Sarah Hatoum

Kate Palm

Zinia Rahman

What is Crowdsourcing?- Crowdsourcing is characterized by the voluntary participation of a crowd to describe, obtain,

share ideas and solutions (Estellés-Arolas & González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, 2012).

- Cultural institutions use crowdsourcing for “knowledge discovery and management” (Kopeck,

2014).

References Estellés-Arolas, E., González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, F. (2012). Towards an integrated crowdsourcing definition. Journal of Information Science, 38(2): 189–200. doi:10.1177/0165551512437638

Holley, R. (March/April 2010). Crowdsourcing: How and why should libraries do it? DLIB Magazine. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march10/holley/03holley.html

Holley, R. (2012, Feb. 11). Crowdsourcing: More cool sites to give libraries, archives and museums inspiration. [Blog]. Retrieved from: http://rose-holley.blogspot.com/2012/02/crowdsourcing-more-cool-sites-to-give.html

Kopec, K. D. (2014). Is crowdsourcing a model for cultural institutions? The Case of Polish GLAM Projects. The Internet, Policy & Politics Conferences. Poland. Tisch

Oomen, J. & Aroyo, L. (2011). Crowdsourcing in the cultural heritage domain: opportunities and challenges. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Communities and Technologies (C&T '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 138-149. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2103354.2103373

ner European University in Krakow.

Owens, T. (2013, April 3). The metadata games crowdsourcing toolset for libraries & archives: An interview with Mary Flanagan. [Blog]. Retrieved from: Blog LOC.gov

Classification- Collect simple metadata via social tagging at scale to create folksonomies

- Add user-created content to collections

MetaData Games (metadatagames.org)

Professor PattuelliLIS 653-02, Fall 2014

Complementing Collection- Call for additional objects/materials to enhance an exhibit or collection

- Gather citations to improve bibliography for an area of knowledge

Description- Draw upon scholars and experts to assist in cataloging materials from special

collections

U.S. National Archives

GLAMs (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, Museums) &

Crowdsourcing- shares archived material

- builds a user-friendly collection

- allows greater access across different generations and cultures

- leverages cost-effective subject expertise of crowd

Museum of Broken Relationships

Transcription- Invite users to edit and/or transcribe materials that have been digitized

Sample ProjectsClassification: ✹ Metadata Games & Steve.museum (social tagging) ✹ Your Paintings

Tagger (subject tags for UK’s collection of oil paintings) ✹ Flickr Commons ✹ U.S. Nat’l

Archives (tag images & records)

Description: ✹ U. of Michigan’s Islamic Manuscripts Project (cataloging) ✹ Penn

Libraries’ Provenance Online Project (tag and comment on provenance images in Flickr

to improve knowledge of past owners)

Transcription: ✹ U.S. Nat’l Archives ✹ NYPL What’s On the Menu

Complementing Collection: ✹ Museum of Broken Relationships (add personal stories)

✹ Database of the Smokies (gather citations) ✹ U.S. Nat’l Archives P.O.P. (http://provenanceonlineproject.wordpress.com/about/)

GLAMs & Crowdsourcing

Cataloging music has many unique areas of difficulty

- Multiple formats - Multiple titles

- Audio and print often come in collections

- Usually searched by format/genre, not subject

- Books about music vs. Music manuscripts

Different solutions have been arrived at, both at national and local levels

- The Dewey Decimal System does not separate manuscripts from books, and classes all materials between 780 and 789.

- Library of Congress Class-M includes:

● M 1-5000 for music scores

● ML 1-3910 for books on music

● MT 1-960 for education and instruction

- Alpha-Numeric System for Classification of Sound Recordings (ANSCR) was devised for audio items to be browsable.

Fall 2014

Dr. Pattuelli

LIS-653-02

Janelle Varin

Megan Beck

Caroline Evanson

Multimedia Cataloging:

Music, Film, and Web 2.0

Cataloging film has been historically difficult

- relative newness of material

- multiple versions problem

Beginning in the 1930s, organizations on the

national and local level worked towards

standardization of film cataloging, but no real

solutions found until the 1960s.

DDC and LCC do not have large sections dedicated

to film and related subjects

- Information is spread out and hidden within

other subjects

RDA and FRBR address multiple versions problem

Challenges in cataloging digital information from Web 2.0

- no standard model for assigning value to content

- more interest in creating than archiving data

- dated copyright laws result in limitations

“Keep everything, worry about it later”

- considering archival process from the beginning

by catalog entire process of a project

Library of Congress’s Twitter archival project

- acquire and preserve 2006-10 tweets

- 170 billion tweets cataloged as of January 2013

Classification tools for organizing and connecting

multimedia data

- metadata

- taxonomies and folksonomies

Cataloging multimedia items presents several challenges, especially in an evolving digital age. The challenges

and trends in cataloging these resources, in both traditional and electronic form, are presented below.

http://www.freeimageslive.co.uk/free_stock_image/cdclassicalmusicjpg

http://bitshare.cm/post/2082365481/the-film-industry-is-big-business-infograph

http://g3ict.org/resource_center/newsletter/news/p/id_500

Managing “Born Digital”Karen Gaines, Bridget Gavlin, Cassie Hickman

Types of Born-Digital Materials

Defining “Born Digital”

“Born Digital”: Items originally

created and managed in digital form.

“Born Digital” is not:

● Analog material converted or

reformatted into digital format

Erway’s 4 Essential

Principles

1. Do no harm (to the physical media

or the content).

1. Don’t do anything that

unnecessarily precludes future

action and use.

1. Don’t let the first two principles be

obstacles to action.

1. Document what you do.

Further InformationTypes of Born-Digital Materials Example Cataloging

Methods● Dublin Core

○ 15 optional elements, faceted

● PBCore

○ Used for video, audio, text, images

and interactive learning objects for

television, radio, and Web activities

● METS

○ Open standard, XML encoding

format used for digital text and

images

Images

Image source: multimedia.journalism.berkeley.edu

LIS 653-03 Knowledge Organization

Professor Christina Pattuelli

Fall 2014

Managing “Born Digital”Karen Gaines, Bridget Gavlin, Cassie Hickman

Types of Born-Digital Materials

Defining “Born Digital”

“Born Digital” is:

Items originally created and

managed in digital form.

“Born Digital” is not:

Analog material converted or

reformatted into digital format

Types of Born-Digital Materials

LIS 653-03 Knowledge Organization

Professor Christina Pattuelli

Fall 2014

Erway’s 4 Essential Principles of

Managing Born-Digital Content

1. Do no harm (to the physical media or the

content).

2. Don’t do anything that unnecessarily

precludes future action and use.

3. Don’t let the first two principles be obstacles to

action.

4. Document what you do.Image source: multimedia.journalism.berkeley.edu

Cataloging Example

Catalog Example: Library of Congress

Folksonomies: The New Age Classification

What is a folksonomy?

According to Thomas Vander Wal, a folksonomy is

a user generated taxonomy. Folksonomies allow for

the personal classification of online content by the

user, the opportunity to share with other users, and

information retrieval. A folksonomy is uncontrolled;

users are able to apply tags using their vocabulary

based on their own meaning and understanding of the

content.

Pros and cons:

Folksonomies do not rely on a complicated

schedule to sort information, so finding the data

you need is as easy as looking up a specific

term. However, this also works against the

system, as all of the terms one can search for

are subjective to each individual user.

Thomas Vander Wal, 2005

Folksonomy Text Cloud

http://www.tumblr.com

http://www.librarything.com

A possible approach:

Movahedian and Khayyambashi, two computer

engineers, have developed an ontological approach

to improving recommendations based on

folksonomies and user ratings. Because the

language of folksonomies can vary greatly, these

scholars attempt to find underlying meanings of tags

and map them to onotological concepts. These

concepts are used to decipher the user’s likes and

dislikes, therefore, providing more reliable

recommendations.

Movahedian and Khayyambashi, 2014

Broad Vs. Narrow Folksonomies:

Broad folksonomies have many people tagging the same

object with numerous tags. Narrow folksonomies have one or

few people tagging the same object with a singular term; one

tag per term.

Brian Engel, Nanyamkah Mars, Chelsea Patella

How they’re used today:

Folksonomies are used on many websites, mainly

those of social media. Sites such as Flickr, Tumblr,

Twitter, and many others rely on users for the

classification of their posts. Tumblr describes the use

of tags as a way to “make it easier for readers to find

posts about a specific topic on [a] blog,” and to find

posts, the user can just “type things in and hit enter.”

References:

How to use tags. Retrieved from https://www.tumblr.com/docs/en/using_tags

Movahedian, Hamed and Mohammad Reza Khayyambashi. “Folksonomy-based user

interest and disinterest profiling for improved reccomendations: An ontological

approach.” Journal of Information Science 40.5 (2014): 594-610. Print.

Schachter, Joshua How tags exploit the self-interest of individuals to organize the

Web for everyone 2006

http://www2.technologyreview.com/tr35/Profile.aspx?TRID=432&Cand=T&pg=1

A short introduction to LibraryThing. Retrieved from

http://www.librarything.com/quickstart.php

Vander Wal, T. (2005, February 21). Explaining and Showing Broad and Narrow

Folksonomies. Retrieved from

http://www.vanderwal.net/random/entrysel.php?blog=1635

Vander Wal, T. (2007, February 2). Folksonomy Coinage and Definition.

Retrieved from http://vanderwal.net/folksonomy.html

LibraryThing is a website which allows users to

“catalog [their] books from Amazon, Library of

Congress, and 700 other world libraries.” This

website emphasizes the use of tagging and offers

features such as “word clouds” of tags and authors

in one’s library, “tag mirrors” where one can see what

others are tagging the same item, and a collection of

all LibraryThing tags.

http://www.Tumblr.com

653 Knowledge Organization

Dr. Cristina Patuelli

Fall 2014

Key Image 1