linking water and energy sectors for sustainable groundwater use christopher scott usaid water team...
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Linking Water and Energy Sectors for Sustainable Groundwater Use
Christopher Scott
USAID Water [email protected] (www.usaid.gov)
andInternational Water Management [email protected] (www.iwmi.org)
The Energy-Water Nexus
A USAID initiative to address cross-sectoral linkages in India, with significant implications for water management in Latin America, specifically areas of significant groundwater extraction.
Groundwater in India
Half of all irrigation from groundwaterTotal carbon emissions to increase by
±5% for each additional meter of aquifer decline
Agricultural pumping accounts for30% of all electrical power consumedless than 5% of electrical utility revenues
The Agricultural Nexus
LOW ENERGY PRICES
ENERGY SECTOR IN NEED OF REFORM
OVERSIZED PUMP MOTORSPUMPS RUN CONTINUOUSLY
DIESEL PUMPS NEEDED
WATER WASTAGE
11 KV 400 V
UNRELIABLE ENERGY
SUPPLY(INTERMITT
ENT, IMPROPER
TIMING,UNEVEN
VOLTAGE)
ENERGY WASTAGE
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS
REDUCED AGRICULTUR
AL PRODUCTIVIT
Y
GROUND AND SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION
AQUIFER DEPLETION
INCREASED GHG
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
ENERGY SECTOR
ENERGY SECTOR
WATER SECTOR
WATER SECTOR
AGRICULTURE
MORE SURFACE WATER DIVERSION
NEEDED (DAMS)
EVEN LARGER PUMPS NEEDED
ENERGY SECTORINEFFICIENCIES
INCREASED GHG
NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION
LOW WATER PRICESNO WATER STORAGE
WATER SECTOR IN NEED OF REFORM
CROP PRICE SUPPORTSPOOR CROPPING PATTERNS
INPUT SUBSIDIESPOOR AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
The Urban Nexus
DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVEWATER SOURCES(BORE WELLS, TANKERS, ETC.)
WATER TARIFFS LOWWATER SECTOR
IN NEED OF REFORM
EXPANDING URBANPOPULATIONS
INADEQUATE MUNICIPAL FINANCES AND CAPACITY
SEWAGE
UNTREATED
EFFLUENT
LOW ENERGY PRICES
ENERGY SECTOR IN NEED OF REFORM
URBAN SECTORURBAN SECTOR
OVERPUMPING
WATER SECTORWATER SECTOR
ENERGY SECTOR
ENERGY SECTOR
URBAN
SOLID WASTE
METHANE GAS
EMISSIONS
LANDFILL
LEACHATE
UNRELIABLE ENERGYSUPPLY
(INTERMITTENT)
UNPRESSURIZED PIPES
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS
INADEQUATE MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT INCL. POOR MONITORING AND ENFORCMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGS
WATER- AND ENERGY-INTENSIVEWASTEWATER TREATMENT
TREATEDEFFLUEN
T
LIMITED REUSE
WATER SYSTEM LOSSES
SYSTEM ENERGY INEFFICIENCIES
DEFICIENT MUNICIPAL
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
WATER AND ENERGY USE INEFFICIENCES(ALL SECTORS)
ENERGY WASTAGE
INCREASED GHG
GROUND AND SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION
MORE SURFACE WATER DIVERSION
NEEDED (DAMS)
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
ECONOMIC
IMPACTS
WATER WASTAGE
INCREASED WATERDEMAND
AQUIFER DEPLETION
Coordinating Energy and Water Sector Policy
Improve power supply reliability.Farmers willing to pay more for better
power service?Off peak (night) supply to agriculture
Increase revenues from agricultural consumers.Pricing, pricing, pricingIrrigation equipment distributors crucial
Cross-Sectoral Linkages
AgricultureDisproportionately
bears load sheddingErratic power supply
may increase pumping
Significant rural “vote bank” affects national energy and water policy
Urban (incl. industry) Indirect subsidization
of agricultural energy consumption
De facto wastewater treatment through wastewater irrigation
Water-wastewater swapping potential
USAID Water and Energy
Projects in Latin America (contact Morris Israel, [email protected])
Micro-hydropowerAgriculture (including groundwater)Urban water and wastewaterUrban industrial activities (water and
energy efficiency audits)
USAID/Office of Energy, Environment and Technology
9
Applications Water Supply
Safe, reliable, and convenient water supply is critical.
PV and wind pumping - Economically-rational choice in remote areas where the water table is deep, well-volumes high, and resource widely dispersed - the physical burden and animal and/or human powered pumping can be inefficient and fuel supply and maintenance for conventional diesels is
expensive
End-uses: irrigation, livestock, and household needs
USAID/Office of Energy, Environment and Technology
10
Case Study Agua Blanca, Baja CA
Sur, MexicoSite: Agua Blanca ranch site Installation: 800 Wp PV Water Pumping Installation: 10 KC-80 modules, Solarjack SCS-14-160 pump and controllerAfter six years the PV system represents a lower overall cost.
USAID/Office of Energy, Environment and Technology
11
Case Study Jeromin, Chihuahua,
MexicoSite: Jeromin ranch Installation: 848 Wp PV Water Pumping - 16 Solarex VRX-53 modules, Grundfos SP3A-10 pump, and controller.After two years the PV system represents a lower overall cost.
International Water Management Institute (IWMI, member of CGIAR)
Activities worldwide focusing on water scarcity
Integrated water resources management emphasis
Groundwater management a critical component
Groundwateroverdraft in Mexico
Despite official bans in many areas, there has been rapid expansion of groundwater extraction
For example, in the Lerma-Chapala basin in west-central Mexico, aquifer overdraft is 1 km3 per year (equal to approx. 15% of total renewable water resources)
Lerma aquifers declining 1.8 m/year
Energy Linkages with GW
Tarifa 09 for agricultural use is subsidized, compared to other non-agricultural uses
Limiting withdrawals has been attempted through sizing of transformers
Little explicit coordination between water (CNA) and power (CFE) authorities to more effectively address this issue.
Promising New Initiative
Comités Técnicos de Aguas (COTAS)Aquifer user management groupsIntersectoral representationSustainable aquifer management
goal