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Fluid MechanicsLiquids and GassesMatter that FlowsDensity and Specific GravityDensity is mass per unit volume

SI unit is

But this is also used

Specific GravityRatio of density to the density of water at 4oC.Density of water at 4oC=1 g/cm3 The 4oC is important since waters density changes with temperatureIt has nothing to do with gravityRelative density would be a better term

PressureA static fluid will exert a force perpendicular to any surface it is in contact withPressure is defined as Force per unit Area

Note this is scalarSI unit of N/m2=pascal=pa

Atmospheric Pressure The big volume of air above us exerts pressure downwards.Pressure at sea level

Changes depending on elevation, temperature, weather condition etc.

Pressure at depthAssume that is constant all throughout the liquid. Fluid is incompressibleForce is from weight of liquid

Pressure at depthIf fluid is compressible (gasses) density changes with height and equation is only valid for very thin slices.Pascals LawEquations independent of Area, only height matters.Pressure is the same at any two points at the same level of the fluid.If pressure is applied to one end it is distributed throughout the fluid and to the walls of the container

Pascals Law ApplicationHydraulic Lift

However, volume of the liquid remains the same

Hydraulic LiftWork done by F1 = Work done by F2

ExampleA car lift used in a service station uses compressed air to exert a force on a small piston with a circular cross section of radius 5.00cm. The pressure is transmitted by a liquid to a second piston of radius 15.0 cm. What force must the compressed air exert to lift a car weighing 13300N? What air pressure produces this force?ExampleNote: no need to convert to meters since units cancel

Absolute Pressure and Gauge PressureAbsolute PressureTotal Pressure within a vesselGauge PressureExcess Pressure above atmospheric pressureGauge Pressure Ex. A tire shows 220kPaAbsolute Pressure of tire is 220kPa+1atm=320kPA

Flat tire actually has 1 atm of pressure insidePressure Gauges - ManometerMany different devices used to measure pressureManometer consists of a U-shaped tube filled with a liquid of known density. It is open in one end and the other end is connected to a container filled with gas whose pressure to be measured.

14Pressure Gauges - ManometerBottom of tube has same pressure

Gauge pressure is proportional to height difference

15Pressure Gauges - BarometerMercury barometer consists of filled tube of mercury closed on one end and the other end is inverted into a dish of mercury. Pressure in the closed end of the tube can be approximated to be zero.

Pressure Gauges - BarometermmHg or Torr, is another common unit of measure of pressure. But it is affected by temperature (density of Hg changes) as well as gravity.

BuoyancyBodies immersed in water will weigh lessBouyant Force is exerting an upward forceAssume a submerged object with uniform cross section area A

Bouyancy

BouyancyArchimedes Principle- When a body is immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the body equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.

ExampleArchimedes was supposedly tasked to determine if the crown of the king was pure gold. He solved this by first weighing the crown in air, and then weighing the crown when submerged in water. Suppose the scale read 7.84N in air and 6.84N in water, what is the crown made of?

Example

BouyancyAn object will float if

Fluid Flow Fluid DynamicsComplicated, but can be simplified with certain assumptionsIdeal FluidIncompresible- same density throughoutNot viscous - has no internal frictionMinimal turbulence

Fluid FlowAssume the flow is steady

Flow rate is constant

Fluid FlowSince incompresible

Continuity Equation

ExampleA water hose of 2.50cm diameter is used by a gardener to fill a 30.0L bucket. The gardener notes that it takes 1.00min to fill the bucket. A nozzle with an opening of cross-sectional area 0.500cm2 is attached and held so water is projected horizontally from a point 1.00m above ground. Over what horizontal distance can the water be projected?Example

Example

Bernoullis EquationPressure in a fluid depends on velocity and heightAssuming ideal fluid, fluid at certain cross section will do work on other parts of the fluid.

Bernoullis Equation

ExampleWater enters a house through a pipe with an inside diameter of 2.0 cm at an absolute pressure of 4.0x105 Pa. A 1.0cm diameter pipe leads to the second floor bathroom 5.0 m above. When the flow speed at the inlet pipe is 1.5 m/s, find the flow speed, pressure and volume flow in the bathroom.

Example

Example

ProblemsGiancoli 10-20In working out Pascals principle, Pascal showed dramatically how force can be multiplied with fluid pressure. He placed a long thin tube of radius r=0.30cm, vertically into a wine barrel of radius R=21cm. He found that when the barrel was filled with water and the tube filled to a height of 12m, the barrel burst. Calculate (a) the mass of water in the tube? (b) the net force exerted on the barrel lid just before rupture.Serway 14-20A U tube of uniform cross-secitonal area, open to the athmosphere, is partially filled with mercury. Water is then poured into both arms. If the equilibrium configuration fo the tube is as shown with h2=1.00cm, find h1.

Young and Friedman 14.31A cubical block of wood, 10 cm on a side, floats in the interface of oil and water with its lower surface, 1.50cm below the interface. The density of oil is 790kg/m3. (a) what is the gauge pressure at the upper face of the block? (b) What is the gauge pressure at the lower face of the block? (c) What are the mass and density of the block?

Young and Friedman 14.46A golf course sprinkler system discharges water from a horizontal pipe at the rate of 7200cm3/s. At one point in the pipe, where the radius is 4.00cm, the absolute pressure is 2.40x105 Pa. At a second point in the pipe, the water passes through a connection where the radius is 2.00cm. What is the absolute pressure as it flows through the constriction?