corresponding to [y])• Velar: ɰ (glide corresponding to [ɯ])• Labiovelar: w (glide corresponding to [u])
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Practise transcription of vowels
mock quiz