linux slides1 to 800 [compatibility mode]
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index
Units:
unit-1 About the founder of Linux.
unit-2 Linux VS Windows.
unit-3 Linux Flavors.
- .
unit-5 Kernel.
-
unit-7 Dos Vs Linux.
unit-8 Redhat Linux Installation
unit-9 Hardware Requirements
unit-10 Installation Methods
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Unit -1
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About the founder of LINUX
•Linus Benedict Torvalds (bornDecember 28, 1969) began theeve opmen o nux, an opera ng
system kernel, and today acts as theproject coordinator.
•Inspired by Minix (a kernel and
operating system developed by AndrewTanenbaum), he felt the need for acapable UNIX operating system that hecould run on his home PC.
•Torvalds did the original developmentof the Linux kernel primarily in his owntime and on his equipment.
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Evolution of Linux
•Torvalds originally used Minix on hiscomputer, a simplified kernel written
by Andrew Tanenbaum for teachingoperating system design.
•The Linux system quickly surpassed
Minix in functionality.
•The first version of the Linux kernelwas released to the Internet in
September 1991. with the secondversion following shortly thereafter inOctober
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TUX - the penguin
•Penguin is the official mascot oft e nux operat ng system.
• ,looks content and satisfied.
•The concept of the Linux mascotbeing a penguin came from Linus
,kernel.
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GNU’s (Not Unix)
• The GNU project was started in 1983 for developing a complete
- ,
tools and user application programs, entirely of free software.
• By the release of the first version of the Linux kernel, the GNU
project had produced all the necessary components of thissystem except the kernel.
• Torvalds and other early Linux-kernel developers adapted theirkernel to work with the GNU components and user space
ro rams to create a full functional o eratin s stem.
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FEATURES OF LINUX
•
• Supports wide variety of hardware.
• Supports many networking protocols and configurations
• .
• Linux has a reputation for fewer bugs (programming
mistakes) than Windows.
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Linux Vs Windows
Open Source Development Modeland so the programmer can
It is not an open source and hencecannot be redesigned by the
redesign the OS. programmer.
Linux is robust and very muchsecure from virus.
Windows gets affected by virusvery easily.
The Linux servers has surpassedwindows server operating system in
security.
Security is the main issue whichhas made windows to think to
survive.
It costs less to design andimplement a Linux Network.
It costs more to implementWindows Network administration,when compared to Linux.
There are 250000+ developersbehind Linux for open sourcedeployment.
Compared to Linux, windows isdeveloped by few thousands ofpeople.
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Linux Flavors
• Red Hat Linux (Red Hat)
•
• Open Linux (Caldera)
• Mandrake Linux (Mandrake)
• ur o nux ac c - ec
• Linux PPC (MAC Power PC version)
• Info magic
• Slack ware Linux Project
• Knoppix (Live CD) etc.,
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Introduction to Red Hat Linux
• Red Hat has split its Linux development into two lines :
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux and
• The Fedora Project.
• Red Hat EL features commercial enterprise products
for servers and workstations, with controlled releases
issued every two years.
• e e ora pro ect s an open source n t at ve w ose
Fedora Core release will be issued every six months.
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Kernel
• The kernel is the essential center of a computer
o eratin s stem the core that rovides basic services
for all other parts of the operating system.
• A kernel can be contrasted (compared) with a shell,shell is the outermost part of an operating system thatinteracts with user commands.
• Kernel and shell are terms used more frequently in Unix
opera ng sys ems an n ma n rame or crosoWindows systems.
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Shells
• Bash shell (Bourne again Shell)
– Developed for the GNU Project
– The actual standard Linux shell – Default shell for Red Hat Linux
• Borne shell (sh) – Original Unix shell written by Billoy at er e ey
• s e cs – Added many features such as command, history
Continue…
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Shells
• Korn Shell (Ksh) – Written by David Korn
• Implemented many csh features such as
• e n ance s e cs –a commun y e or
• More features like command-line editing and more
sophisticated completion
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Shells
prompt for bashshell
Type bash and
hit enter
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Shells
command prompt
for c-shell (csh)
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Shells
command prompt
or en ance
shell (tcsh)
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Shells
command
bourne shell
(sh)
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Shells
command promptfor korne shell
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DOS Vs Linux
Commandomman c on
-
TREE ls –R List directory
recursivel
CD cd Change directory
RMDIR rmdir Remove a directory
CHDIR pwd Display directory
location
rm emove a e
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DOS Vs Linuxomman
Commandct on
RMDIR /S (NT)rm -r
Remove all directories and files below
95...)
COPY cp Copy a file
XCOPY cp -r Copy all file of directory recursively
RENAME orMOVE
TYPE cat Dump contents of a file to users screen
MORE more Pipe output a single page at a time
HELP orCOMMAND /?
man Online manuals
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DOS Vs Linux
Command
CommandAction
CLS clear Clear screen
EXIT exit Exit a shell
FIND find Look for a word in files given in command line
FC diff Compare two files and show differences. Also seemgdiff and tkdiff.
SET set and env Show environment variables
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DOS Vs Linux
Command
SETvariable
export variable nameSet environment variables
PATH echo $PATH Display search path for
executables
DATE or date Show date. (also set date -on y
SORT sort Sort dataalphabetically/numerically
filename.txt vim
.which looks most like DOSedit is probably Pico.
\ / Director ath delimiter
.\ ./ Current directory
..\ ../ Parent directory
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DOS Vs Linux
BACKUP files A:\ tar -cvf /dev/fd0 Save backup files to floppy
tar -xvf /dev/fd0 Read files from floppy.files See Using DOS floppies
ATTRIB +h or -h mv file .file Change file to a hidden file - renamee w pre x .
PRINT lpr Print a file
MEM freetop
Show free memory on system
Show s stem info Commands ev
borrowed from AIX)
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DOS Vs Linuxomman omman ct on
SCANDISKfsck Check and re air hard drive file s stem
FDISK fdisk Tool to partition a hard drive.
FORMATmke2fs
See: fdformat for
Format drive file system.
For floppy drive use see YoLinux Tutorial
VER uname -a Operating system version
pkzip tar, gzip andbzip2
files/directories. Use tar to create Linuxalso has compress, gzip
HOSTNAME hostname Print host name of computer
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DOS Vs Linux
DOS Command Command
Action
p ng en pac e s o a ne wor os
TRACERT tracerouteShow routes and router hops to
.
IPCONFIG (NT) ifconfig Display/configure network interface...
NBTSTAT (Netbios info: -n, -c) nslookup host-
NBTSTAT -a host-name NBTSTAT -A IP-address name
.
rou e -n r n rou ng a e.
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Network CommandsDOS Command
CommandAction
TRACERT tracerouteShow routes and router hops toiven network destination.
IPCONFIG (NT)
WINIPCFG (Win 95...) ifconfig Display/configure network interface
NBTSTAT (Netbios info: -n, -c)
- -
nslookup host- Print DNS info for host.
NBTSTAT -A IP-address
ROUTE PRINT route -n Print routing table.
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Hardware Requirement
32-bit Intel based processor, atleast an Intel or compatible 80386,80486, or Pentium-class
.
400 MHz Pentium is recommendedfor a ra hical interface and 200MHz for text.
Normall 64MB RAM for Text, and192 MB for graphical. (Linux canrun on as little as 12 MB RAM).
At least 2GB free hard disk spacefor a standard installation, includingapplications; 3 to 6 GB or more is
(all applications).
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Installation Methods
Red Hat Installation CD-ROM.
NFS Image.
Kick Start
FTP
HTTP
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Red Hat Installation through CD
• To boot from a CD-Rom or DVD-Rom ou ma first
have to change the boot sequence setting in your
computer’s BIOS so that the computer will try to boot
first from the CD-Rom.
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NFS Image
• NFS (Network File Sharing): It is a common method
to s are es.
• An image of an operating system is taken already
system.
• The image system is first mounted and operating
system path is given to get into the installation.
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Kick Start Installation
• Till now we have seen attended installation, where the user
ave o n erac w e sys em.
• The kick start installation is known as unattended
installation where the user appearance is not necessary.
• The system will automatically install the operating systeminto the machine including the device installation, hard disk
partition, assigning of ip address etc.,
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Red Hat Installation
Press Enter, toinstall in
.
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Red Hat Installation
Type linux text,to install in Text
mode.
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Red Hat Installation
Type linux askminstall either th
FTP HTTP Haand NFS.
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Red Hat Installation
T e linux text
askmethod to installeither through FTP,
,NFS.
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Installation Setup Screen
The Installation
Type Linux Text and
press enter for Text
mode Installation
Just press enterfor graphical
mode Installation.
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Hardware Detection
Hardware
detectionprocess
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Select theInstallation
.
R dh t I t ll ti
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Redhat Installations
Select the t eof keyboard
layout.
R dh t I t ll ti
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Redhat Installations
Select theappropriate
type ofinstallation.
R dh t I t ll ti
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Redhat Installations
Select theappropriateNFS type
installation.
Redhat Installations
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Redhat Installations
Select this
option to assignan dynamic ipaddress.
Redhat Installations
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Redhat Installations
Enter theappropriate ip
a ress
Redhat Installations
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Redhat Installations
Enter the
information ofserver ip address
.
Redhat Installations
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Redhat Installations
The Anaconda-Red Hat
Installer beginse ns a a on.
Redhat Installations
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Redhat Installations
Hardware
detectionprocess
Redhat Installations
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Redhat Installations
Redhat Installations
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Redhat Installations
The Red Hat LinuxWelcomes
ou.
Select the Partitioning T pe
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Select the Partitioning Type
Select this fors mp er au oma c
partitioning.
Click here for manualpartitioning. Raid and LVM
also can be configured
used only while installation)
Redhat Installations
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Redhat Installations
Click here tocreate new
partition in thefree space
Creating Partition for /boot directory
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Creating Partition for /boot directory
Select the file systemmount pointshere.( /boot )
ype ere. ex , exfor normal partitionand swap for swap
artition
Enter the sizeof the
part t onshere.
Creating Partition for / directory
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Creating Partition for / directory
Select the file systemmount points
here.( / )
ype ere. ex , exfor normal partition and
swap for swapartition
Enter the sizeof the
part t ons ere.
Creating Partition for swap directory
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Creating Partition for swap directory
mount pointshere.(swap)
Enter the sizeof the
part t ons ere.
Redhat Installations
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Redhat Installations
The final viewall the
mounting.
To Set Boot Loader
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To Set Boot Loader
Click here to
change thedefault boot
loaderanare the Red Hat
Linux boot loaders.
GRUB is the Default
The default boot
Loader of Red HatLinux 8.0
can be changed oradded here
Redhat Installations
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eth0 means firstEthernet card itsaddress getting
from DHCP.
also gettingfrom DHCP
server..
Firewall ConfigurationFirewall Configuration
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Firewall ConfigurationFirewall Configuration
No firewall optionallows all networkserv ces o your
machine
No firewall option
services to yourmachine
Redhat Installations
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Enable firewall
o tion allows
Activate yourSELINUX options
specific networkservices to your
machine
Redhat Installations
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Choose thedefault languagefor the system.
Redhat Installations
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Time zone is.
Redhat Installations
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Enter thepassword for theroot (Super User)
Redhat Installations
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Its readingpackage
information's.
Redhat Installations
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Select customizeoptions to customize
the package selections
s s use to se ectthe default package.
Package Selection
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The Packages to bens a e are se ec ehere. Even the office
(Like MS-Office
in windowsPackages are
available inbuiltin Red Hat
Package Selection
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Checking andinstalling the
.
Beginning of Installation
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g g
Click next to begin
the actual installationwhich begins writingthe operating system
in the hard drives.
Installing Packages
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Creating the filesystem in the
installationpartition.
Installing Packages
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The installationimage is copied to
the hard drive.
Installing Packages
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Initializing theinstallation
Installing Packages
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Preparing for theinstallation
Installing Packages
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packages under
progress
tzdata packages
Installing Packages
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packages under
progress
Installing Packages
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packages under
progress
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packages under
progress
Installing Packages
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packages under
progress
Installing Packages
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packages under
progress
Installing Packages
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Performin thepost install
configuration.
Reboot the System
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The Red Hat Installation iscompleted successfully.
media and boot disks.And reboot the system.
Rebooting
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GRUB boot loader
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Hi hli ht the o eratinsystem and press enterto boot.
Loading Kernel
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Initializing hardware devices
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Initializing services
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Welcome to Red Hat Setup
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The Red Hat
Welcometo
setup agentwill proceed
someMore basic
Setup agent
configurations
Before the systemis ready
o use.
License agreement
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Setting date and time
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Graphics configuration
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Select the screenresolution suiting your
-the number of distinct
colours requiredsupporting the video
monitor and displaycard
card Installed
Red Hat Login
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To register the system
to Red Hat enter theLogin name and
password.
Red Hat Login
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If you don’t have redhatlogin select this optionto create a new login.
Red Hat Login
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Enter this optionto know the
details
Red Hat Login
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Click here tore ister with theThe u date a entRed Hat networkregisters the
machine withRed Hat network
Click here toski re istration
Software packages
Get updatedautomatically
System user creation.
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Create nonadministrative user toaccess the system.
Sound Card Configuration
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Tests sounds for the 3channels in sound card
Configuredautomatically
can be heard byselecting play test sound
To Install additional softwares
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Click here to install
an additional
software.
Finishing Setup
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The Red Hat
Finishes the setup
Login Screen
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Login Screen
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Red Hat supportsmany languages,
be selected before
login.
Login Screen
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The kind of deskto can be selected here.
Login Screen
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The system canbe rebooted using
the option.
Login Screen
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The system canbe restarted usin
the option.
Login Screen
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Enter the userName
Login Screen
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Enter the userPassword.
Loading the user settings.
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Red Hat Startup Screen
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Now the Red HatLinux
is ready for use.
Kernel initialization
• As systems boots, kernel get initialized and thefollowing functions are occurred.
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g s a
• ev ce etect on: erne w comp e t e ev ce
drivers and locate it to the corresponding devices.
• Mounts root file system: After the device detection
only.
• Load initial process: The very first process (init) is
then loaded.
Initial process
• Init :
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• It is the superior of all processes.
• As soon as init process is loaded the control is
assed from kernel to this rocess.
• /etc/inittab:
should setup the system in every run level, as well.
Run levels
init 0 : Shutdown the system or halt
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init 0 : Shutdown the system or halt
init 1 : Single-user mode.
n : u -user mo e w ou ne wor ng suppor .
init 3 : Multi-user mode with networking support.
init 4 : Unused.
n t : rap ca user nter ace.
init 6 : Reboot the system.
Run level configuration file
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Get in to the
inittab file, the
file.
Run level configuration file
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The default
be changedhere.
CONSOLES
• Text-mode login at virtual console
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• Multiple non-GUI logins are possible
• Default consoles are in text mode
• Available through CTRL-ALT-F[1-6]
•
• Graphical console comes through CTRL-ALT-F7
X Window System
• It is the foundation for the graphical user Interface of
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• It is the foundation for the graphical user Interface of
Red Hat Linux.
• X applications communicate with a display via. The X
protocol.
• X is OS Independent.
• It is available on many platforms.
X Protocol
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• It hides the individual details of the OS and the underlying
hardware.
• X protocol is a asynchronous network protocol for the
communication between X client and X Server.
• It defines how the graphical primitives are communicated
between X client and server.
Multiple Desktop Environments
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•
Environments.
• GNOME (GNU Network Object Modules Environment).
• KDE (K desktop Environment).
GNOME
• It is the default desktop environment for Red Hat
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.
• It is Power full and easy-to-use desktop environment
consisting primarily of a panel and a set of GUI tools.
• GNOME is free and hence its source code can be
www.gnome.org.
GNOME Interface
• The GNOME Interface consists of a Panel and a Desktop.
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• Panel appears as a long bar across the bottom of screen.
, .
• The Remainder Screen is the Deskto . Here ou can lace
directories, files or programs.
GNOME Desktop
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GNOME Menus
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GNOME Menus
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KDE
• KDE provides an alternative desktop environment with full
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.
• Along with GNOME features, It also includes
• Konsole : Highly configurable graphical terminal.
• onqueror : e manager an we rowser.
• Kmail : A graphical email client.
• Kdevelop : Integrated development.
KDE Desktop
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KDE Desktop
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KDE Desktop
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KDE Desktop
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Starting X Window
The X window start automatically, If so then a
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Graphical login screen is prompted by the Display
.
Alternatively use startx to get in to X window from
non-w n ow ng conso e.
Start X
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window from runlevel-3
Start X
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Desktop Selection
Select failsafein case of an
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previously used
desktop
graphical
failure
To get the
defaultdesktop.
To get in toGNOME To get in to
. KDE desktop.
KDE MODE
If you click yes theKDE desktop is set
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for future sessions(or) login
you c c o, on ythe current session
is set to KDE.
Switchdesk
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To change the desktop
environment.
Switchdesk
To switch from kde to
gnome desktop
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gnome desktop
Switchdesk
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Thus we switched
into GNOME
deskto
Linux File System Directories
/ Begins the file system structure – called the root.
Directory Function
/b H ld h k l i fil d i d b
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/boot Hold the kernel image files and associated bootinformation and files.
’ .
/sbin Holds administration-level commands and any
commands used by the root user. /dev Holds file interface for devices such as the terminal
and the rinter.
/etc Holds system configuration files and any other
system files.
e c op o s sys em con gura on es or app ca on n /opt
Linux File System Directories
/etc/X11 Holds system configuration files for the X Window
Directory Function
System and its applications.
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System and its applications.
/bin Holds the essential user commands and utility
ro rams.
/lib Holds essential shared libraries and kernelmodules.
/lib/modules Holds the kernel modules.
/mnt Used to hold directories for mounting file systemslike CD-ROMs or floppy disks that are mounted
only temporarily. /o t Holds added software a lications for exam le,
KDE on some distributions).
Linux File System Directories
/proc Process directory, a memory-resident directory
Directory Function
containing files used to provide information about
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co ta g es used to p o de o at o aboutthe system.
/tm Holds tem orar files.
/usr Holds those files and commands used by the
subdirectories.
/var Holds files that vary, such as mailbox and FTP.
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Linux Commands
• Commands have the following syntax:
• Command [options] [arguments]
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[ p ] [ g ]
•
• Options modify the command’s behavior
• Arguments are filenames or other information
needed by the command
DOS Vs Linux
Command
omman c on
-
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TREE ls –R List directory recursivly
CD cd Change directory
RMDIR rmdir Remove a directory
CHDIR pwd Display directory
location
rm emove a e
DOS Vs Linuxomman
Command
ct on
RMDIR /S (NT)rm -r
Remove all directories and files below
95...)
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)
COPY cp Copy a file
XCOPY cp -r Copy all file of directory recursively
RENAME or
MOVE
TYPE cat Dump contents of a file to users screen
MORE more Pipe output a single page at a time
HELP orCOMMAND /?
man Online manuals
DOS Vs Linux
Command
CommandAction
CLS clear Clear screen
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EXIT exit Exit a shell
FIND grep Look for a word in files given in command line
FC diff Compare two files and show differences. Also seemgdiff and tkdiff.
SET set and env Show environment variables
DOS Vs Linux
Command
SETvariable
export variable nameSet environment variables
PATH echo $PATH Display search path for
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executables
DATE or date Show date. (also set date -on y
SORT sort Sort dataalphabetically/numerically
filename.txt vim
.
which looks most like DOSedit is probably Pico.
\ / Director ath delimiter
.\ ./ Current directory
..\ ../ Parent directory
DOS Vs Linux
BACKUP files A:\ tar -cvf /dev/fd0 Save backup files to floppy
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tar -xvf /dev/fd0 Read files from floppy.files See Using DOS floppies
ATTRIB +h or -h mv file .file Change file to a hidden file - rename
e w pre x .
PRINT lpr Print a file
MEMfreetop
Show free memory on system
Show s stem info Commands ev
borrowed from AIX)
DOS Vs Linuxomman omman c on
SCANDISKfsck Check and repair hard drive file system
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FDISK fdisk Tool to partition a hard drive.
FORMATmke2fsSee: fdformat for
Format drive file system.For floppy drive use see YoLinux Tutorial
VER uname -a Operating system version
Compress and uncompress
pkziptar, gzip andbzip2
.compilation of a directory before
compressing. Linux also has compress,gzip
HOSTNAME hostname Print host name of computer
DOS Vs Linux
DOS Command
CommandAction
p ng en pac e s o a ne wor os
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TRACERT traceroute Show routes and router hops to.
IPCONFIG (NT)ifconfig Display/configure network interface
...
NBTSTAT (Netbios info: -n, -c) nslookup host- NBTSTAT -a host-name NBTSTAT -A IP-address
name .
rou e -n r n rou ng a e.
Network CommandsDOS Command
Command
Action
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TRACERT tracerouteShow routes and router hops toiven network destination.
IPCONFIG (NT)WINIPCFG (Win 95...)
ifconfig Display/configure network interface
NBTSTAT (Netbios info: -n, -c)
- -
nslookup host- Print DNS info for host.
NBTSTAT -A IP-address
ROUTE PRINT route -n Print routing table.
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Login screen
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Enter the
PWD
• PWD
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• Present working Directory
• Display the absolute path of the current directory.
PWD
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The absolute
path of the root
directory isdisplayed.
ls
ls :
List the Files and Directories within the current directory.
Syntax:
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ls o tions
Options:
- s e w perm ss on.
-a List hidden file.
-i List files and inode number.
-R List directories , sub directories and their
contents.
ls
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directories in the
present directory.
ls -l
l option lists the
l li ti f
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long listing of
directory.
l l command
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The name of the group
which has the
Owner name, theuser who created
No of links to thedirectory
t e nes t e
permissions
assigned to theFile or directory
names.
Size of the files
or directories
permissions over the files
or directories
the directory.owners, groups and
other users
ls -a
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[a] option lists all files
hidden files
ls -al
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al option lists all files and
directories including
format.
ls -R
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[R] option lists workingdirectory as well as
contents in the director .
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mkdir
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This will create a
.
cd
cd- Change directories
Syntax :
cd <directory name>
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y
..
- To a directory one level up (parent directory)
cd -- To your previous working directory
cd /
- To the / slash director
cd
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This commandwill take you to
the directory .
cd ~
Previous slide
we have seen cd
along with any
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director name.This command
cd ~ <enter>
home directory
cd ..
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cd .. Take ou to theparent directory of the
current directory.
cd ..
Now we can see that
we are in advpro
directory, the parent
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director of the test
cd /
cd / will take
you to /
directory)
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through pwd command
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cat
cat
– it is the command to create and view files
Syntax:
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>
cat [filename] To view a file
ca >> ename o appen ex o a
file
cat
As mentioned in
slide. cat is used
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to create a file
The file is saved
roug c r -
after typing thetext
cat
Enter
cat < ename>
to view the
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content of file.
cat
To append the
text in a file,
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and file name.
cat
Th
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The screenshows the
appended file
cat
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The -s o tion
trims multipleadjacent blank
blank line
cat
The –b option
numbers the
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of the output
cat
The –A option shows
all characters including
con ro an non
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con ro an non
printing characters
Here the $ represents
the end of the line
touch
touch command is used to update the time stamps of a file.
touch is also used to create empty file.
S ntax : touch filename
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– S ntax : touch filename
touch can create multiple empty file too.
– Syntax : touch [filename1] [filename2]
touch
empty file is
created
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touch
Multiple files
using touch
command
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Copy Command
cp : cp command is known for copying files and
– Syntax : cp [options] source destination
– p ons :
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– p ons :
-r recursively copy an entire directory tree
-p preserve permissions, ownership, and timestamps
– Example :
c File1 File2
Copy Command
There is a filename a nthe directory
test
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test .
Copy Command
Here we notice that
directory. Let uscopy the file ‘a’ into
s rec ory
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s rec ory.
Copy Command
Cp copies the file ‘a’rom t e rectory
test to the directory
test1.
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test1.
Copy Command
Thus the file ‘a’
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test1 directory.
Copy Command
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and old are
listed with their.
Copy Command
-r option copy
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r option copythe entire
‘old’
Copy Command
us t e
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contents ofold director
is copied tonew.
Copy Command
Command l lshows the
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shows thepermission of
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Copy Command
Now, we
one to the
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one to thedirectory old
Copy Command
See thecomparisonof the file oneshown above
and old
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and olddirectory
Copy Command
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Now using command cpa ong w –p op on epermission is preserved.
Move Command
mv : This command is used to move and renaming filesan rec or es
Syntax:
mv <source> <destination>
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mv <source> <destination>
Example
mv file1 file2 (now the file1 is changed to file2)
Move Command
A file is
the name of
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the name ofone in therec ory o
Move Command
Here we see
that usin mv command the
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file is moved
directory.
Move Command
Now check into the
old directory where
moved. Hence thedirectory is empty
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Move Command
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The file one is shownabove in the new
Move Command
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created testin the old
rectory
Move Command
This exampleshows how to
fil
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rename a file
Move Command
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Using the l lcommand, theabove screen
shows the renamed file
rm and rmdir command
rm : This command is used to remove files
Syntax:rm < ename>
Example :
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rmdir : This command is used to remove directories.
Syntax:rmdir <directory name>
Example :
rmdir linux
rm command
This screenshows the
contents of the
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contents of the
The above rmcommand is
the file k
rm command
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k is removed from
the directory
rmdir command
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named donic which isremoved through the
comman rm r
rmdir command
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The abovescreen showsthat directory
donic is
rmdir command
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screen we seethat directory
tomy is unableto remove
rm command
Usin rm withoption – r, thedirectory along
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directory along
be removed
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rm command
The abovescreen shows
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screen shows
directory jerry
rm -ri command
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The rm with –ricommand is
the contents
interactively.
rm -ri command
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We can see that the filefor which we have given‘ ’ ‘ ’
preserved
File command
The file command is used to check the file content.
Syntax :
file <filename>
Example:
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Example:
file f1 (f1 is a file. File will show the format)
a block special file)
File format
The file along with file
name (ss) shows the
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File format
This showsthe format
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cat asexecutablee
more
l l command
shows thecontents at
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.
more
contentquickly, which
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q yma es e
viewer to seeonly last page
more
More is usedto lists the
contents one
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time
more
promptedafter listing
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gone y one
more
Here it is
processlisting more
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contents,
shown asabove
more
Here it is
processlisting more
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contents,
shown asabove
more
more
command
s over anwe are inthe end of
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the end ofthe page
vi & vim editor
Vi is known as the visual editor.It is a standard editor under Linux and Unix system.
Vim is the im roved version of vi editor
Vi have three modes of operation
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•Command mode
•Insert mode
•Esc mode
vi Modes
Command mode:
O erations such as cut co aste delete
undo, redo etc., are done in this mode.
Insert mode:
Type in new text
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yp
Ex-mode :
Extended commands for saving, exiting, search-
and-replace can executed here
Working with vi editor
file createdor opened
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editor.
Command Mode
Press ‘i’ toget into
mode
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Insert Mode
insert mode
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Insert Mode
After typingthe data’s hit
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into commandmode
Ex- Mode
Press:wq to
write and
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Ex- Mode
Press !to quitwithout
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the data
Yank
Hit escape and
type 3yy to yankthree lines from
the cursor osition
Like this example,you can copy any
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typing numbers oflines and yy
Text yanked
slide, we saw howto yank the text.
er yan ng we
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er yan ng we
see the messageas below
Text put
Now the yankedtext is pasted fromt e cursor pos t on
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t e cursor pos t on
by hitting the ‘p‘
delete
To delete text, placethe cursor in the
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and give the totalnumber and dd
delete
Now 3 lines are
deleted andmessage get
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fewer lines asshown below
cut and put
To cut a line
after curserposition hit 1cc.
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cut and put
Get into insert modeand lace the cursor
where the data shouldbe pasted. Press esc
d
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mode
cut and put
t th d t
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paste the data.
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Search
Then if we press ‘n’ it willshows the second match for
that data.If we continuepressing n it will show
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pressing n it will show
successive matches.
Find commandFind:
To search files and directories in a specified path.
Syntax:
Condition:
-name <file name> - to search a particular file
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-name <file name> - to search a particular file
-user <user name> - lists the files owned byuser.
-perm <mode> - search a file depending
.
Find command
This commandsearches the
passwor e rom
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/ directory.
Find command
The abovescreen shows
the execution of
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command
Locate command
Locate:
To search or locate files and directories from the
database.
It locate the files faster than the find command
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Syntax:
locate [pattern]
Locate command
To search filenamed test1
from database.
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Locate command
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All the files anddirectories named
test1 is located and
dis la ed.
Man command
man :
Display helpful information about
commands.
Syntax:
man [option] command
Option:
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Opt o
– -
command name.
Man command
It displays manualpages for ls
comman .
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Man commandThe manual page
of ls command issp aye ere.
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Enter q to exit frommanual a e.
useradd commanduseradd :
To create a new user account and login.
Useradd will create new entries in system files.
S ntax
useradd [options ] [user ]
Options
-c Comment field.
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-d Home directory
-e Account expiration date.
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useradd commandEnter thepassword.
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User home directory
When new useraccount is created ,a
the user is created
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in /home dir.
User configuration files
When a new user account is created, its entries
u dates the followin s stem files.
- /etc/group
- etc s a ow
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Passwd fileTo view passwordconfiguration file.
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Passwd file
First fieldx representsUser id.Group id.representencryp e
password is directory.
shell.
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username.available inshadow file.
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Shadow file
Encr tedpassword for
the user.
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Groups file
To viewgroup file
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Groups file
Group id forthe user
abdulkalam.
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User loginAbdulkalamlogging in .
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User loginUser
home dir
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userdel command
User account can
userdel command
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Creating groupsNew group is created by hand-editing the file /etc/group
or by using groupadd command.
groupadd groupname
groupdel command is used to remove the group.
Syntax
groupdel groupname
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Groupmod is used to rename the existing groupname.
Syntax:
–
Groupadd commandA group is added inthe name of india by
groupadd.
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Usermod command
Using usermodcommand the user
added to group
India
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India
Groups file
To viewgroup file
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Groups file
The id numberassi ned to the rou
india is 501
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e as e s ows euser abdulkalam added
in India group
Groupdel command
Groupdel
window group.
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Group Administration
Create a directorynamed product
sales.
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Group Administration
ser s are a e nthe sales groupusing usermod
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gcommand.
Group Administration
group file.
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Group Administration
This shows that thethree users are
group.
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Group Administration
Change the group namesales to product directoryusing chgrp command.
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Group Administration
e screen s owsthat the changesbeen made in the
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group field.
Group Administration
product directory.
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Group Administration
e perm ss onfor the product
directory is
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changed.
Group Administration
The user tom is not amember of the group.So the permission is
restricted.
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Group Administration
suresh logs in terminal. Ashe is the member of the
group, he have the privilege.
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Group Administration
rajesh logs in terminal. Ashe is the member of the
group, he have the privilege.
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Group Administration
tom logs in terminal. he isnot the member of the
group so does not have the.
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Group Administration
The above screenshows the permission
been restricted to the.
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Changing owner
The chowncommand
After giving thechown command
c ange t e e ordirectory owner.
changed from
root to suresh.
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Changing owner
The owner andgroup name can be
c ange us ngchown command.
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chage commandThe chage command let you specify an expiration limit
for a user's account and password .
– Syntax:
chage [option] username
Option
- .
-m set the min. days to change the password.
-M set the max. days to change the password.-E specific expiration date for user account
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E specific expiration date for user account.
-I set inactive period (in days)
- ,expiration.
User administration
Chage –l : liststhe account andThis field sets thepassword for the
Inactive period isused to give
information of
user tom.
maximum valid
days given.
grace time tochange the
assword.
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User administration
The –Mcommand with
The passwordexpires field is
100 sets as the
maximum days.
updated by +100days from usercreation date.
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User administration
Allowableaccount inactivity
which password
will expire.
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User administration
The -W optionshows the
message before
expiration.
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User administration
The -m option forminimum number
of da s a usercan exists with
password.
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User administration
-for specific
expiration datefor an account.
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Set userIDIt allows an executable file to run under the user or group
security context with the permission of its owner.
SUID can be set as follows:
• chmod u+s [filename]
(or)
• chmod 4xxx [filename]
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• chmod 4xxx [filename]
Set userID
The above screenThe passwd is the
password along with
the set user id
comman w c up a esthe password in the
shadow file, instead of not .having the execute
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permission.
Set userID
Tom changes theassword usin
passwd command.
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Set userID
The set userid
removed from the
/usr/bin/passwd.
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Set userID
Now we can viewthat tom user
cannot change
the password.
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Set GroupID
The user sureshlo s et into the
The user suresh
product directory
and create a file.
w o crea e a e,the group name is
assigned as suresh.
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Set GroupID
The groupid isset to the
Note: the group sales
product
directory.
product directory.
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Set GroupID
After setting the groupid, user suresh createsa file win98. Using thecommand ls –l showsthat the file is createdunder the group sales.
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Sticky bit
The user rajesh logsThe files remove is
file bios created byposs e ecausethe sticky bit is not
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ysuresh.
the sticky bit is notset to the product
directory.
Sticky bit
Using +t option thestick is set to theproduct directory.
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Sticky bit
After assigning the sticky
delete the file created by
other user but he is.
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Switch user
su command is used to switch to another account from
the command line.
This command is most often used b s stem
administrator to temporarily become the root user
- .
Syntax
su - [user] -c command
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Switch user
Here the root user
account.(user joe)
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Switch user
It executes root privileged command
from the ordinary user.
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Multi user loginLike unix operating system where multi user login can
,supports multi user login.
Each user can login in each terminal and can do multi
process ng w c avo s ogg ng o rom e sys em.
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Multi user
tom, is the userwho log in thefirst terminal
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Multi user
Joe, is theuser who log
terminal
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Multi user
harry, is theuser who log
terminal
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Multi user
wilson, is theuser who log
terminal
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Multi user
bill, is the userwho log in thefifth terminal
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Multi userthano, is the
user who lo sin the sixthterminal
W is the command tolist the users logged
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list the users logged
n
vance ses o an
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File RepositioningPress G, Cursor go to last line of a file.
, .
Press Ctrl+f, Cursor forward one full screen.
Press Ctrl+b, Cursor go back one full screen.
Press Ctrl+d, Cursor go down half a screen.
ress r +u, ursor go up a a screen.
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Screen Repositioning
Press H, Cursor go to first line on screen.
Press M, Cursor go to middle line on screen.
Press L, Cursor go to last line on screen.
Press Z+Enter, Make current line is first line on screen.
-
screen.
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screen.
Advanced Reading and SavingIt is also possible to read a other file content in your
current files.
e o ow ng comman e p you : – Go to exmode in a vi editor
–
– Example :r /root/file1
While working in a editor we can copy the file content to
another file – Syntax : starting line, endingline w <file name>
– Example : 1,20w file2
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– ,
FilteringA powerful feature of vi is the ability to include into your document
the output of Linux commands.
For example if you want to display any command output in your file
see following syntax .
!!command
The syntax will be working in exmod in editor.
For example to display date ,type following command in exmod.
!!date
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Filtering
Open the file
in vi mode.
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Filtering
This will replace
the current line
with output of the
date command.
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Filtering
The out ut of the
date command is
written here.
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Sed CommandSed command just like find and replace .
To display a file , the Sed command change the
particular word in standard input only , but notchan e ori inal content of file.
xamp e o e comman .
sed ‘s/ram/raju/g’ /root/file1
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Sed Command
The output of the
named.local is
.
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Sed Command
Here sed command displays the
output by replacing the localhostas www.example.com, but it wont
write output in the file.
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ex mode : search and replacevi can perform search and replace operations much
e se comman .
Syntax:
ex mode:1,$s/searchname/replacename/g
, - .
s - String of character
g - replace multiple matches in a
line
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ex mode : search and replace
Open the filein vi mode.
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ex mode : search and replace
It searches and replaces
the localhost aswww.exam le.com.
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ex mode : search and replace
Thus the localhostwas replaced as
www.example.com..
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Advanced Reading and SavingIt is also possible to read a other file content in your
current files.
The following command help you :
– Go to ex mode in a vi editor
– Syntax : r <filename>
– Example :r /root/file1
While working in a editor we can copy the file content toanother file
– ,
– Example : 1,20w file2
– Exam le : 21,40w >> file2
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Advanced Reading and Saving
ere you can v ew
output of test file.
mode.
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Advanced Reading and Saving
To display the
output of another
the current file.
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Advanced Reading and Saving
The output of testfile is displayed..
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Advanced Reading and Saving
The contents of theexisting file.
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Advanced Reading and Saving
To write the contents of the existing file in another
file named test1.
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Advanced Reading and Saving
The contents are
appended to thetest1 file.
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Advanced Reading and Saving
You can see the
in the test1 file.
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Set number
File contents.
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Set number
To assign numbers
editor.
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Set all
To view all the
possibilities of
configurationsavailable in vi
editor.
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Set all
All the available
option are
displayed here.
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Redirecting Input and OutputOuput of a command is redirected to a file
– Command > filename
-
Example ls -i >> /root/file1
Output of file redirected to a command
– Command < filename
-
• Error message of a command redirected to a file- Command 2> file1
- Command 2>> file1
- – –
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Redirecting Input and Output
Here the output of ls command is
appended to the
ex1 file.
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Redirecting InputA command which accepts the input from a file is
known as Redirecting Input.
Syntax - command < file1
Example : tr ‘A-Z’ ‘a-z’ < file1
A file is created in the name file1 and text is
en ere n cap a e ers, w c s re rec e
through < symbol and the command translates the
a a o sma e ers.
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Redirecting Input and Output
tr translates the upper case
letters to lower case.Hereout ut of file v is
redirected as input to the tr
command.
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Redirecting Input and Output
> re rects t eerror messages to
the ex file.
Here we can see
redirected error
messa es in the exfile.
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Piping
Pipes is used to execute more than one command at a time. See
following command.
Syntax : command1 | command2
Example: ls -l | more
It is also used to execute command result
Example: cat file1 | grep station
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Piping
ere e ca an
grep command
are executed inpipeline
.
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Redirecting Both Standard Output And Error
If find command is executed, its output can be stored in file2. if
error occurs during execution, the error message is stored in
file1.
or examp e:
find / -name passwd 2> file1 >file2
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Redirecting Both Standard Output And Error
If there is anyerror messa es
If there is no error
while execution
the error message
e ou pu w e
redirected to the
ex2 file.to the file ex1.
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tee Commandtee is useful to save the output at various stages from
a ong sequence o p pes.
–
The above exam le shows the t es of ls commandsand options are used to store output to the files g1,g2 and g3.
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tee Command
It saves the output
of ls in file a1 and
output of ls –l in
file b2.
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grep command
grep
- means general regular expression processor.
- ana yze e con en o a e a ne a a me,returning a line that matches a pattern.
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grep command
Grep prints thepattern matched
with ganesh in the
file /etc/passwd.
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awk command
An awk program searches for lines in a file
an per orms some ac on on ose nes.
Example:awk ‘/bash/ rint ’ /etc/ asswd
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awk command
awk display first
e o e /etc/fstab file.
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File CompressionsSeveral compression utilities are available for use on
Linux and Unix s stem.
But most software for Linux system use threecompression utilities.
-
2 - GNU gzip
-
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Compression commandcompress:
It compresses a file and give the extension as .z forthat file.
Syntax:
compress < ename>
uncompress:
It uncompress the compressed file.
Syntax:
uncompress <filename>
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Compression command
Thise actua
size of file is
107 b tes.
the file a.
The compressed file
Thus the file size
s n cate y t e .z
extension.This
is compressed to
39 bytes.
uncompress
the file a.
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Compression with gzipgzip utility compresses file .
unzi decom resses them.
To compress a file, enter the command gzip and the
.
version of it,with the extension .gz.
.
Syntax:
gz p ename compress on
gunzip filename.gz (decompression)
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Compression with gzip
size of file is107 bytes.gzip command
file a.
The compressed file
s n cate y t e
.gz extension.Thus the file size
is compressed to
38 bytes.
uncompress
the file a.
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Compression with bzip2
It compresses files using the burrows-wheeler block-sorting text compression algorithm and huffman
coding.You compresses files using the bzip2 command and
.
The bzip2 command create a file with the extension.bz2
Syntax:
bzip2 filename (compression)
bunzip2 filename.bz2 (decompression)
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Compression with bzip2
size of file is107 bytes.bzip2 command
file a.
The compressed file
This
s n cate y t e
.bz2 extension.Thus the file size
uncompress
the file a .is compressed to
51 bytes.
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Creating ArchivesTar:
ar comman s use o crea e arc ves on ev ce or es.Originally, tar was used to create archives on tape devices,
.
When creating a file for a tar archive, the filename is usually. .
While tar is seldom used to back up entire file system.
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Syntax for tar command
Syntax for tar command:
- -.
Options:
c - create new arc ve.
v - produce verbose message.
f - archivename,a name of new file.
x - archive will be extracted in the current directory.
t - displays a list of file in the archive
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tar command
display all thefile in backup .
tvf options
displays along
with the user
and group
names.
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Printer-configuration
Command to
configure the
r nter
Click Newo tion to
add printer
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Printer-configuration
Now the system is
loadin rinter
information.
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Printer-configuration
Click Forward
queue
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Printer-configuration
Chooselocally-connected
option for localprinter
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Printer-configuration
manufacture name in
he list.
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Printer-configuration
Choose the serialnumber of the printer
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Printer-configuration
for
What you have
selected
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Printer-configuration
Now the printerconfiguration
applying the
changes to the
system
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Printer-configuration
Choose yes you will be
getting an test page form
the printer
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Printer-configuration
lpq is a command to view
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Printer-configuration
lpr is a command given
to print particular file.
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Printer-configuration
lpq is a command to view
t e queue n pr nter
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Printer-configuration
lpq is a command to
v ew t e num er o
queue in printer
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Introduction to process
Linux treats each task performed on your system as a, .
You can examine this rocess and even sto them.
Red Hat provides several tools for examining processesas well as your system performances.
e process s easy mon or ng s prov e y severaGUI tools,like Red Hat Procman System Monitor.
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ps Command• .
• To display a information about process specific to
the active terminal.
• Syntax: ps [option]• Options available:
-a : o sp ay a process, not nc u ng
process not controlled by a terminal
-
a terminal, such as daemon process.
-l : To long list including more information such
as process owner's user id.
-u : To display user name of the process
owner.
-e : To view the all process id
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pstree command
s ows e
process ancestry
for all process
running on the
system.
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ps –a command
sp ay a
processes
excluding
processes not
controlled by..
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ps –l command
It list the
rocesses alon
with the owners
id.
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ps –x command
sp ay a
processes
including
processes
controlled by.
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ps –u command
It list theprocesses along
with the user
name.
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kill process
• Kill command is used to send a particular process to
get clear.
• S ntax : Kill -9 < rocess id>
• ps - aux is the command to view all process name
and id
• -command, option and the process id to kill.)
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kill process
It kills the tty2
term na as
processes .
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Altering process schedule
• renice is the command to set the priority of a process.
• The priority value can range from -20 (highest priority)to 19 (Lowest priority)
• Syntax : renice - +(minus symbol or plus symbol)
<priority number> -p <process id>
• xamp e : ren ce - -p
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Foreground and Background process
• Fg command is used to run the background process in
the fore round Front End
• jobs command helps you to view the background
processes.
• Step 1: jobs <enter> to view the process
running and job numbers
• • bg command is used to resume the suspended
command in the back grounded.
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Foreground and Background process
‘&’ makes the
in background.Jobs displays the
processes runningin the background.
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Foreground and Background process
Fg bring back the
back grounded
rocesses to the
foreground.
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Foreground and Background process
Here the
command is
suspendedwhile
pressing ctrl+z.Bg resumes the
stopped jobs tothe
background.
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Bash Shell Scripting
Scripting basics
– A shell script is a text file containing set of commands.
– Scripts are useful for automating process that you perform
repeatedly at the command line.
– ,
through scripts.
– For example : Every morning when you login you can
perform following operations.
• Checking system date and time
• Checking email
• How many users have logged in the server.
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Creation of shell scripts
Shell script are written in vi editor
,
– For example:
• #!/bin/bash used for bash shell script
• #!/bin/sh used for borne shell script
• #!/bin/csh used for C shell script
• # usr n per use or er s e scr pt
• #!/usr/bin/python used for Python shell script
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Basic bash shell script
How to print a data in a console
– ec o e at <enter>
How to execute a command in echo statement
– echo “hostname `hostname` “ <enter>
How to execute a variable in echo statement
– =
– echo “A value: $A” <enter>
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Execute bash shell script file
Two methods available to execute a script file are
– First method is
• Syntax :
» bash filename
– Second method is
• Syntax :
»Give the execute permission the script file
through chmod command
»Run the file by ./<file name>
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Bash Shell Scripting
Get in toe v e or
to createscript file
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Bash Shell Scripting
It denotes weare usingas s e
scripts
This script executes
hostname and date
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Executing script - First Method
Bashexamp e
(file name)to execute
Output is
shown in theterminal
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Executing script - Second Method
No executepermissionfor a file in
default
Permission is,
asexecutable
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Second Method
./ example(file name)to execute
the file
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Arithmetic Calculation
Exam lescript file forcalculation
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Arithmetic Calculation
Using read
read the valuefor A and B
Using exprwe can add
va ues
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The values areentered for input
The output is
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Partitions
The Linux supports four primary partitions and many
logical partitions in the extended partition.
The Linux kernel supports maximum number of 63
artitions on each IDE disk.
And maximum of 15 partitions on each SCSI device.
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Partition Types
Linux-specific partitions would normally be one of the
.
0 X 5 - Extended
0 X 82- Linux swap
-
0 X fd - Linux RAID
0 X 8e- Linux LVM
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Partitioning
In Linux, partitions can be created by either of the
o ow ng ree u es
– fdisk
– sfdisk
– disk druid (only available during installation)
–
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fdisk
fdisk
- Fixed Disk
- Menu driven programs to create and
Before starting fdisk, identify the hard disk type that is
whether primary master or slave and secondary
master or slave by using command fdisk -l.
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Partitioning with fdisk
l option list the
available
partitions
space with totalheads, sectors and
cy n ersAvailable partitions, hdb
represents that the hard
Star indicates
the boot
Starting and ending
cylinder for each
Size of the partitions
in blocksdisk is connected as
primary slavepartition.
cylinder = 8.3MB
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Partitioning with fdisk
To create partition in
the device hdb
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Partitioning with fdisk
Type h or help to
shows list of
available commands
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Partitioning with fdisk
Type p to display the
available partitions
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Partitioning with fdisk
Enter the starting
ype n to create a
new partition
enter to take the
default cylinder
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Partitioning with fdisk
Enter the ending
cylinder or type thesize in MB.
Type w to save and.
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Partitioning with fdisk
nstea o restart ng to
update the partition tableust enter the command
partprobe.
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Partitioning with fdisk
Thus a new partition
created
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minux & reiserFS
Minux : This file system is small , simple and mostlyused for floppy disk .It support filenames up to 30characters.
e ser : s a vance ourna ng esys em sunder development for Linux.
Its main difference between ext3 and reiserFS .Its usedisk resource efficiently and is particularly effective
w e sys em con a n ng many sma es an argedirectories
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Creating file system
Once you create a partition, you have to create a file
.
To do this, use the mkfs command. To build the Linux
file system and pass the name of the harddisk
artition as a arameter.
Syntax:
mkfs -t <filesystem type> <partitioname>
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Creation of file system
Current partitions
are displayed here
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Creation of file system
Hdb6,7and 8 arenewly created
partitions.
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Creation of file system
It creates ext2file system for
the device hdb6.
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To view the file system type
Dumpe2fs : this command is used to view which file
system we are us ng.
S ntax :
dumpe2fs <partitions>
Example:
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To view the file system type
It displays the
file system
information's.
Sparse_super
represents theext2 file system.
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Mke2fs command
Mke2fs : This command is used to create file system.
mke2fs [options] device
Example:
mke2fs /dev/hda1 (it will create ext2 filesystem forhda1 partition)
mke2fs – /dev/hda1 it will create ext3 files stem
for hda1 partition)
C i f fil
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Creation of file system
It creates ext2
file systems for
device hdb7.
Vi h fil
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View the file system type
S arse su er_represents the
ext2 file system.
C i 2 3 fil
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Converting ext2 to ext3 file system
It converts the file
system of hdb7 from
ext2 to ext3
Vi th fil t t
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View the file system type
has_journal
represents the ext3file system thus the
ext2 is converted to
ext3
M t d
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Mount command
n nux, e any
other device the
artitions should be
Mount the partitions
hda6 in data1
director and hda7 inmounted.data2 directory.
T 2f d
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Tune2fs command
tune2fs : It is a command used to converting from
ext2 to ext3 file system without un mounting..
tune2fs –j <partitions>
Example:
tune2fs -j /dev/hda1
View the file system type
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View the file system type.
Ext2 is the current
device hdb6.
Tune2fs command
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Tune2fs command
Here it converts the
file system for hdb6
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Repair Filesystem
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Repair Filesystem
e2fsck : This command checks the consistency of the
,
file system checking tools.
fsck : This command checks and repair a Linux file
sys em.
Example : fsck /dev/hda1
The main difference is e2fsck it will work in ext2 andext3 filesystem and fsck will work only in ext3 file
system.
Repair Filesystem
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Repair Filesystem
fsck and e2fsck arethe command used
to check and repair
the file s stem.
Disk usage
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Disk usage
df and du are used to check the disk usage.
df : It reports the amount of space used and
available on a mount file system as reported.
du : It displays directories entries and the number of
.
df command
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df command
df commanddisplays the space
in the mounted filesystems
df -h, displays size
in human readable
-
of 1024
size in the power1000 instead of
.
du command
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du command
du command displaysthe estimate file space
usa e available
df -h & H, displays size in
human readable format in
the power of 1024 and
.
Performance tools
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Performance tools
free command lists the free ram memory and as well as
.
top command lists the most CPU intensive processes.
Vmstat shows the performance of system components.
free command
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free command
free commanddisplay
information
about free and
used memoron the system.
vmstat
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vmstat
Report virtualmemory statistics
top
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top
Displays top CPUprocesses
top
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top
It displays the
CPU-intensive
tasks on the system.
Daemon Process
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Daemon Process
Some process start at boot time and continue runninguntil the system is shutdown. Such process are
known as daemon processes.
Two types of daemon process:
standalone daemon
Transient daemon
Daemon Process
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Daemon Process
Standalone daemon are a program that run all the time
and are started up either directly by init or by a startup
script under /etc/rc.d.
rans en aemon are on y s ar e up w en ey are
needed, and are controlled by a standalone daemon
called xinetd.
checkconfig command
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g
The chkconfig command can also be used to activateand deactivate services.
The chkconfig --list command displays a list of systemservices and whether they are started (on) or stopped
- .
At the end of the list is a section for the servicesmanaged by xinetd.
checkconfig command
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g
chkconfig can also be used to configure a service to
be started (or not) in a specific run level. For
example, to turn httpd off in runlevels 3, 4, and 5,
chkconfig --level 345 httpd off
checkconfig command
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g
--list options
used to list theservice.
checkconfig command
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--list option
lists xinetdservices also.
checkconfig command
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--list option list
httpd serviceThis command
htt d service is
--list options
used to list htt drunlevel 0-6.
stop on runlevel
3-5.
service status .
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• There are two standard boot loader are used inLinux
• GRUB
• Grand unified boot loader
•
GRUB
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• GRUB Grand Unified Boot Loader
and default boot loader for Redhat Linux.
• Using GRUB user can select operating systems to
run from a menu interface displayed when a systemboot up
,
editing mode and a shell like command line interface
ava a e a oo me.
LILO
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• means nux oa er
• LILO is a program written to boot sector of a disk that loads
the OS and starts execution.
• It is an older version of boot loader of Red Hat Linux.
• LILO loads the Kernel based on its actual sector location on
the disk , rather than its file name
LILO
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• /etc/lilo.conf - Configuration file
• o -v - o ns a or up a e e o
boot loader.
• lilo -t - Test the configuration beforeinstallation.
• lilo -u - To restore the MBR backup.
• - -the a current boot loader.
Lilo installation
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Check the
the lilo
package.
Copy the
lilo.conf.anaconda
to lilo.conf lilo
lilo –v
installs lilo
configuration file).
oot oa er.
Lilo installation
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Thus the lilo
boot loader
is installed.
This command displays
the current boot loader,thus we can see the lilo
.
Lilo installation
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Open the lilo
configuration file.
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GRUB Configuration
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Open the grub
file.
GRUB Configuration
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The options rhgb quiet
will start xserver while
bootin .
emove s op ons o
boot through textmode.
Grub Configuration
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Save the file
.
GRUB Configuration
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ow re oot t e
system.
GRUB Configuration
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Now system is booting
in text mode .
GRUB Configuration
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Now system is booting
in text mode .
GRUB Configuration
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Now system is booting
in text mode .
GRUB Configuration
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Now system is booting
in text mode .
GRUB Configuration
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Now system is booting
in text mode .
GRUB Configuration
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Now system is booting
in text mode .
GRUB Configuration
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Now system is booting
in text mode .
GRUB Configuration
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Open the grub
file.
GRUB Configuration
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The options rhgb quiet
will start xserver whilebootin .
GRUB Configuration
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ow re oot t e
system.
GRUB Configuration
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Now system isbooting in
graphical mode.
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In EL-4 redhat-config-*
tools are renamed as
system-config-*.
GRUB installation
N th b t
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Now the boot
loader is lilo.
To install grub loader use
the command
- .
GRUB installation
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Open the
configuratio
n file.
GRUB installation
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If default isLabel for firstFlash screen to beThis represents that theBoots the kernelIt loads the initial
se o zero
then it boot
through first
.displayed at boot
time.
partition of the hard disk on
hd0.
image.s .
stanza.Loads the
dual OS.
second
stanza.
GRUB installation
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To set password to
loader.
It gives us the encrypted format of the
.be entered in the grub.conf file. This can
be done by the following method.
GRUB installation
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type the password two times,
this will append the encrypted
password to the grub.conf file.
GRUB installation
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Open the
configuration
file.
GRUB installation
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Here we cansee the
appended
assword.
GRUB installation
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Just cut and
password
here.
Save the file and
system.
GRUB installation
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Here you can see the
Type p to enter grub
password if you
want to o to sin le
for the OS to boot.user mode.
GRUB installation
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password
here.
GRUB installation
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Change the command
prompt to get in to
that press ‘e.’
GRUB installation
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to run level 1.
GRUB installation
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Press b to
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Using rpm command
• rpm command is used to manage and install
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software packages.
• This command performs installation, removal and
.
• Each package is actually an rpm packages.
• rpm consists of an archive of software file and
information to install.
• Each archive is resides as a single file with a name.
Using rpm commandrpm command is used either for installing or uninstalling
package.
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Syntax:
rpm [parameter] package name [options]
parameter:- - .
-U - Updates package.
-e - Remove a package.
-q - sp ays n orma on or an ns a epackage.
-ql - Displays file list for installed package.
-qpi - Displays information from an rpm package file.
(used for uninstalled packages)-qpl - Displays file list from an rpm package file. (used
for uninstalled packages)
Using rpm command
Options:
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--force - Forces installation des ite conflicts.
--nodeps - Install or remove without doing any
dependency checks.
--aid - Automatic dependency to install a package.
(While available of package rpmdb-redhat
aid option will work)
Querying the packing
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rpm –q a
querying a
particular package
Using rpm command
rpm –q checkswhether the above
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whether the above.
r m –e commandwill remove thehttp package.
Using rpm command
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For installing the
the mount the
operating system
cd-rom of RHELand then only we
can install the
packages.
Using rpm command
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Go to
Redhat
rectory.
Using rpm command
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Go to
RPMS
directory.
Using rpm command
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List the files in
RPMS directory
and we can seethat the packages
end with an
extension .rpm.
Using rpm command
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rpm –qpi shows
about the packagebefore installation.
Using rpm command
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shows the
list of files ina pac age
beforeinstallation.
Using rpm command
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r m –ivh is
to install a
package.
Using rpm command
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- ,
a package.
Using rpm command
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rpm –qi
shows theinformationabout the
acka e afterinstallation.
Using rpm command
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– the list of files in
a package afterns a a on.
To view an IP-addressTwo methods available in linux to view the ip address
ifconfig :
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g
-shows the ip address of the active interfaces withhardware address.
-it can show ip address of a particular interface by takinge n er ace name as argumen
example:
ifconfig eth0
ip a :
- simply shows the ip address of all interface.
Ifconfig command
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Displays
information ona current y
active interfaces.
Ifconfig command
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Here it displays
the information
of eth0 interface.
ip a command
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Here it displays the
information about allthe interfaces.
ifup / ifdown commandIfup:
-ifup command is used to activate the interfaces.
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Syntax:
Ifdown:
-ifdown command is used to deactivate the interface
Syntax:
ifdown <interfacename>
ifup / ifdown command
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It deactivate the
.
ifup / ifdown command
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Now you can notice
the interface eth0 isdeactivated.
ifup / ifdown command
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interface eth0.
ifup / ifdown command
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Now you can notice
the interface eth0 isactivated.
Assigning ip addressIn linux ip address can be assigned by the following methods.
netconfig:- to assign permanent ip address to the interface
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Ifconfig:
- to assign temporary ip address to the interface.Syntax:
ifconfig <interfacename> <ipaddress> subnetmask<subnetmaskaddress> broadcast <broadcastaddress>
Ip a a :
- to assign additional ip address temporarily
Syntax:
ip a a <ip/subnetmaskaddress> dev <interfacename>
Assigning ip address
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To assign permanent
i address usinnetconfig command.
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Assigning ip address
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To assign ip
automatically
from dhcp server.
Assigning ip address
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To assign ip
.
Assigning ip address
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Using ifconfig
command ip
address can beassigned.
ip a command
s ows e
assigned ipaddress.
Assigning ip address
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When network
service is restarted,
As said earlier,
the ipaddress
assigned through
con g s use oassign ip address
temporarily.
device is removed.
Assigning ip address
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To update ip
address thenetwork service is
restarted.
ip a command
assigned ip
address.
Assigning ip address
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ip address can beassigned
temporary using
.
Assigning ip address
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I address canbe removed
using
command, once
network service
s restarte t get
removed.
Router configuration
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The ip_forward file is
assigned 1 for enabling
the router or 0 for
disabling.( Thisprocess for temporary.)
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To enable the router
in permanent way get
into the s sct1.conf.
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The 1 is assigned to
enable the router and
this file is for setting
router in permanentmanner.
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Gateway can be added
using the command
route add.
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ping command
It is used to detect whether a system is up andrunning.
Syntax:
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ping [options] <domainname>
ping [options] <ipaddress>
O tions:
a - audible pingb - to ping the broadcast address
c - s op sen ng pac e s a er coun .
ping command
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It checks whether
www.examp e.com
is up and connected
to the network.
ping command
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It checks whether192.168.0.253 machine
is u and connected to
the network.
ping command
-b option used
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p
to ping aroa cast
address.
ping command
-c options stops
sending packets
ft th
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after the
LVM Structure
• LVM structure
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•
also known as extents, are organized into logical
groups, which are in turn used by logical volumes.
Physical volume
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• It is nothing but hard disk partition that you create
with artition creation tools such as arted or fdisk.
• The partitions type can be any standard Linux
par ons ype, suc as ex or ex .
Volume groups
• Ph sical volumes are or anized into lo ical rou s,known as Volume groups
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• Volume groups that operate much like logical hard.
• You assign collection of physical volume to different
logical groups.
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lvm
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LVM Configuration
Create partitionType p to check how
many partitions
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using fdisk
many partitions
command
disk
LVM Configuration
Here 4 partitionis created with
equal sizes of
100mb through
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100mb through
.
LVM Configuration
Newly created
partition is
listed below as
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To know the
partition id, use
the option l.
LVM Configuration
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lvm partition id.
LVM Configuration
Here below after‘ ’
the partition id is
changed to lvmTo change the
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changed to lvmWe have topartition id as lvmmention the
hex code of
the artition
id, use T option.
LVM Configuration
Now
partition id is
changed to
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changed to
LVM Configuration
We save the lvm
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artition throu hw option.
Previous versions of
redhat needed to restartsystem after creating
.
version to avoid restart
we use partprobe.
LVM Configuration
Physical volume is
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yPvdisplay command
partition(hda6.7.8&9)show the details of
physical volume
LVM Configuration
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pvdisplay command
dis la s the h sical
volume size.
LVM Configuration
Vgcreate creates
group as test0 forvgdisplay command
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g p a 0displays thevm part t oninformation about
volume group test0.
LVM Configuration
vcrea e crea es a
logical volume and we
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assign name as data inthe test0 grouplvdisplay,
displays the
about logicalvolume.
LVM Configuration
,
an ext3 file
system for data.
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y
og ca vo ume
LVM Configuration
The logical volume
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/data directory.
Open fstab file forpermanently mounted
the logical volume data.
LVM Configuration
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See thecontent of
fstab file.
LVM Configuration
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Logical volume name isdata is mounted on /data
directory permanently .
LVM Configuration
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Here we can see free
space of logical volume
data.
LVM Configuration
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Create a bi file of size
40mb in /data directory.Here we can see there isno free space available in
/data directory .
LVM Configuration
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Extend the logical volume
size u to 45mb usinNow create filesystem for
If the spacelvextend command.
e ex en e vo ume us ng
ext2online.After extending volume now
we see the free space
is not sufficient,
we can resize the
available in /data directory.
logical volume .
LVM Configuration
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Here we can see only 12mb
free space ia available in
.
LVM Configuration
Now the screen
shows that test
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increased to 200mb.Note that the total
allocated size for
,the space from
hdb7.
100 mb.
LVM Configuration
The abovecommand shows
the increased
space of logical
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.
LVM Configuration
Extend the lo ical volume
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Extend the lo ical volumesize upto 50mb using
lvextend command.Now create filesystem for
e ex en e vo ume us ng
ext2online.After extending volume nowwe see the free space
available in /data directory.
LVM Configuration
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We can remove logicalvolume first we must
(/data directory).
LVM Configuration
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Remove the
mounted entr of
logiacl volume
(data) in fstab file
LVM Configuration
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After removing
lo ical volume save
and exit the file.
LVM Configuration
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Remove the logicalWe can remove volumeAfter deactivated the
rou will be removedvo ume name s a a
using lvremove
command.
decativate the volume
group using vgchange
using vgremove
command.comman .
RAID
• RAID means Redundant Arrays of Independent
• RAID is a method of storing data across several
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redundancy.
• ,
as just as one hard disk by your operating system.
Types of RAID
• RAID can be implemented on a
• Hardware level
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or
• Software level
Hardware RAID
• On a hardware level, you can have hard disk
connected to a RAID controller, usually a special
PC card.
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PC card.
•
though the RAID hardware controller.
Software RAID
• You can implement RAID as software controller,
letting a software RAID controller program.
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ett g a so t a e co t o e p og a
• The controller program manage access to hard
disks treated as RAID device.
RAID disk.
Software RAID Levels
RAID levels Capabilities Description
Linear Appending Simply treat RAID hard drives as one virtualdrive with no striping, mirroring.
0 Striping Implements disk stripping across drives with
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p g p pp gno redundancy.
1 Mirroring Implements a high level of redundancy. Each
drive is treated as mirror for all data.
5 Distributed Parity Implements data reconstruction capabilityusing parity information. Parity information is
distributed across all drives.
RAID
rpm -q command
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p q
checks, whether the
mdadm installed
RAID
The partition is
created using
fdisk command.
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Now the screen lists
.
Raid Configuration
The partition is
created usingNow the screen lists
the artitions.fdisk command.
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Raid Configuration
4 Partitions is
option with equal
size of 100 mb
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Raid Configuration
‘ ’
check created
partitions.
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The l option, lists the
file system. The fd
Raid Configuration
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,
file system. The fddenotes linux raid
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Raid Configuration
Using mdadm tool
creatin raid level 5 it usefour partition
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/dev/hda6,7,8&9 and
/dev/md0.
Raid Configuration
Watch command
shows the online
status of raid
d i
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devices.
Raid Configuration
Here we see statusof each raid disk.
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Raid Configuration
Creating ext3 file
system for raid device
/dev/md0 using mke2fs
d
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command.
Raid Configuration
Here we see the
ext3 file system is
created.
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Raid Configuration
mdadm –detail
command show the
detail information
about the raid
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about the raid
.
Raid Configuration
Here we see each
raid disk major &Its show the raid
minor no. .raid disk active or
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not active ).
Raid Configuration
Now raid device
(/dev/md0) is
mounted on /data
directory
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directory.
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Raid Configuration
Now go to /data
directory and
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directory and
name is file1 usingdd command.df command show
ree use space
for the raid devices
& partitions.
Raid Configuration
Mdadm –query
command show the
information about
particular raid device &
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particular raid device &
.
Raid Configuration
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Raid Configuration
Mdadm – manage
command set fault or
fail particular partitions
(/dev/hda9).Cat /proc/mdstat
d h di k
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( 9)command show disk
t e s s a e .
Raid Configuration
Here see mdadm –
show disk /dev/hda9
is faulty
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is faulty.
Raid Configuration
Now remove the
from the raid device
/dev/md0 using
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/dev/md0 using
a m –manage
command .
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Raid Configuration
Watch command
shows the online
status of raiddevices.
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Raid Configuration
Here we can see the
status of online
synchronization of raid
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y
.
Raid Configuration
Now the faulty
and we can
see the data.
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Raid Configuration
Here you can see
–command show disk
/dev/hda9 is active.
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Disk quota
Disk quota is used to control how much disk space a particular
user can access.
Quota tools:
uotacheck
quotaon
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edquota
Quota tools
Quotacheck:
It scans the file system for the current disk usage and
update the aquota.user file.
Quotaon:
t turns on t e quota.
Quotaoff
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.
Edquota:It is used to set disk uotas for a user.
Repquota:
It displays summary of disk quotas and and the quotausage .
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Implementing quota
pen t e
fstab file.
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Implementing quota
Replace this
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defaults as
usrquota.
Implementing quota
Now usr uota
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Now usr uota
is assigned to
the /home
.
Implementing quota
Here you can see thatRemount the
updated for the /home
directory.
ome rectory
to update.
Now ou can see the
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Now ou can see the
user quota got
assigned to /home
Implementing quota
Create quota
database file named
aquota.user to holdthe quota information
for all users.
It checks thevalidity of quota
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/home directory.
Implementing quota
Turn on the
quota.
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Implementing quota
Let us set disk
quota for the
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Implementing quota
To assign the
uota for the
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user jack.
Implementing quota
The maximum memoryThis soft limit will justf Thi illh d
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represents disk
space in KB.
space for a user. This will
deny the user to access, if he exceeds the uota limit.
issue a warning if he
exceeds soft limit.Inode represents
number of files andfor the inode .To set hard
limit for inode.
rec or es can e
accessed by the user.
Implementing quota
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Here we set softlimit as 40 KB Here we setHere we set hardlimit as 50 KB
Here we set hard limitas 20 inodes .so that
memory space .inodes .memory space .user can access only
max of 20 inodes.
Implementing quota
It dis la s
summary of
disk usage.
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User jack has a hardlimit(block limits) of 50KBUser jack has a hard limit (filelimits) of 20 inodes and soft
and soft limit of 40 KB, he
already used 10KB.
limit of 15 inodes , he already
used 10 inodes.
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Implementing quota
Now, when the jack attemptto create more than ten files
. .,
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write failed message occurs.
Implementing quota
command to create a file
named ‘1’ of 30KB.
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Since the user exceeds
the soft limits a warning
messages s occurre .
Implementing quota
a file named ‘2’ of 10KB .
But since, he has exceeded
hard limit write failed
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hard limit write failed
error occurred.
Implementing quota
ere we can no ce a
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the jack had used all thisquota. So he is restricted
to create files.
mount command
Mount
It takes two argument : the storage
ev ce an e moun ng po n .The device is a special device file that
connects the system to the hardware device.
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co ects t e syste to t e a d a e de ce
Mounting point is directory on which the
storage device is to be mounted.
mount command
Syntax:
mount [options] <device> <mountpoint>
Options:
-w mount the file system with read/write permission.
-r mount the file system with read permission.
t t if th t f fil t t b t d
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-t to specify the type of file system to be mounted.
-a mounts all the file systems listed in /etc/fstab.
umount command
It un mounts the mounted file system.
The removable media like floppy disk, and cd are un
mounted after use, by using umount command.
S t
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Syntax:
umount <mount oint>
mounting CD-ROM
To mount the
CDROM on themounting point
/mnt/cdrom
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mounting CD-ROM
Now we can access
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Now we can access
the CDROM contentsrom e moun ng
point.
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Unmounting cd-ROM
To eject the
CD from the
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CD Drive.
Mount /unmount floppy
To mount the
floppy on themounting point
/mnt/flo .
Unmount the
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Unmount the
floppy after
access.
Mounting Hard drive partitions
To mount a hard drive artition
The hard disk partition also can be mounted like
any other file systems.
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mount –t ext3 /dev/hda4 /mnt/data
Mounting Hard drive partitions
To mount the hard disk
partition (hda3 of ext3file system) in /data
lists the mounted
device..
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Mounting NFS
Mounting NFS (network file sharing) :
– Before mountin we must know the files stem are ex orted b a
remote system. The following command is used to know the
directory shared.
showmount –e remote_server
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– When the host and share name are known, the following command
is used to connected the network file system to the local file system
tree
mount remoteserver:/shareddir /mnt/newdir1
Mounting NFS
Showmount command
displays the shareddirectory on
. . . . .
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Mounting NFS
We mount the el
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directory from remotemac ne n o our mn
directory .
Mounting NFS
Mount command
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shows information'sabout mounted
devices.
Mounting NFS
to unmount remote
machine directory.
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Mounting smbfs
This command hel s to
view windows sharedfiles.
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Mounting smbfs
The above screensdisplays window shared
director .
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Mounting smbfs
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umount command used
to unmount remote
machine directory.
Auto mount /etc/fstab:
information in this file.
Using entries in this file the file system can be automatically
mounted whenever the system boots.
It consists of six field per line for each file system as follows
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<device> <mountpoint> <fs_type> <options> <dump_freq>
<fsck_order>
Auto mount
pen t efstab file.
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Auto mount
It representsIt representsIt represents fileIt representsIt represents the
.t e mount
i
systems.different options
f i h
ump
f
the fsck.
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points.for mounting thefile s stem.frequency.
AutofsAutofs service mounts the file system automatically
when the user access the mountin oint.
The autofs to supports the removable media without
recurr ng e user o o any ng more an nserthe media
Autofs configurations file are
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/etc/auto.master
/etc/auto.misc
Autofs configurations files /etc/auto.master:
used for a file systems and that mounts will time out
a er secon s o nac ve.
/etc/auto.misc:
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file system is configured in this file.
Autofs configurations files
auto.master
fil
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file.
Autofs configurations files
Mounting
'
should be entered
here
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here.
Autofs configurations files
the mounting
point
information's about
the file systems to be
to unmounted the
auto mounted file
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point.the file systems to beauto mounted filemounte .system.
Autofs configurations files
auto.misc file.
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Autofs configurations files
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Mounting device
information's are
entered here.
Autofs configurations files
K th fI h
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Key, the name of It re resents thethe subdirectory
where the datasystem type.device to be
mounted.
.
Autofs configurations files
Now autofs serviceis restarted.
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Autofs configurations files
The contents of the
cdrom is now
available in the
mounting point
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mounting point.
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Scheduling Task: cron
Cron Schedules one-time maintenance tasks.
Cron is ideal for setting up jobs that execute regularly atspec e mes or n erva s.
,up and configuring jobs.
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Creating cron
cron tab files are stored in /var/spool/cron.
s e s accesse on y y e roo user, w ereas eother users cannot access.
User can access this file by using crontab command.
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Scheduling Task: cron
Root user has the
privilege to open
this file.
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Scheduling Task: cron
Now open
t e e.
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Scheduling Task: cronIf any
values isnot
represented
First fieldSecondThis filesThis fieldThis fieldComman
mention *
represents
minutes(0
-59 .
field
indicates
hours 0-
indicates,
day of the-
indicates
the month-
indicates
the day of
d can be
given inThe above command gets
executed at 13 hours, 34
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--23)
31)
week(0-6)
minutes as daily basis at
same time.
Scheduling Task: cron
e serv ce s
restarted using
service crond
Chkconfig commandenables the crond
restart.
in next boot time.
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Scheduling Task: cron
Automatically
“ ”
gets displayed in
terminal.
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Scheduling Task: cron
The permission is
denied to the normaluser joe when the
user attempts to the
As said before the root user
.
only has the privilege to
access the file.
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Scheduling Task: cron
Now open
t e e.
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Scheduling Task: cron
The above command gets
executed at 13 hours, 40
i d il b i
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minutes as daily basis at
same time.
Scheduling Task: cron
Crontab –l command
used to display content of t b fil
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crontab file.
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DNS• DNS - Domain naming system.
• serv ce oca es an rans a es oma n namesinto corresponding associated IP addresses.
• DNS configuration.
• It requires the following software packages to be
installed.• n
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n
• Caching-name server
• -
Service profile
- , - ,
caching-nameserver
Configuration files - /etc/named/named.conf
/var/named/named.local
Daemons - namedPort number 53
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Port number - 53
DNS Configuration
Install bind, thisInstall bind-utils
which rovides
package includesweb page manualsmany utilities likehost, dig and
Install caching-
name server which
provides a working
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provides a working
named.conf
DNS Configuration
Open this file for
mentioning the homedirectory for DNS.
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DNS Configuration
Here DNS home
directory is
/var/named/chroot.
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DNS Configuration
directory files.
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DNS Configuration
Open the
file named.conf.
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DNS Configuration
Now ou are seeing the
contents of
.
file.
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DNS Configuration
Forward zone mapping
This file
contains the ip
between fully qualified
domain to particular ip
address and
the locations
of all the dot
servers.
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DNS Configuration
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DNS Configuration
forward file.
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DNS Configuration
Enter the fully
qualified name of It is interpreted as
the name of the
originating domain.Enter the authorisedEnter the fully
name server for this
zone.
qualified name of
host.Enter the last numbersegment of the host
dd i th
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address in the reverse
zone file.
DNS Configuration
fully qualified nameusing as given
e ow.
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DNS Configuration
Now the localhost is
replaced as
server1.example.com.
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DNS Configuration
Enter the ip address for
s ecified domain name.
Canonical name, is used
to define an alias for aos name. e www as
the cname for
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the cname for
server1.example.com.
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DNS Configuration
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DNS Configuration
Replace localhost to
server1.example.comusin as below.
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DNS Configuration
Now the localhost is
replaced by
server1.example.com.
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DNS Configuration
In a PTR record, you can
s ecif ust that last
number segment of the
address.
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DNS Configuration
Open the
resolve.conf file.
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DNS Configuration
Mention the nameserver
ipaddress and domain
name here.
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DNS Configuration
Thus the DNS makes it possible toping an host by its domain name
by resolving the domain name
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by resolving the domain name
.
DNS Configuration
Thus the DNS makes it possible toping an host by its domain name
by resolving the domain name
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y g
.
DNS Configuration
g comman s ows p
address of the specified
f ll lifi d d i
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fully-qualified domain
name .
DNS Configuration
Nslookup is a dns
query a dns server.Using nslookup you canidentifies nameserver forUsing nslookup you can
.identifies address for
particular FQDN.Using nslookup you can
identifies FQDN forparticular IP address.
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DNS Configuration
ping an host by its domain name
by resolving the domain name
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by resolving the domain name
into IP address.
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DNS Configuration
In client side open
.
file.
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DNS Configuration
Mention the nameserver
ipaddress and domain
name here.
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DNS Configuration
Thus the DNS makes it possible to
ping an host by its domain namey reso v ng e oma n name
into IP address.
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DNS Configuration
It shows the simple
lookup of host,thus its
show the correspondingi address to the
s ng ns oo up you can
identifies MX record forparticular domain.
specified fully quailed
domain name.
identifies nameserver for
particular domain.
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p
DNS Configuration
forward file.
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DNS Configuration
In this file we can add
additional entry MX(mail
In this file we can add
additional entr station105exc ange recor an s
corresponding ip address
192.168.0.100.
machine and its
corresponding ip address
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192.168.0.100.. . .
DNS Configuration
pen t e
reverse file.
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DNS Configuration
Similarly we can add
another pointer record105 for
station105.example.com.
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DNS Configuration
Now named
service is
restarted.
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DNS Configuration
s ng ns oo up you can
identifies MX record forparticular domain.Using nslookup you can
en es a ress or
particular FQDN.
Using nslookup you canen es recor or
particular FQDN.
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DNS Configuration
Open the
configurationfile named.conf.
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DNS Configuration
orwar zone sts t e
name servers outside the
network that should besearched when the
networks name server
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.
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Apache Web Server• Apache web server:
• e pac e e server s a ree eserver developed by the Apache Server Project.
• It is a reliable, efficient , and easily extensible WebServer
• Free open source code
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Apache Web Servermportant rector es an con gurat on es
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Service profile
ac ages - p
- .
Daemons - htt d
Portnumber - 80
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Web server configuration
Query a httpd packagewhether installed or not
but the screen shows
httpd packages is not
.
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Web server configuration
httpd package isinstalled usinNow query thepackage it show
rpm command.package is
installed.
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Web server configuration
Open the httpd
configuration file.
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Web server configurationYou can see the first
,need to edit the end part
of the, so press shift+G
in command mode the
cursor will bottom of a e.
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Web server configurationThis screen show
end of httpd.conf
file.
Copy the last
seven lines .
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Web server configuration
Paste the copied
lines here .
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Web server configuration
In virtual host field we
enter ipaddress or fully
qualified domain
ere spec y e e-maaddress of the
administrator for the web
Here specify the basedirectory from which
Here specify the
hostname for yourNow save and quit the
the htt d.conf file..
server. ..server.
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Web server configuration
After editing the
service httpd is
restarted.
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Web server configuration
Creating index.html page
and lace this file in the /var/www/html/ directory.
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Web server configuration
Let us createAfter typing save
tm e . .
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Web server configuration
browser and type thefully qualified domain
name in address bar and
press enter, it will open
corres ondin web a e.
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Web server configuration
To allow only aDirectives that can beparticular user to access
our web site we can adddirector session inside
Setting up /var/www/html/ access
overridden by the entries
in an .htaccess file.
virtualhost session.control directive .
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Web server configuration
.
/var/www/html/
directory and open the
e
.
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Web server configurationThe authorization realm is
iven to the client so the
Type of user
authentication forSelects the authenticated
user knows which
username and password to
directory. only Basic and
Digest are currentlyThis file contain list of directory.
. .users and passwords for
user authentication.
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Web server configuration
Set the httpd
passwor or t e user
joe .
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Web server configuration
httpd password isstored in htpasswd
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Web server configuration
Set full ermission for
the htpasswd file to
make sure that the user
permission .
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Web server configuration
the htpasswd file.
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Web server configuration
Restart the httpd
service.
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Web server configuration
Enter the fully qualifieddomain name in address
bar.
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Web server configuration
When we access the webpage the mozilla will
prompts for the
.
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Web server configuration
n er e username anthe password.
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Web server configuration
Now you can see theweb page.
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Access ControlThe web access can be controlled by using accesscontrol directives such as allow and deny.
Directive Description
deny from host Determines hosts that can access ahost …. given directory: all, or partial or full
domain name or ip address.
allow from hosthost ….
Determines which hosts can access agiven directory: all, or partial or fulldomain name or ip address.
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Web server configuration
This indicates that we
can access e we pagefrom any network.
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Web server configuration
o access e we pageonly from the above
specified network.
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Virtual host
Virtual hosts allow you to host multiple domains from a
single machine.
pac e suppor s wo eren ype o v r ua os s.
-
I -based virtual hosts
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Ip and Named-based Virtual Hosts
IP-based virtual hosts
- p- ase v r ua os s are use w en a s ng emachine has several different IP address.
-To run a virtual host on each IP address.
Named-based virtual hosts
-It allow you to host many virtual hosts from asingle IP address.
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Name-based virtual hosts
Here we place twoTwo domains are
oma ns n a s ng e p
address and we canplace number of
used in the name of
example and test.com
domains using single
IP address.
192.168.0.20.
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Name-based virtual hosts
An i address is
mentioned in the
virtualhost field.
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Name-based virtual hosts
The server fully
qualified
described here.
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Name-based virtual hosts
A Directory is created
in the s ecified ath as above here copy
test.com webpage..
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Name-based virtual hosts
ttp serv ce srestarted.
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Name-based virtual hosts
This is the webpage for
t e test.com .
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Name-based virtual hosts
This is the webpage forexample.com.
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Proxy Server: SquidSquid
.
Handles the request from the local clients for
web access.
including FTP, Gopher ad HTTP.
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Service profile
Packages - Squid
Configuration files - /etc/squid/squid.conf
Daemons - Squid
-
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Squid Configuration
configuration file if we
want to change the
e au s en we can ethe file.
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Squid Configuration
Search for the acl
access control list
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Squid Configuration
Create another acl named
ano o res r c e we
access by time. Thus here the
web server can be accessed
during 18:30-19:30 only.Search for
http_access incomman mo e.
IP address are allowed to
access the web server by
ass gn ng em n acnamed thano.
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Squid Configuration
This deny other IP
addresses except the IP
access lists
o a ow e access s sthano and thano1
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Squid Configuration
Now restart the
squidservice.
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Squid Configuration
Now the time is in
between the access timeiven in the acl so we
can access web server.
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Squid Configuration
Here you can see that
the access is denied
since the we are not
allowed to access the.
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Apache Encrypted Web Server
A ache can rovide encr ted communications usin
the mod_ssl apache module.
To make use of encrypted communications, a client
must request the https protocol.
Encryption is based on either the RSA or DSA
.
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Apache Encrypted Web Server
To generate the
certificate signature
request.
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Apache Encrypted Web Server
The self signed certificate
can be installed using the
commandmake testcert.
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Apache Encrypted Web Server
When we restart the
httpd service it will
prompts for the
password.
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Apache Encrypted Web Server
Open the mozilla
browser and type fullyualified name in the
address bar using https
protocol.
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Apache Encrypted Web Server
Click here to
view the
certificate.
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Apache Encrypted Web Server
Here you can view thecertificate informations.
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Apache Encrypted Web Server
After examining accept the
certificate tem oraril or
permanent and then click
ok.
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Apache Encrypted Web Server
You can see a warning
this page can not be read
by a third party.
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Apache Encrypted Web Server
ow you can accessthe web page securely.
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Sendmail ConfigurationSendmail:
e a nux uses en ma as s o e vermessages.
It listens for any mail messages received from other
hosts and address to user on the network host itserves.
,to be sent.
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Sendmail Service Profile
- -,
configuration file - /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
m4 macro config. file - /etc/mail/sendmail.cf
demon service - sendmail
ort number - 25 smt 110 o
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Sendmail Configuration
Query is made to
check whether the
sendmail package is
installed. if not install
the packages.
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Sendmail Configuration
using rpm command.
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Sendmail Configuration
Open the sendmail
configuration file .
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Sendmail Configuration
Sendmail
con gurat on e.
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Sendmail Configuration
e wor n s a e nthe beginning of this line
to comment.
commen ng s nevoids to send mail to the
other systems
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Sendmail Configuration
Open the
Virtusertable file, for
domain addresses.
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Sendmail Configuration
The virutusertable
configuration helps to
along with fully
qualified domain name.
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Sendmail Configuration
pen a oca -host-file.