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To the presentation on Linguistics terms

Language:

 Audible, articulate, meaningful sound as produced by the action of the vocal organs

Audible

Articulate

Language

Meaningful

the action of the vocal organs

Stages of learning a language Listening

Understanding

Speaking

Reading

Writing

Steps of leaning English as a second language

Reading

Memorizing

Translating

Writing

Features of a Language

Language Is Systematic

Language Is Symbolic

Arbitrariness

Language Is Primarily Vocal

Language Is Human Specific

Language Is Used for Communication

Functions of Language

Language enables humans to do many things, thus serving different functions in the society. Finch (1998) lists seven general (micro) functions:

Physiological function Phatic function Recording function Identifying function Reasoning function Communicating function Pleasure function

Varieties of Language

Idiolect : From person to person

Dialect : Due to regional difference

Sociolect : Due to social position

Style/ Register : Professional variation

Other Communication

Human: Direct

Body language (kinesics), tone of voice, personal space (proxemics), gesture

Indirect Writing, mathematics, music, painting, signs

Nonhuman: Sounds, odors, body movements Call systems, ethologists ASL – American Sign Language

Animal v. Human Communication

Four differences:

Productivity (infinite expressions) Displacement (past, present, future) Arbitrariness (no link between word and sound) Combining sounds (phonemes)

English has 45 phonemes

Nonhuman animals cannot combine sounds

Linguistics:

Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human languages.

the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax, and phonetics.

Main branches of linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Phonetics

Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.

Phonology

Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure.

A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.

Morphology

Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation processes.

Although many people think of words as the basic meaningful elements of a language，many words can be broken down into still smaller units, called morphemes.

Terms: morpheme; affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes); bound vs. free; root vs. stem vs. derivational.

Syntax Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding

correct sentences.

The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax, which specify word order, sentence organization, and the relationships between words, word classes and other sentence elements.

We know that words are organized into structures more than just word order.

Semantics:

Study of meaning  

Semantics The following are what the key concepts look like:

semantic components

denotation of words

sense relations between words such as antonymy and synonymy

sense relations between sentences such as entailment and presupposition and others.

examines how meaning is encoded in a language

The Scope of Semantics

Naming

Concepts

Sense and Reference

Word and Lexeme

Sentence

Prosodies

Paralinguistic

Speech Acts

Sarcasm

Social

Saussure’s Theory of the Sign

Sign = Linguistic form + Meaning

‘The word cat’ = [kh æ t] +

C. Grammar:

The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the grammar of a language. The grammar is an internalized, unconscious set of rules.

Morph

the phonological representation of a morphemeIn linguistics, a word segment that represents one morpheme in sound or writing. For example, the word infamous is made up of three morphs--in-, fam(e), -eous--each of which represents one morpheme.

While a morpheme is an abstract unit of meaning, a morph is a formal unit with a physical shape.

Morpheme

A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Adjective: morphemic.

Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).

Allomorph

Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic (s) of cats (kăts), (z) of pigs (pĭgz), and (ĭz) horses(hôr′sĭz) are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.

Phone

a speech sound: There are three phonetically different “t” phones in an utterance of “titillate,” and two in anutterance of “tattletale.”

A speech sound considered without reference to its status as a phoneme or an allophone in a language.

Phoneme

 one of the set of speech sounds in any given language that serve to distinguish one word from another. A phoneme may consist of several phonetically distinct articulations, which are regarded as identical by native speakers, since one articulation may be substituted for another without any change of meaning. Thus /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English because they distinguish such words aspect  and bet,  whereas the light and dark /l/ sounds in little  are not separate phonemes since they maybe transposed without changing meaning

Allophone

Linguistics A predictable phonetic variant of a phoneme. For example, the aspirated t of top, the unaspirated t of stop, and the tt (pronounced as a flap) of batter are allophones of the English phoneme /t/.

(Phonetics & Phonology) any of several speech sounds that are regarded as contextual or environmental variants of the same phoneme. In English the aspirated initial (p) in pot and the unaspirated (p) in spot are allophones of the phoneme /p/

 t-sounds of top, stop, tree, cat, button, metal, or city

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