LING 388: Language and Computers

Sandiway Fong

Lecture 22

11/8

Administrivia

• Graded• Homeworks 5 and 6

• no real problems with Homework 5,

but Homework 6 seems to be worth reviewing in class

Homework 6 Review

Other verbal morphology constraints

• progressive be takes -ing– rule: (progressive) be V-ing– examples

• I was eating dinner• *I was ate dinner

• progressive + passive– rule: (progressive) be be-ing V+en– examples

• dinner was being eaten (progressive passive)• *dinner was been eating (*passive progressive)

• modify the grammar (g18.pl) to handle the examples above• Report the errors: morphology constraint

s

aux

vpnp

n

was

dinner

aux

vp

being

v

eaten

Grammar: g18.pl

Grammar: g18.pl

Grammar: g18.pl

Homework 6 Review

• Part 1• progressive be takes -ing

– rule: (progressive) be V-ing– examples

• I was eating dinner• *I was ate dinner

for progressives:–ing form is required, incompatible with –ed

vp(vp(Aux,VP),Ending) --> aux(Aux,Ending), vp(VP,Ending2), {checkEnding(Ending2,ing)}.

checkEnding(X,Ending) :-X = Ending -> true ;write(‘Error: verb inflectional ending must be ‘), write(Ending), write(‘, not ‘),write(X),nl, fail.

Homework 6 Review

• Part 2• progressive + passive

– rule: (progressive) be be-ing V+en– examples

• dinner was being eaten (progressive passive)

• *dinner was been eating (*passive progressive)

s

aux

vpnp

n

was

dinner

aux

vp

being

v

eaten

Add lexical insertion ruleaux(aux(be-ing),ing) --> [being].

Then solution on previous slide for Part 1 works here too1. progressive be rule subcategorizes for any VP headed by a –ing verb2. rule for passive be explicitly subcategorizes for a transitive main verb

Last Time

• Japanese language properties– head-final: Subject Object Verb– case particles: -ga (nominative), -o (accusative)– wh-in-situ (not fronted): dare (who), nani (what)– sentence-final Q-particle: ka

• examples– Taroo-ga hon-o katta (declarative)– taroo-nom book-acc bought– Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka (object wh-question)– dare-ga hon-o katta ka (subject wh-question)

Grammar j21.pl

we can both parse and generatewith thissimple grammar

Japanese Grammar

Testing the Japanese grammar…• Sentences:

– Taroo-ga hon-o katta

John-nom book-acc buy-PAST

– dare-ga hon-o katta ka

who-nom book-acc buy-PAST Q

– *dare-ga hon-o katta

who-nom book-acc buy-PAST

– Taroo-ga nani-o katta ka

John-nom what-acc buy-PAST Q

– *Taroo-ga nani-o katta

John-nom what-acc buy-PAST

– dare-ga nani-o katta ka

who-nom what-acc buy-PAST Q

– *dare-ga nani-o katta

who-nom what-acc buy-PAST

Wh-Questions: English

• English– declarative

• John bought a book– wh-question

• Who bought a book? (subject wh-phrase)• *John bought what? (only possible as an echo-question)• What did John buy? (object wh-phrase)

• grammar implementation– subject wh-question

• straightforward - same word order as declarative counterpart– object wh-question

• complex operation (irregular)1. object wh-phrase must be fronted2. do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”)3. bought buy (untensed form)

John bought a bookJohn bought whatwhat John boughtwhat did John boughtwhat did John buy

English Grammar

• starting point– grammar g18.pl (see slides in Homework 6 Review section)– parse tree, pre-predicate argument grammar

Exercise 2: Step 1

• Let’s modify the example grammar to handle the following sentences

• declarative– John bought a book

• wh-question– Who bought a book?– (subject wh-phrase)– *John bought what?– (only possible as an echo-question)– What did John buy?– (object wh-phrase)

• add rules for the new words– bought book john– who what

• Note: the Japanese grammar incorporates the wh/notwh feature– np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo].– np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon].– np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare].– np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani].

Exercise 2: Step 1

• wh-feature has been added to nouns– got to pass wh feature information up to the noun phrase node level

• Basic idea:– s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). – np(np(Y),Q) --> pronoun(Y,Q).– np(np(N),notwh) --> proper_noun(N).– np(np(D,N),Q) --> det(D,Number),common_noun(N,Number,Q).– vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,Q).

• Check your grammar• declarative sentences should work as before

– ?- s(X,[john,bought,a,book],[]).– X = s(np(john),vp(v(bought),np(det(a),n(book))))

Exercise 2: Step 1

• check the grammar• subject wh-question

– ?- s(X,[who,bought,a,book],[]).– X = s(np(who),vp(v(bought),np(det(a),n(book))))

• note– this is an overly simple in-situ analysis– (normally, it is assumed that who is raised to a higher specifier position, e.g. Specifier

of CP)

• object wh-question– ?- s(X,[john,bought,what],[]).– X = s(np(john),vp(v(bought),np(what)))

• assuming it’s not an echo question• how do we block this analysis?

– by stipulating the value of Q to be notwh– vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh).

Exercise 2: Step 2

• grammar– s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). – vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_),

np(Z,notwh).– pronoun(who,wh) --> [who].– pronoun(what,wh) --> [what].

• object wh-question– ?- s(X,[what,did,john,buy],[]).

• we need to write rules for wh-object fronting– First, some rules for “do”– aux(aux(was)) --> [was].

– do(aux(did)) --> [did].– do(aux(do)) --> [do].– do(aux(does)) --> [does].

s

np vp

v

sbar

np

what

buy

john

aux

did

np

wh-trace

Exercise 2: Step 2• grammar

– s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). – vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh).– pronoun(who,wh) --> [who].– pronoun(what,wh) --> [what].

• object wh-question– complex operation (irregular)

1. object wh-phrase must be fronted

2. do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”)

3. bought buy (untensed form)

1. fronting– sbar(sbar(X,Y)) --> np(X,wh), s(Y).

s

np vp

v

sbar

np

what

buy

john

aux

did

np

wh-trace

Exercise 2: Step 2

• grammar– s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). – vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh).– pronoun(who,wh) --> [who].– pronoun(what,wh) --> [what].

• object wh-question– complex operation (irregular)

1. object wh-phrase must be fronted

2. do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”)

3. bought buy (untensed form)

2. do-support– sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s(Y).

s

np vp

v

sbar

np

what

buy

john

aux

did

Exercise 2: Step 3• grammar

– sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s(Y).– s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). – vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_),

np(Z,notwh).– pronoun(who,wh) --> [who].– pronoun(what,wh) --> [what].

• object wh-question– complex operation (irregular)

1. object wh-phrase must be fronted

2. do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”)

3. bought buy (untensed form)

3. untensed main verb– transitive(v(bought),ed) --> [bought].– transitive(v(buy),root) --> [buy].

s

np vp

v

sbar

np

what

buy

john

aux

did

Exercise 2: Step 3

• grammar– sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s(Y).– s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). – vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh).– pronoun(who,wh) --> [who].– pronoun(what,wh) --> [what].

• Object wh-question:– complex operation (irregular)

1. object wh-phrase must be fronted

2. do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”)

3. bought buy (untensed form)

3. VP rule for missing (fronted) object– transitive(v(buy),root) --> [buy].– vp(vp(Y,np(wh-trace))) --> transitive(Y,root).

s

np vp

v

sbar

np

what

buy

john

aux

did

np

wh-trace

Exercise 2: Step 3

• Grammar check• Test the modified grammar on

– What did John buy?

• Does the grammar accept– John bought what?

Exercise 2: Step 4

• How do we force our VP fronted rule to be used?

• One method: – signal or pass information down the tree

encoded in the nonterminal name• Modify rule

sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A), s_objectwh(Y).

• Add new rules_objectwh(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q),

vp_objectwh(Z). • Modify rule

vp_objectwh(vp(Y,np(wh-trace))) --> transitive(Y,root).

s[objectwh]

np vp [objectwh]

v

sbar

np

what

buy

john

aux

did

np

wh-trace

Like a slash category S/NP

Exercise 2: Step 4• Check all the original sentences work

– Declarative:• John bought a book

– Wh-Question:• Who bought a book? (subject wh-phrase)• *John bought what? (only possible as an echo-

question)• What did John buy? (object wh-phrase)

• grammar – s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp(Z). – vp(vp(Y,Z)) --> transitive(Y,_), np(Z,notwh).– pronoun(who,wh) --> [who].– pronoun(what,wh) --> [what].– sbar(sbar(X,A,Y)) --> np(X,wh), do(A),

s_objectwh(Y).– s_objectwh(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), vp_objectwh(Z). – vp_objectwh(vp(Y)) --> transitive(Y,root).

• query– ?- sbar(X,[what,did,john,buy],[]).– X = sbar(np(what),aux(did),s(np(john),vp(v(buy))))

• cleaning up, add new rule– sbar(S) --> s(S).

s[objectwh]

np vp [objectwh]

v

sbar

np

what

buy

john

aux

did

Exercise 3

• Subject and object wh-nouns do not end up in the same place in this simple grammar.

• Modify the grammar to use traces of movement.

• Generate the following structures:– [Sbar Who [S [NP trace] [VP bought [NP a book]]]]– [Sbar What did [S [NP John] [VP buy [NP trace]]]]