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Lino MiramontiMilano University and INFN sez. Milano

LRT 2004 - Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques(Sudbury, Canada)

December 12-14, 2004

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LNGSLNGS - Laboratori Nazionali delGran Sasso, Italy

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Operating Institution

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

Location Gran Sasso Tunnel (Abruzzi, Italy)

Excavation 1987

Underground area

3 halls A B C (100m x 18m x 20m) + service tunnels

Depth 1400 m (3800 mwe)

Total volume 180000 m3

Surface > 6000 m2

Permanent staff 66 (physicists, technicians, administration)

Scientists users 450

3 main halls A B C 100 x 18 m2 (h.20 m)

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Muon Flux

1.1 μ m-2 h-1

Primordial Radionuclides238U 6.8 ppm Rock (Hall A)

0.42 ppm Rock (Hall B)

0.66 ppm Rock (Hall C)

1.05 ppm Concrete All Halls

232Th 2.167 ppm Rock (Hall A)

0.062 ppm Rock (Hall B)

0.066 ppm Rock (Hall C)

0.656 ppm Concrete All Halls

K 160 ppm Rock

Low-level radioactivity measurements issues:

Material selection and sample measurements (HPGe)

Background characterization of halls A,B,C with portable HPGe detector (Gamma spectrometry and directional photon flux)

Radiocarbon and tritium measurements (Radiodating Laboratory)

Radon groundwater monitoring (Environmental and geophysical monitoring of the Gran Sasso aquifer)

Development and characterization of new detectors (for nuclear spectrometry of environmental radioactivity)

Neutron Flux

1.08 10-6 n cm-2 s-1 (0-0.05 eV)

1.84 10-6 n cm-2 s-1 (0.05 eV- 1 keV)

0.54 10-6 n cm-2 s-1 (1 keV-2.5 MeV)

0.32 10-6 n cm-2 s-1 (> 2.5 MeV)

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1,E-04

1,E-03

1,E-02

1,E-01

1,E+00

1,E+01

1,E+02

1,E+03

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Energy [keV]

Norm

alise

d co

untin

g rat

e [co

unts

d-1

keV

-1 k

gGe-1

]

above ground

LNGS

detector total and peak background count rate [d-1 kg-1Ge]

40-2700 keV 352 keV 583 keV 1461 keV

GeBer 3686 3.3 1.5 4.6

GeMi 611 5.6 2.1 5.2

GePV 482 2.8 2.1 3.2

GsOr 469 2.4 0.76 4.3

GePaolo 226 0.83 0.38 1.4

GeCris 87 <0.39 <0.29 1.0

GeMPI 30 <0.20 <0.15 0.36

HPGe Hall(32 m2 floor)

LABORATORY FOR LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS

Present: 32 m2 on one floor in service tunnelFuture: 60 m2 distributed on three floors in hall A

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Completed experiments

Atm ν, Monopoles MACRO (Streamer tubes + Liquid scintillators)Solar neutrinos GALLEX / GNO (~ 30 T Gallium radiochemical detector)ββ Heidelberg-Moscow (~ 11 kg enriched 76Ge detectors)

Mibeta (~ 7 kg Bolometers TeO2)Dark Matter DAMA (~ 100 kg NaI detectors)

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Running experiments

ββ Cuoricino (~ 41 kg TeO2 crystals)Dark Matter CRESST (Sapphire cryodetector & CaWO4 crystals (phonons+scintillation))

LIBRA (~ 250 kg NaI crystals)HDMS / Genius-TF (Ge detector 73Ge enriched)

Supernova neutrinos LVD (Streamer tubes + Liquid scintillator)Nuclear astrophysics LUNA (Accelerator)

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Under construction

CERN-GS beam ν OPERA (Emulsion)ICARUS (~ 600 T Liquid Argon)

Solar Neutrinos Borexino (~ 300 T Liquid scintillator)

Planned & proposed

ββ CUORE (~ 750 kg Te02)GERDA (76Ge)

Nuclear astrophysics LUNA-IIIGravitational waves LISA R&DDark matter Liquid Xe / Liquid Ar

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LSMLSM - Laboratoire Souterrainde Modane, France

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Operating Institutions

CEA/DSM & CNRS/IN2P3

Location Fréjus Tunnel (Italian-French border)

Excavation 1983

Underground area

1 main hall (30m x 10m x 11m) + gamma spectroscopy hall (70 m2) + 2 secondary halls of 18 m2 and 21 m2

Depth 1700 m (4800 mwe)

Surface > 400 m2

Permanent staff 4

Scientists users 100

1 Main hall 30 x 10m2 (h 11m) + gamma spectr. hall (70 m2) + 2 secondary halls of 18 m2 and 21 m2

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Neutron Flux

1.6 10-6 n cm-2 s-1 (0-0.63 eV)

4 10-6 n cm-2 s-1 (2-6 MeV)

Muon Flux

0.17 μ m-2 h-1

Primordial Radionuclides238U 0.84 ppm Rock

1.9 ppm Concrete

232Th 2.45 ppm Rock

1.4 ppm Concrete

K 213 Bq/kg Rock

77 Bq/kg Concrete

13 HPGe from 6 different laboratoris of CNRS and CEA are available at LSM

• Material selection for fundamental physics

• Samples measurement for environmental control, earth science, archeology, biology, dating measurement.

HPGe dedicated to Edelweiss exp.background count rate [d-1 kg-1

Ge] 212 ± 4 for E > 30 keV

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Completed experiments

p decay & Atm ν Frejus proton decay exp (Fe and flash chamber).ββ NEMO-I (prototype NemoIII)

NEMO-II (prototype NemoIII)TGV (Stack of Ge detectors with sheets of DBD candidates)

Dark Matter EDELWEISS-I (1 kg Ge bolometer heat+ionization)

Running experiments and Under construction

ββ NEMO-III (Tracking + calorimeter)Dark Matter EDELWEISS-II (10 to 35 kg Ge heat+ioniz.)

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LSCLSC - Laboratorio Subterraneo de Canfranc, Spain

Tobazo's peak

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Canfranc railway

tunnel entrance

Operating Institutions

Zaragoza University

Location Railway tunnel of Somport (Canfranc, Pyrenes) 7.5 km

Excavation 1986 [lab1] – 1994 [lab3]

Underground area

2 small halls [lab1] + Main hall [lab3]

Depth 200 m (675 mwe) [lab1] – 900 m (2450 mwe) [lab3]

Surface 36 m2 [lab1] – 118 m2 [lab3]

Permanent staff 7

Scientists users 35

2 small halls [Lab1] 36 m2 + 1 Main hall [Lab3] 20 x 5 m2 (h 4.5 m)

Mobile Lab (now dismounted)

Now used only to store materials

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Neutron Flux

3.82 10-6 n cm-2 s-1 [integrated] (neutrons from radioactivity)

1.73 10-9 n cm-2 s-1 [integrated](muon-induced neutrons in rock)

Muon Flux

7.2 μ m-2 h-1

Gamma Flux

2·10-2 cm-2 s-1

The AMBAR installation for measuring low contents of radioactive contaminants in materials intended for low-background experiments

Low temperature installation with the 2x2x3 m3 Faraday cage

located at Lab 3

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Completed & Running experiments

ββ IGEX-2β (~ 9 kg enriched Ge detectors)Dark Matter IGEX-DM (~ 2 kg enriched Ge detectors)

COSME (small Ge detectors)NaI32 / ANAIS (NaI Crystals)ROSEBUD (Bolometers: Sapphire, Ge, BGO, CaW04)

Under construction

ββ GEDEONDark Matter ROSEBUD II

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Main HallMain Hall40 x 15 m (h=11 m)

RAILWAY TUNNEL

ROAD TUNNEL Ultra-Low

backgroundFacility15 x 10 m (h=8 m)

Old Laboratoy

20 x 5 m(h=4.5 m)

installations, clean rooms

& offices

Access gallery

The new Canfranc Underground Laboratory

Civil works for the construction of a new underground Laboratory are underway

Characteristic of the new LSC

Depth 900 m (2450 mwe)

Main experimental hall

600 m2 (oriented to CERN)

Low background lab

150 m2

Clean room 45 m2 (100/1000 type)

General services

135 m2

Offices 80 m2

It should be finished next summer 2005

The first call for proposals will be announced soon

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IUSIUS – Boulby Mine Laboratory, UK

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Operating Institution

Institute for Underground Physics University of Sheffield

Location Potash mine, Boulby (UK)

Excavation 1988 (Stub 2) – 1995 (Stub 2a) – 1998 (H area) – 2003 (JIF area)

Depth 850 m (2250 mwe) to 1300 m (3600 mwe)

Surface 3000 m2

Permanent staff 2

Scientists users 30

[Stub2] 300 m2 + [Stub2a] 150 m2 + [H area] + 900 m2 + [JIF area] 2500 m2

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Neutron Flux

2.8 10-6 n cm-2 s-1 (> 100 keV)

1.3 10-6 n cm-2 s-1 (> 1 MeV)

Muon Flux

1.5 μ m-2 h-1

Primordial Radionuclides238U 70 ppb Rock

232Th 125 ppb Rock

K 1130 ppm Rock

Low background facility (located in the Stub A of JIF area)

0.5

T sw

ing

cran

e

Ultra Low HPGe - Development of the Ge facility at Boulby is currently awaiting completion of the laboratory infrastructure.

The Boulby Mine facility hosts a 2 kg (400cc) Germanium detector, used for material radiopurity measurements (20cm of lead as outer shielding and 8 cm of copper as the inner shielding plus Radon steel box) the setup will be sensitive to contamination of samples at the level of 0.1- 0.2 ppb

Ultra Low NaI - A NaI crystal from the NaIAD experiment will be installed in the clean room low background facility for crude bulk tests of activity (Pulse Shape Analysis).

Plan for JIF Low Background

Lab (Stub A)

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Completed Experiments

Dark Matter NaIAD (~ 50kg NaI array detector)ZEPLIN-I (~ 4 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector)

Running experiments

Dark Matter ZEPLIN-II (~ 30 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector)DRIFT (Low pressure gaseous TPC)

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France Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie Trento, European Gravitational Observatory

Germany Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, TechnischeUniversität München, Max Planck Institut für Physik Muenchen, Eberhardt,Karls Universität Tubingen

Spain Zaragoza University

UK Sheffield University,Glasgow University,London University

Czech Rep Czech Technical Univ. in Prague

Denmark University of Southern Denmark

Netherland Leiden University

Finland University of Jyväskylä

Slovakia Comenius University Bratislavia

Greece Aristot University of Thessaloniki

Integrated Large Infrastructures for Astroparticle Science

ILIASILIAS is an initiative supported by the European Union (6th Framework Programme) with the aim to support the European large infrastructures operating in the astroparticle physics sector.

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The ILIAS project is based on 3 groups of activitiesactivities:

Networking Activities

(N2N2) Deep Underground science laboratoriesDeep Underground science laboratories(N3) Direct dark matter detection(N4) Search on double beta decay(N5) Gravitational wave research(N6) Theoretical astroparticle physics

Joint Research Activities (R&D Projects)

(JRA1JRA1) Low background techniques for Deep Underground ScienceLow background techniques for Deep Underground Science(JRA2) Double beta decay European observatory(JRA3) Study of thermal noise reduction in gravitational wave detectors

Transnational Access Activities

(TA1TA1) Access to the EU Deep Underground LaboratoriesAccess to the EU Deep Underground Laboratories

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JRA1 JRA1 ((Joint Research Activities 1)): : Low background techniques for deep underground sciences ( (LBT-DUSLLBT-DUSL))

ObjectivesObjectives::

Background identification and measurement (Background identification and measurement ( intrinsicintrinsic, , inducedinduced, , environmentalenvironmental))

Background rejection techniques (Background rejection techniques (shieldingshielding, , vetoesvetoes, , discriminationdiscrimination))

A vast R&D programme on the improvement and implementation of ultra-low background techniques will be carried out cooperatively in the 4 European Underground Laboratories.

Working packages

WP1: Measurements of the backgrounds in the underground labs

WP2: Implementation of background MC simulation codes

WP3: Ultra-low background techniques and facilities

WP4: Radiopurity of materials and purification techniques

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A fifth Underground Laboratory within ILIAS:

The CUPP - Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi

The project to host an underground laboratory in the mine was started in 1993, and the Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi (CUPP) was physically established in 2001.

The old part of the mine:There will be plenty of free space to host and storage experiments

The new mine started to operate in July 2001. It extends to the depth of 1440 m (4000 mwe).

The largest cavern that can be easily constructed is 100 x 15 x 20 m3.

An example of the layout

238U 27.8 – 44.5 Bq/m3

232Th 4.0 - 18.7 Bq/m3

226Ra 9.9 – 26.0 Bq/m3

40K 267 – 625 Bq/m3

Rn 10 to 148 Bq/m3

A preliminary study, including some background measurement and rock analysis has been made

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SULSUL - Solotvina Underground Laboratory

It was constructed in 1984 by the Institute for Nuclear Research (Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences).

It is situated on the west of Ukraine, in Solotvina near the border with Romania.

The principal scientific goal is the search of double beta decay

1 Main hall 30 x 20 m2 (h 8 m) + 4 small halls 3 x 6 m2 (h 3 m)

Muon Flux

62 μ m-2 h-1

Neutron Flux

< 2.7 10-6 n cm-2 s-1 (integrated)

Primordial Radionuclides

Due to a low radioactive contamination of salt, the natural gamma background in the SUL is 10-100 times lower than in other underground laboratories