lingelbach, folklife in the piazza del popolo 1650
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Lingelbach, Folklife in the Piazza del Popolo 1650
Lingenback Carnival in Piazza Colonna 1650
Bird in the Air Pump 1768 Joseph Wright English
18th century Enlightenment: science, reason, technology,
French Royal Government:
Monarchy: hereditary succession through royal families
dynasties: Valois to 16th C. Bourbon until French Revolution
Estates General: called in 1788, due to financial crisis meet in Versailles at royal palace
Representative body: not called by King since 1614
1st Estate the clergy2cd Estate the nobility3rd Estate the bourgeoisie (townsmen as representative of rest of agricultural population)
FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789
1789 ESTATES GENERAL (first meeting since 1614) meets in Versailles 1st estate (clergy): 2% (100,000); 2cd estate (nobles): 8% (400,000) 3rd estate (bourgeosie): represent other 90% of population
Number of delegates: clergy 291, nobility 270, 3rd estate 578 conflict between privileged orders and population of 23 million:
POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENLIGHTENMENT:
possible forms of "enlightened" government
I. ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM OR ABSOLUTISM builds on 17th C. models of absolutist royal rule, such as Louis XIV in France (“ l’ètat, c’est moi – I am the state.”)
image of government by "enlightened," educated monarch, who legislates for good of society models in eastern Europe: Prussia, Austro-Hungarian/Hapsburg Empire (Milan)
II. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY model of English monarchy: King with consent of Parliament limited powers of monarch, combined with representative assembly make this a "reasonable" approach; first government of
French Revolution =
1789-92 Constitutional Monarchy: Constitution drafted by National Assembly (3 rd Estate plus supporters from 1st & 2cd)
1793 execution of Louis XIII as Citizen Capet
III. REPUBLICANISM radical, non-monarchical alternative of American colonies in 1776 Revolution 1792-95 First French Republic influenced by Rousseau, by American Republic of 1776 by classical model of ancient Roman Republic
David, Jacques-Louis (1748-1825). French neo-classical painter associated with French Revolution, Napoleon
David The Oath of the Horatii 1784
David 1789 Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons
David Oath of the Tennis Court 1791 (center = Talleyrand, Lafayette
July 14 PARISIAN REVOLT, STORMING OF BASTILLE -- armed revoltJuly 17 King capitulates, goes to Paris to submit to nation, wearing the TRICOLEUR: Flag = red & blue = city of Paris; white = royal flag Marquis de Lafayette: commander of Parisian city guard
August 4 END OF FEUDALISM: "The feudal regime is abolished in its entirety."August 10 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN & CITIZEN: anti-feudal, social contract
Fall of the Bastille prison in Paris, 14 July 1789
Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830
David The Intervention of the Sabine Women 1794-99 with Paris’ Bastille in background as Capitoline Hill
1791-92 CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY October: Legislative Assembly elected 1792: Fall of Constitutional Monarchy due to war, pressure of Parisian risings
FIRST FRENCH REPUBLIC 1792-1795 SECOND REVOLUTION (REPUBLICAN) 9-10 August: rising of Parisian population
1793 JAN: EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI (Citizen Louis Capet):
1794-95 The Terror
French flag tricoleur
red and blue = city of Pariswhite = royal flag
Marie Antoinette
with a Rose, 1783
Marie Louise Vigee-LeBrun
David
Marie Antoinette on her way to the guillotine 1793
David
Death of Marat
1793
Marat was Jacobinorator assassinated in his bath by young royalist Charlotte Corday
RISE OF NAPOLEON:
1795 Parisian rising suppressed by young General Bonaparte given command of army in Italy by new government of the Directory NAPOLEON’S INVASION OF ITALY 1796-1814
1797 Napoleon's conquest of Venice, Rome, Pope as prisoner sets up Italian kingdoms as part of French Empire Northern Italy: Cisalpine Republic Naples: Parthenopean Republic
suppresses the Roman Inquisition in areas conquered
David
Napoleon Crossing the Alps at the St.Bernard Pass
1801
1799 CONSULATE: Napoleon is one of three consuls; end of revolutionary democracy
1802 Napoleon declares himself "consul for life" 1804 "the government of the Republic is entrusted to an Emperor"
Major domestic achievements: CONCORDAT WITH ROME 1802: Catholicism recognized as "religion of the majority of Frenchmen," but not established church; toleration retained NAPOLEONIC CODE: 1804 Civil Code; 1807 Code Napoleon model of Roman legal code of Justinian
David, Napoleon in his study 1812
David, Pope Pius VII 18051800-1823
David, Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of Empress Josephine in the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris on 2 Dec 1804
Ingres, Napoleon as Emperor
David, Madame de Verninac, 1799
David, Madame Recamier, 1800
Arc de triomphe, Paris modelled on Arch of Titusbegun 1806
Arc de triomphe au carousel modelled on Arch of Constantine