Linguistics/GrammarLinguistics/Grammar

Praxis 0049 – Elluminate SessionMarch 6th

Presenter: Carol Cherson

Which Terms Do We Know???Which Terms Do We Know???AdverbAllusionApostropheBallad StanzaConjunctionsHomophone IronyPhoneticsPreposition (but used it in this presentation)Prepositional PhaseSubject Verb Agreement

Terms Game –Terms Game –write the answer in the write the answer in the chat boxchat box

1. A writer’s or speaker’s choice of words2. The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, or a word,

phrase, sentence or passage3. A phrase containing a participle and any complements or modifiers it

has. Ie... Running on the beach, xxxxx. Ie... xxx hates Buttering his bread with a fork.

4. in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

5. in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).- ends in -ing and is used as a noun EX: RUNNING

6. more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common __ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation.

7. related linguistically: The English word "mother" is cognate to the Latin word "mater," whose influence is visible in the words "maternal" and "maternity."

8. an extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literally, as "to wait an eternity.“

9. word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence. Examples: in, under, near, behind, to, from, over

Terms Game –Terms Game –write the answer in the chat write the answer in the chat boxbox1. Typewriter becomes typewrite, babysitter

becomes babysit2. a method of representing the sounds of a language

by written or printed symbols3. - One word category used in another(advance -n and

advance -v)

4. to + verb, acts like n, adj, adv Example: to fly

5. parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.

6. How to use this method in your classrooms? (all three slides as an example

1. Verbalize answers

The Adverb ClauseThe Adverb Clause

An adverb clause will meet three requirements:◦ First, it will contain a subject and verb.◦ You will also find a subordinate conjunction that keeps

the clause from expressing a complete thought.◦ Finally, you will notice that the clause answers one of

these three adverb questions: How? When? or Why?Read these examples:

◦ Tommy scrubbed the bathroom tile until his arms ached. How did Tommy scrub? Until his arms ached, an adverb clause.

◦ Josephine's three cats bolted from the driveway once they saw her car turn the corner. When did the cats bolt? Once they saw her car turn the corner,

an adverb clause.◦ After her appointment at the orthodontist, Danielle

cooked eggs for dinner because she could easily chew an omelet. Why did Danielle cook eggs? Because she could easily chew an

omelet, an adverb clause.

The Adjective ClauseThe Adjective ClauseAn adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:First, it will contain a subject and verb.Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:

◦ relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb◦ relative pronoun as subject + verb

Here are some examples:◦ Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie

Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.◦ Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie

Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].

◦ That bounced across the kitchen floor That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.

◦ Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb.

The Adjective ClauseThe Adjective Clause Avoid writing a sentence fragment. An adjective clause does not express a complete thought, so it cannot

stand alone as a sentence. To avoid writing a fragment, you must connect each adjective clause to a main clause. Read the examples below. Notice that the adjective clause follows the word that it describes.◦ Diane felt manipulated by her beagle Santana, whose big, brown eyes pleaded for

another cookie.◦ Chewing with her mouth open is one reason why Fred cannot stand sitting across from

his sister Melanie.◦ Growling ferociously, Oreo and Skeeter, Madison's two dogs, competed for the

hardboiled egg that bounced across the kitchen floor.◦ Laughter erupted from Annamarie, who hiccupped for seven hours afterward.

Punctuate an adjective clause correctly. ◦ Punctuating adjective clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide

if the adjective clause is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.◦ Essential clauses do not require commas. An adjective clause is essential when you

need the information it provides. Look at this example:◦ The vegetables that people leave uneaten are often the most nutritious.◦ Vegetables is nonspecific. To know which ones we are talking about, we must have the

information in the adjective clause. Thus, the adjective clause is essential and requires no commas.

◦ If, however, we eliminate vegetables and choose a more specific noun instead, the adjective clause becomes nonessential and does require commas to separate it from the rest of the sentence. Read this revision:

◦ Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very nutritious.

Appositive PhraseAppositive PhraseAn appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Look at these examples:The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.The insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.The insect, 1a large cockroach with hairy legs, is crawling across the kitchen table.The insect, a large, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of oatmeal, is crawling across the kitchen table.Here are more examples:During the dinner conversation, Clifford, the messiest eater at the table, spewed mashed potatoes like an erupting volcano.My 286 computer, a modern-day dinosaur, chews floppy disks as noisily as my brother does peanut brittle.Genette's bedroom desk, the biggest disaster area in the house, is a collection of overdue library books, dirty plates, computer components, old mail, cat hair, and empty potato chip bags.Reliable, Diane's eleven-year-old beagle, chews holes in the living room carpeting as if he were still a puppy.Punctuate the appositive correctly.The important point to remember is that a nonessential appositive is always separated from the rest of the sentence with comma(s).When the appositive begins the sentence, it looks like this:

◦ A hot-tempered tennis player, Robbie charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.

When the appositive interrupts the sentence, it looks like this:◦ Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player, charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor

man's skull with a racket.And when the appositive ends the sentence, it looks like this:

◦ Upset by the bad call, the crowd cheered Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player who charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.

Dependent ClauseDependent Clauseclause that contains a noun and a verb

but can't stand alone as sentence ◦EX:(Because the magician's rabbit refused

to come out of the hat...)

ExerciseExerciseWhat is the adverbial clause?

◦ She practices as though her life depended on it Write an adverbial clause in the chat box Look at the chat box and copy two sentences that you think

have a great adjective clause in it.What is the adjective clause? (look at paper)

◦ My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs Write an adjective clause in the chat box Look at the chat box and copy two sentences that you think

have a great adjective clause in it.What is the appositive phrase?

◦ Our department head, a careful reader and outspoken critic, will review the memo before it is circulated. Write an Appositive Phrase in the chat box Look at the chat box and copy two phrases that you think are

good

IdiomsIdiomsWrite 3 that you use and have used.

◦Go fly a kite◦You made my day◦I was railroaded into that◦I feel at home◦A babe in the woods

For March 16th have at least two idioms that you can directly find in one of your novels

Sentence TypesSentence TypesCompound Sentence

◦ Two main clauses, each with a verb, linked with a conjunction. Eg. "The sun shone and the children played on the beach"

Compound Complex Sentence◦ Independent Clause + Independent Clause + Dependent

Clause, @ 3 Subject Verb (I ate popcorn and I watched a movie because I was sick)

Imperative Sentence◦ A statement that makes a request or a command. It

begins with a verb, and the statement is always understood to be you. (Bring your homework to my desk. Subject= you; verb= bring)

Compound SentencesCompound SentencesA compound sentence is a sentence that contains two complete ideas (called

clauses) that are related. These two clauses are usually connected in a compound

sentence by a conjunction. The coordinating conjunctions are "and", "but", "for", "or",

"nor", "yet", or "so".Example:

Batman is a hero. He is successful in catching the criminals in his city.Batman is a hero, and he is successful in catching the criminals in his city.

OR…Batman is a hero, for he is successful in catching the criminals in his city.

Directions: In the following exercises, turn the sentence pairs into single compound sentences, each with a coordinating conjunction. You can rearrange or add words in the sentence to make it sound better, but only if it's necessary.

1. The black dog has won many prizes. He doesn't know many tricks.2. She saw a cat run in front of her. She fell down while roller-skating.3. There was a meteor shower. The crew did not know how to avoid the meteors.4. I wanted to buy a baby Chihuahua. I started to save my money.5. Gillian did not like to read. She was not very good at it.

Compound-Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Some examples: 1. Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with. •independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"•independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"•dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

* * * * * * * * * *  2. We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong. •independent clause: "We decided that the movie was too violent" •independent clause: "(but) our children thought that we were wrong"•dependent clause: who like to watch scary movies

 Compound-complex sentences are very common in English, but one mistake that students often make is to try to write them without having mastered the simple sentences, compound sentences, and complex sentences first

Compound-Complex Sentences (Example)

Even though he prefers to eat with a fork, he chooses to use chopsticks in Chinese restaurants; however, they aren't easy to use. ◦independent clause: he chooses to use

chopsticks in Chinese restaurants◦independent clause: they aren't easy to

use. ◦dependent clause: Even though he prefers

to eat with a fork

Extra CreditExtra CreditWhich of the 44 terms were not

mentioned in this presentation????

Resources Resources (click on name or copy (click on name or copy the link)the link)

Clauses - http://www.towson.edu/ows/AdvAdjNomClause.htm

Bergenimpact http://bergenimpact.wikispaces.com

Terms at Grammar Bytes -http://www.chompchomp.com/terms.htm