link planning tool
DESCRIPTION
Link budget planningTRANSCRIPT
Copyright: Alok K Tiwari 04/17/2023 22:29:31
Version : 7
17-Apr-20231 Freq. Desig. Linkend A : High 2030 Linkend B : Low HSIDC-Kundli
Mandatory dd mm ss 1 dd mm ss 1
28 52 16 N 28 51 36.1 N77 17 57.7 E 77 4 35.9 E
Decimal: 28.8711 77.2994 0.0034 Decimal: 28.8600 77.0766
Hop Length : 21.7089214 km Azimuth : A B 266.80 B A 86.80 Deg.
Frequency Band 3
Operating Frequency Sub-Band B 7 GHz MULTIPATH2 7.561 GHz
Hop length 21.71 Km 43.00 30.00 m
Polarization 2 Vertical 1 C/I Objective (dB) 26 XPD (dB) 30
Antenna Dia in mtr @ End A 1.2 2-Jan-00 1 50 XPIF (dB) 0
Antenna Dia in mtr @ End B 1.8 4 Average 0.25 Average 1
4 NERA INTERLINK Low Altitudes, 0-400m, Hills Others GLOBE
Tx Power 24 dBm 2 Lattitude: 53 °S >= Lat <= 53 °N Geoclimatic Factor K 7.8963249E-05Radio Threshold -69 dBm 3
FkTB -97 dB 1 16.070271%
SDH Radio Category Config: 1+0 Fading Activity Factor, (Neta) 0.00160397966
13 N 1 0.00008260%
Feeder Losses 0 0.03550560%
Temperature 40 0.00002252%Water Vap. Density 20 g/m3
Pressure 1000 mb Min Sig Width(Ghz) 0.026 Min Sig Depth(dB) 17Non-Min Sig Width(Ghz) 0.026 Non-Min Sig Depth(dB) 17
FREE SPACE LOSS 0.00367259761601916
136.7547812 dB 0.035610716% 99.964389284% 3.119499
Link Availability : 99.999393328% Vigants & Barnett
Rx LEVEL Link Outage : 0.05314 Hours/Year Method
Antenna GainRx Level : -36.1094 dBm 36.1094
Flat Fade Margin : 32.8906 dBm Ant Gain @ End A 36.4 36.31 dBiAnt Gain @ End B 40.5 39.83 dBi
Radio selection Successful !WARNING !!
Antenna Beamwidth 2.5 1.67 deg.
Tx-Power has been set within Range!Antenna selection OK
Atmospheric AbsorptionFRESNEL RADIUS
0.254650775027194 dBFrequency 7.561 GHz
0.5 Km
21.21 Km Unavailability Due to RainHop Length(d) 21.71 Km
Rain Rate (0.01% of time) 95 mm/h
1st. Fresnel Radius 4.4 m 0.00265
1.312
1.0424 dB/km
THRESHOLD DEGRADATION Effective Hop Length 6.0658 km
Total Noise Power = -114 dBm/MHz + 10*LOG(noise BW)+10*LOG(NF) Reqrd FM against Rain 6.323 dB
-98 dBm
0.000014045%
2.53901891 dB 0.00947686895543423 %
3 dB
To Play with LattitudeResults Longitude
Operating Frequency
Ant. Hts.@ Linkend A, and B
PL Value
Radio Type Terrain:
Fading Occurance Factor, Po
Rain Region Prob. Of Flat Fade exceeded in W.M., Pns
dB Outage due to Clear-Air X-Poln. For Co-Chan. System,Pxp
oC Prob. Of Selective Fade exceeded in W.M., Ps
Eqpt. Signature Factor, sf
Loss free space Total Outage due to Multipath Fading, Ptot :
Atmos. Absorption, Aa
d1
d2
k factor
a- factor
Specific Attn.,gr
Threshold= C/N + NF+ BW +kT [ All in dB,i.e., 10*LOG value]
Icumulative
Unavail. Due to Rain, Pr :
THDeg Outage due to Precipitation Effect,PXPR
INTMargin
18 GHz15 GHz7 GHz
Antenna Height Estimation
Site AMSLA 210 mB 220 m
Hop Length 21.71 km
0.666666667 3
13.79 m
Want to Fix the Antenna Ht ! N 2Antenna Height @ Linkend A 35Antenna Height @ Linkend B 23
Extra Attenuation Due to Obstruction: 1 Y
14 MtrClearance to Direct Path: 8.05 Mtr 0.0643
Rx-Level -36.1737
Height @ A 43 m Terrain Details
Height @ B 30 m Particulars AMSL AGL Obstruction 15
2030 0 210 10 0 220
233.5467
220 0 15 13.5467X1 5 210 10 12.3424052 232.3424052 220 5 1.204293X2 10 212 5 14.6118438 231.6118438 217 10 1.934855X3 15 210 10 13.5466984 233.5466984 220 15 0X4 18 215 5 11.0344268 231.0344268 220 18 0X5 20 220 5 7.89659065 232.8965907 225 20 0.650108
HSIDC-Kundli 21.71 220 10 0 230 230 21.71 3.546698
Path Profile: Freq 7
Site A : 2030 Site B : HSIDC-Kundli Link Ends Hop LengtAMSL Ant Hts Ant Hts AMSL Max F1 Ref+28° 52' 16" 28° 51' 36.1" 0 21.71 210 43 253 0 253 25077° 17' 57.7" 77° 4' 35.9" 10.855 21.71 215 251.5 15.2334054 266.73 225
21.71 21.71 220 30 250 0 250 200Pol Freq 10.855 236.27Vertical F2 0 253
Kfactor
Max Earth Bulge,heb
1st Fresnel Clearance: Attenuation (dB)
Distance from A
Obstacle Height
Fresnel radii
Back to Sheet: Calculations
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
PATH - PROFILE
Freznel Zone Actual Terrain Terrain Approximated Over Obstacles
Hop Length ( Km )
AM
SL
( m
)
Back-to-Back coupled Passive ReceiverRx Level at Active Sites :
Frequency of Operation 7.00 GHz
Tx Power 28.00 dBm
Tx Antenna Dia, m 2.40 42.33 Rx Antenna Dia, m 2.40 42.33
Feeder Loss 0.00 dB
Branching Losses 0.00 dB 9.00 Km
Other Losses ( Attenuation, ThDeg) 0.00 dB 13.00 KmAttenuation due to Atmos. Gases 0.00 dB
Free Space Loss- Path1: Lfs1 128.44 dB
Free Space Loss- Path2: Lfs2 131.63 dB 2.40 42.33
2.40 42.33
Rx Signal Level -64.76 dBm 2.00 dB
Gain: G1, G2
Hop Length: Reppassive to Site A:Path1
Hop Length: Reppassive to Site B:Path2
Gain: Gr1, Gr2
Repeater Ant1 Dia, m
Repeater Ant2 Dia, m
Coupling Loss Between Antennas, Lc
Site ASite B
G1
G2Gr1
Gr2Lfs1
Lfs2
Lc
Reppassive
Antenna Dia Antenna Gain0.3 34 H Y0.6 38.7 V N1.2 44.91.8 482.43.0
Link AvailabilityClimate Factor Cf
1 Average 0.252 Dry 0.13 Humid 0.5
Terrain Factor Tf1 Average 12 Mountainous 0.253 Smooth 4
K-values1 1/31.00 2/3 1/3
Antenna Dai Antenna Gain Antenna Dai Antenna Gain Frequency:0.3 31.9 1.2 36.4 1 F10.6 36.6 15 GHz 1.8 40.5 7 GHz 2 F21.2 42.6 2.4 42.5 3 F31.8 46 3.0 44.5 4 F4
5 F56 F6
Back to Sheet: Calculations
Center Frequency Lo Hi Center Frequency Lo Hi Center Frequency18.6175 18.1125 19.1225 14.725 14.515 14.935 7.533
18.645 18.14 19.15 14.753 14.543 14.963 7.56118.6725 18.1675 19.1775 14.781 14.571 14.991 7.589
18.7 18.195 19.205 14.809 14.599 15.019 7.61718.7275 18.2225 19.2325 14.837 14.627 15.047 0
18.755 18.25 19.26 14.865 14.655 15.075 018 GHz 15 GHz 7 Ghz
Lo Hi 1 187.456 7.610 2 157.484 7.638 3 77.512 7.666
7.54 7.6940 00 0
Frequency Kh Kv Alpha_H Alpha_V1 0.0000387 0.0000352 0.9116 0.8802 INTERPOLATION
2 0.000154 0.000138 0.9632 0.9234 18 Ghz
4 0.00065 0.000591 1.121 1.075 15 Ghz
6 0.00175 0.00155 1.308 1.265 20 Ghz7 0.00301 0.00265 1.132 1.3128 0.00454 0.00395 1.327 1.31 Alpha_h 0.057776
10 0.0101 0.00887 1.276 1.264 Alpha_v 0.05300512 0.0188 0.0168 1.217 1.2
15 0.0367 0.0335 1.154 1.128 1.119143
18 0.0577762095 0.0530054 1.11914317 1.0880730835 1.08807320 0.0751 0.0691 1.099 1.06525 0.1244 0.113 1.061 1.0330 0.1871 0.1674 1.02 0.999735 0.2629 0.2334 0.9789 0.963340 0.3495 0.3098 0.9391 0.928745 0.4424 0.3932 0.9032 0.896550 0.5362 0.4793 0.8725 0.868360 0.7069 0.6419 0.8621 0.824370 0.8514 0.7836 0.793 0.792580 0.9753 0.9063 0.7687 0.769390 1.064 0.9992 0.7529 0.7537
100 1.12 1.06 0.743 0.744120 1.18 1.13 0.731 0.732150 1.31 1.27 0.71 0.711200 1.45 1.42 0.689 0.69300 1.36 1.35 0.688 0.689400 1.32 1.31 0.683 0.684
fx
f1f2
Kh
Kv
Back to Sheet: Calculations
1 0.3 0.1 0.03 0.01 0.003 0.001A 0.12 0.8 2 5 8 14 22B 0.5 2 3 6 12 21 32C 0.7 2.8 5 9 15 26 42D 2.1 4.5 8 13 19 29 42E 0.6 2.4 6 12 22 41 70F 1.7 4.5 8 15 28 54 78G 3 7 12 20 30 45 65H 2 4 10 18 32 55 83J 8 13 20 28 35 45 55K 1.5 4.2 12 23 42 70 100L 2 7 15 33 60 105 150M 4 11 22 40 63 95 120
N 5 15 35 65 95 140 180P 12 34 65 105 145 200 250Q 24 49 72 96 115 142 170
%age of Time Rain Region
Back to Sheet: Calculations
NOKIA FLEXIHOPPERFrequency Duplex Frq. Min. Phase Non-Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz) Notch Depth, Bn(dB) Sig. Width.( Ghz)13 154 0.026 13.1 0.02615 420 0.03 10.8 0.0318 1010 0.031 10.7 0.031
NERA CITYLINKFrequency Duplex Frq. Min. Phase Non-Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz) Notch Depth, Bn(dB) Sig. Width.( Ghz)15 420 0.026 17 0.026
NERA INTERLINK7 154 0.026 17 0.026
CERAGON:FibeAir 312815 420 0.026 17 0.026
RADIO TYPE Radio Name THRESHOLD @^ -6 FkTB Max Tx-Poer1 NOK FLEXI HOPPER -77 -97 182 NERA CITYLINK -69 -97 19.53 CERAGON:FibeAir 3128 -68 -97 184 NERA INTERLINK -69 -97 28
Back to Sheet: Calculation
N.A.Non-Min. Phase Tx-Power Out of Range !
Notch Depth, Bn(dB) Freq Out of Range !13.1 Radio selection Successful !10.7 Radio dos'nt support this FREQ !10.6 FREQ selection Successful !
Tx-Power has been set within Range!Antenna size not available in this band
Non-Min. Phase Antenna selection OKNotch Depth, Bn(dB)
17
17
17
C/I @ 10^-6 BER Category23 PDH26 SDH28 SDH26 SDH
OUTAGE DUE TO PRECIPITATION EFFECTS FOR CO_CHANNEL SYSTEMS
Coefficient, U 41.35738 dB
Coefficient, V 19.002
6.32299 dB
6.429807 dB
Parameter ,m 21.58747
Parameter, n -2.023335
ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION
YpY0Yw
GEOCLIMATIC FACTOR CALCULATION
Terrain Lattitude1 Low Altitudes, 0-400m, Plains 0 53 °S >= Lat <= 53 °N2 Low Altitudes, 0-400m, Hills 3.5 53 °N or °S < Lat > 60 °N or °S3 Medium Altitudes, 400-700m, Plains 2.5 Lat >= 60 °N or °S4 Medium Altitudes, 400-700m, Hills 65 High Altitudes,>700m, Plains 5.56 High Altitudes,>700m, Hills 87 High Altitudes,>700m, Mountains 10.5
Calculated Value 3.5
Path Attenuation,A0.01
Equivalent Path Attn.,Ap
C0 (dB)
BACK to "Calculation"
OUTAGE DUE TO PRECIPITATION EFFECTS FOR CO_CHANNEL SYSTEMS
0.9871670.004792 dB/Km0.006938 dB/Km
Globe0 Europe & Africa 3
-24.12889 North and South America -37 Others 0
0 0
CLat (dB) CLong (dB)
Wireless Supporting Information
signal due to spreading of the electromagnetic wave.Free space loss is given as:
propagation, including:• Absorption due to gasses or water vapor;• Attenuation due to mist, fog, or rainfall.Many gasses and pollutants have absorption lines in the millimeter bands but, due to their low densities, their effectis negligible in microwave and millimeter wave frequencies below 30 GHz. Water vapor, though, has an absorptionline at 22.235 GHz and can effect microwave frequencies above 10 GHz. The amount of water vapor in theatmosphere at sea level can vary from 0.001 grams per cubic meter in a cold, dry climate to as much as 30 grams percubic meter in hot, humid climates. In addition, the effects of precipitation can be significant at microwavefrequencies above 10 GHz. The attenuation due to rainfall is dependent on the size and distribution of the waterdroplets. Because snowfall rates are generally less than rainfall rates, propagation is less effected by snowfall. Forboth snow and fog, the attenuation loss is a function of temperature and can vary by a factor of 3 between 0°C and40°C .Total transmission loss for a microwave/millimeter link is given by Freeman as:
and rainfall.
loss (dB) and any additional loss (water vapor, mist, fog, rainfall, and Fresnel reflection loss).
most common type of fading is that due to multipath transmission. Combinations of irregularities and fluctuations inatmospheric temperature, humidity, and pressure cause more than one and often many propagation paths to existbetween the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna. As the atmospheric conditions vary, the routes anddistances of paths also vary, causing signals of differing phases and amplitudes to arrive at the receiving antenna atthe same instant. Multipath, or interference, fading is characterized by rapid fluctuations of received carrier power.
still maintaining acceptable circuit quality .
the receiving antenna. But additional path loss may also exist from multi-path reflections (sometimes called Fresnelreflective loss) due to reflective surfaces such as water near the direct wave, and intervening obstacles such asbuildings, mountain peaks, etc., in the Fresnel zone.
Free-space Loss. The Friis free-space propagation equation is commonly used to determine the attenuation of a
Attenuation (dB) = 92.467 + 20 log10(fGHz) + 20 log10(Dkm); or,
Attenuation (dB) = 96.6 + 20 log10(fGHz) + 20 log10(Dmi)
Where: fGHz = frequency in GHz, and
Dkm = distance between antennas (link) in kilometers; or,
Dmi = distance between antennas (link) in miles.
Frequencies above 10 GHz. For frequencies above 10 GHz there are several additional issues that effect
Attenuation (dB) = 96.6 + 20 log10(fGHz) + 20 log10(Dmi) + excess attenuation (dB) due to water vapor, mist, fog,
Where: fGHz = frequency in GHz, and
Dmi = distance between antennas (link) in miles.
Total Path Loss. The total path loss (dB) is the gain of both antennas (dB) added together, minus the free space
Fading. Fades, or variations with time, in path loss are encountered during abnormal propagation conditions. The
Fade Margin. Fade margin is the depth of fade, expressed in dB, that a microwave receiver can tolerate while
Fresnel Loss. The primary component to path loss is the free-space signal loss from the transmitting antenna to
zone is an elliptically shaped conical zone of power that propagates from the transmitting antenna to the receivingantenna due to cancellation of some part of the wavefront by other parts that travel different distances. If the totalpath distance between the transmitting antenna, mountain peak, and receiving antenna is one wavelength greater thanthe direct distance between antennas, then the clearance is said to be two Fresnel zones.
paths, which are one-half wavelength (1/2 λ) of the frequency transmitted longer than the direct line-of-sight pathbetween antennas. If the total path distance is one wavelength (1λ) longer than the direct path, then the outerboundary is said to be two Fresnel zones. There are an infinite number of Fresnel zones located coaxially around thecenter of the direct wave path. Odd number Fresnel zones reinforce the direct wave path and even order numberFresnel zones cancel the direct wave path.
from any obstruction from all sides (top, bottom, left and right of the first Fresnel zone).
refract or bend electromagnetic waves either up, away from, or down toward the earth's surface. This bending canchange frequently, hour to hour, day to night, season to season, and weather pattern to weather pattern. Refractivityis usually greatest close to the earth's surface and becomes smaller the higher above the surface you go. Tocompensate for this effect, a refractivity gradient, or 'K' factor, is used when designing point-to-point communicationlinks. The 'K' factor is the ratio of the effective Earth radius to the actual Earth radius. A 'K' factor of 1 indicates nobending of the signal; a 'K' factor of less than one means the electromagnetic wave is bent up, away from the surface.A 'K' factor greater than one indicates a slight bending downward, towards the earth. The 'K' factor value commonlyused for microwave links is 1.333 (4/3) for normal atmospheric conditions, which means that the radio horizon isfurther away than the visual horizon.
surface illuminated by a feed horn mounted at the focus of the reflector, the antenna gain is given as [6]:
Where: dBi = decibels over an isotropic radiator
manufacturers may be able to improve on this number, therefore, the gain given by a manufacturer for a specificantenna should be used, when available, otherwise the above formula will suffice.The general formula for computing the gain of any antenna is given as: 4πA / λ2where A = effective area of antenna ( efiiciency of 55% for a parabolic dish reflector antenna)λ = wave lengthArea and Wavelength must be in same unit (feet, meters, etc.)
power levels that are 3 dB down from the peak power of the center of the main beam. Antenna gain and beamwidthare interrelated quantities and are inversely proportional; thus the higher the gain an antenna has, the smaller the
Fresnel Zone. Fresnel (frä nel'), named after Jean Augustin Fresnel, 1788-1827, French physicist. The Fresnel
The first Fresnel zone: R = 72.1√ ((d1mi)(d2mi) / (Dt)(f))
Fresnel boundaries. The outer boundary of the first Fresnel zone is defined as the additional path length of all
Clearance. For reliability, point-to point links are designed to have at least 0.6 of the first Fresnel zone clearance
Refraction. The earth's curvature, as well as atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure, and water vapor), can
Earth's curvature at obstruction: h = ((d1mi)(d2mi) / (1.5)(K)) ft
Antenna Gain. For a paraboloid reflector microwave antenna (greater than 960 MHz) consisting of a dishshaped
Antenna Gain (dBi) = 20 log10(Dft) + 20 log10(fGHz) + 7.5; or,
Antenna Gain (dBi) = 20 log10(Dm) + 20 log10(fGHz) + 17.82
Dft = Antenna dish diameter in feet; or,
Dm = Antenna dish diameter in meters, and
fGHz = Frequency in GHz.Note: The above formula is based on the efficiency of a paraboloid antenna being on the order 55%. Some
Beamwidth. Antenna beamwidth refers to the width of the main radiated beam (main lobe) between two equal
beamwidth[3]. Therefore, increased care must be taken when aligning high gain antennas to insure that the antenna isaccurately aligned on the center of the main beam…which could be only a few degrees wide. For example; a 6-footparabolic dish antenna at 6 GHz has an antenna gain of 38.63 dB and a beamwidth of only 1.91°.Beam Width is given as:
power of an antenna. These three radiation fields are known as:
for which the reactive field dominates over the radiative fields.
the far-field regions and is the region in which the radiation fields dominate and where the angular fielddistribution depends on distance from the antenna (see earlier definition of Fresnel Zone).
radiation pattern is independent of distance.
wave. For linear polarization (horizontal or vertical), the vector remains in one plane as the wave propagates throughspace. To eliminate polarization mismatch loss, the receiving antenna must have the same polarization orientation asthe transmitting antenna (Note: If the waveguide connection at the antenna is vertically oriented, the antenna issaid to have horizontal polarization, and vice-versa).
(70 * λcm ÷ 100) ÷ (antenna øft * 0.3048), or
(70 * λcm ÷ 100) ÷ antenna ømeters
where λcm = wave length in centimeters
Radiation Fields. There are three traditional radiation fields (regions) in free space as a result of the radiated
1. The near-field, also called the reactive near-field region, is that region that is closest to the antenna and
2. The, Fresnel zone, also called the radiating near-field, is that region between the reactive near-field and
3. The far-field, or Rayleigh distance (historically called the Fraunhofer region), is that region where the
Polarization. The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field vector in the radiated
How To Use : The Guidelines...
Here is the description for using the utility:
Above Passwords are activated.Please be careful while making any change to Sheet "Calculations" for it contains the most important formulae.
NEW (v2): Passive Repeater worksheet
Important: If the file name is changed from the supplied "Link Planning Tool.xls," some of the macros will not function properly. It would be best to save the completed workbook under a new name, then start on new systems with the original file.
1. We mainly enter the parameter value into the sheet "Calculations". a. Entries shown in YELLOW cells are mandatory. b. Entries shown in GREY cells are to play with in order to get the desired result wrt Standard Link Design Criteria. c. Entries shown in LIGHT BROWN are ONE-TIME entries like temperature, pressure etc.
PASSWORDS: Sheet "Calculations" : Password "link" Sheet "Antenna Heights": Password "antennae" Sheet "Report": Password "report" Sheet "DB_Ant1(18Ghz)": Password "antennae" Sheet "DB_Ant2(15Ghz)": Password "antennae" Sheet "DB_RadioEqpt": Password "radio" Sheet "PassiveRepeater": Password "passive"
The "Calculation" sheet looks up for the required data : a. For Antennae (of 18 GHz band) from the sheet: "DB_Ant1 (18GHz) Using the Password sizes and gains can be modified. Note that only FOUR sizes are permissible to provide into this sheet. b. For Antennae (of 15 GHz band) and Frequency of Operation from the sheet:"DB_Ant2 (15GHz). Using Password sizes and gains can be modified. Note that only FOUR antennae sizes EIGHT Frequencies in TWO separate bands can be used. Also do not change the frequency named F1,F2,....F6,G1,G2.Only their respective values can be changed. c. For Radio Specific Data form the sheet:DB_RadioEqpt. Using Password we can also modify the Radio Names, their signature data and Radio Parameters. Here THREE different type of Radios can be used.
2. The Sheet "Antenna Heights" is to calculate the antennae heights based on LOS survey feedback data.
3. The Sheet "Report" is just the compilation of information used in link implementation.
This is to bring to your kind notice that formulae used into this workbook are as per ITU-T.As I'm using the Tool like Nokia's NETACT PLANNER and CTE's PATHLOSS, I've observed the similar results at least for Link Design parameters.
Back-to-back coupled Passive Repeater calculations. Use: 'passive' to unlock the worksheet to edit values.
Hope this will suffice. For further clarification/suggestion feel free to contact under signed.
NEW (v3): Selection Buttons
NEW (v4): Graphical Link Analysis
Provision to view/analyse the link graphically ( Addition of : Path Profile) over a approximated Terrain.
NEW (v5): "Technical Information"
NEW (v6): "Technical Information"
Alok K TiwariTransmission PlanningIdea Cellular Ltd - Delhi(INDIA)
Mobile # +91 9891005329Landline # +91 51679999 Ext- 5338FAX # +91 51679999 Ext- 5399
To make this spreadsheet more useful I have made this spreadsheet more user friendly by putting some "buttons" so that one can select the values by using these buttons without typing or looking for the other sheets.
A "Technical Information" page has been added in order to have easy understanding of the principles involved in a Microwave Link Designing. Also, more automated buttons have been added.
Select any one of the THREE frequency bands, namely 15 GHz, 18 GHz and 7 GHz. Each band is provided with 6 frequency spots. The same provision is there for Radio selection too.