“list of gravitationally rounded objects of the solar system - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia”

List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar SystemFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined a planet as a body in orbit around the Sun that was large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and to havecleared the neighbourhood around its orbit.[1] An object in hydrostatic equilibrium is one that is large enough for its gravity to have overcome its internal rigidity, and so relax into arounded (ellipsoidal) shape. The practical meaning of "cleared the neighborhood" is that a planet is comparatively massive enough for its gravitation to control the orbits of all objects inits vicinity. By the IAU's definition, there are eight planets in the Solar System. Those objects in orbit around the Sun that have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium but have not clearedtheir neighborhoods are called dwarf planets, and the remainder are termed small Solar System bodies. In addition, the Sun itself and a dozen or so natural satellites are also massiveenough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium.[2] Apart from the Sun, these bodies are included in the term planetary-mass object, or planemo. All known planetary-mass objects inthe Solar System, as well as the Sun, are listed below, along with a sample of the largest objects whose shape has yet to be accurately determined. The Sun's orbital characteristics arelisted in relation to the Galactic Center. All other objects are listed in order of their distance from the Sun.

Contents1 Sun2 Planets3 Satellites4 Dwarf planets5 Most-likely additional dwarf planets6 Notes

6.1 Unless otherwise cited:[ac]6.2 Manual calculations (unless otherwise cited)6.3 Individual calculations6.4 Other notes

7 References

SunThe Sun is a G-type main-sequence star. It contains almost 99.9 percent of all the mass in the Solar System.[3]

Sun[4]

Astronomical symbol[q]Mean distance

from Galactic Centerkm

light years~2.5 !1017

~26,000

Mean radius km :E[f]696,000

109

Surface area km2

:E[f]6.0877 !1012

11,990

Volume km3

:E[f]1.4122 !1018

1,300,000

Mass kg :E[f]1.9891 !1030

332,946Density g/cm3 1.409

Equatorial gravity m/s2 274.0Escape velocity km/s 617.7Rotation period days[g] 25.38

Orbital period about Galactic Center[5] million years 225250Mean orbital speed[5] km/s ~220

Axial tilt[i] to the ecliptic deg. 7.25Axial tilt[i] to the galactic plane deg. 67.23

Mean surface temperature K 5,778Mean coronal temperature[6] K 12 !106

Photospheric composition H, He, O, C, Fe, S

PlanetsKey

*terrestrialplanet

gasgiant

ice giant

Planets are both large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and have cleared their neighborhoods of similar objects. There are four terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earthand Mars) and four giant planets, which can be divided further into two gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and two ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). When excluding the Sun, the four giantplanets account for more than 99 percent of the mass of all bodies in the Solar System.

List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System - ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounde...

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*Mercury[7] *Venus[8] *Earth[9] *Mars[10] Jupiter[11] Saturn[12] Uranus[13] Neptune[14]

Astronomical symbol[q]Mean distance

from SunkmAU

57,909,1750.38709893

108,208,9300.72333199

149,597,8901.00000011

227,936,6401.52366231

778,412,0105.20336301

1,426,725,4009.53707032

2,870,972,20019.19126393

4,498,252,90030.06896348

Equatorial radius km :E[f]2,439.640.3825

6,051.590.9488

6,378.11

3,397.000.53226

71,492.6811.209

60,267.149.449

25,557.254.007

24,766.363.883

Surface area km2

:E[f]75,000,000

0.1471460,000,000

0.9010510,000,000

1140,000,000

0.274564,000,000,000

125.544,000,000,000

86.278,100,000,000

15.887,700,000,000

15.10

Volume km3

:E[f]6.083 !1010

0.0569.28 !1011

0.871.083 !1012

11.6318 !1011

0.1511.431 !1015

1,321.38.27 !1014

763.596.834 !1013

63.0866.254 !1013

57.74

Mass kg :E[f]3.302 !1023

0.0554.8690 !1024

0.8155.9742 !1024

16.4191 !1023

0.1071.8987 !1027

3185.6851 !1026

958.6849 !1025

141.0244 !1026

17Density g/cm3 5.43 5.24 5.515 3.940 1.33 0.70 1.30 1.76

Equatorial gravity m/s2 3.70 8.87 9.81 3.71 23.12 10.44 8.69 11.00Escape velocity km/s 4.25 10.36 11.18 5.02 59.54 35.49 21.29 23.71

Rotation period[g] days 58.646225 "243.0187[h] 0.99726968 1.02595675 0.41354 0.44401 "0.71833[h] 0.67125Orbital period[g] years 0.2408467 0.61519726 1.0000174 1.8808476 11.862615 29.447498 84.016846 164.79132

Mean orbital speed km/s 47.8725 35.0214 29.7859 24.1309 13.0697 9.6724 6.8352 5.4778Eccentricity 0.20563069 0.00677323 0.01671022 0.09341233 0.04839266 0.05415060 0.04716771 0.00858587

Inclination[f] deg. 7.00 3.39 0[9] 1.85 1.31 2.48 0.76 1.77Axial tilt[i] deg. 0.0 177.3 23.44 25.19 3.12 26.73 97.86 29.58

Mean surface temperature K 440100 730 287 227 152 [j] 134 [j] 72 [j] 76 [j]

Mean air temperature[k] K 288 165 135 73 76

Atmospheric composition He, Na+

P+ CO2, N2 N2, O2CO2, N2

Ar H2, He H2, HeH2, HeCH4

H2, HeCH4

Number of known moons[v] 0 0 1 2 67 62 27 14Rings? No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Planetary discriminant[l][o] 9.1 !104 1.35 !106 1.7 !106 1.8 !105 6.25 !105 1.9 !105 2.9 !104 2.4 !104

SatellitesKey

#Satelliteof Earth

!

Satelliteof Jupiter

$Satelliteof Saturn

"

Satelliteof Uranus

#

Satelliteof Neptune

Satelliteof Pluto

There are 19 natural satellites in the Solar System that are known to be massive enough to be close to hydrostatic equilibrium, which Alan Stern calls satellite planets. However, severalof these were once in equilibrium but are no longer: these include all of the moons listed for Saturn apart from Titan and Rhea. Other moons that were once in equilibrium but are nolonger very round, such as Saturn's Phoebe, are not included. Satellites are listed first in order from the Sun, and second in order from their parent body.


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!Moon[15] !Io[16] !Europa[17] !Ganymede[18] !Callisto[19] $Mimas[p] $Enceladus[p] $Tethys[p] $Dione[p] $Rhea[p]

Astronomical symbol[q]Mean distancefrom primary: km 384,399 421,600 670,900 1,070,400 1,882,700 185,520 237,948 294,619 377,396 527,108

Mean radius km :E[f]1,737.10.273

1,8150.286

1,5690.245

2,634.10.413

2,410.30.378

198.300.031

252.10.04

5330.083

561.70.088

764.30.12

Surface area[a] km2

:E[f]37,930,000

0.07441,910,000

0.08230,900,000

0.06187,000,000

0.17173,000,000

0.143490,0000.001

799,0000.0016

3,570,0000.007

3,965,0000.0078

7,337,0000.0144

Volume[b] km3

:E[f]2.2 !1010

0.022.53 !1010

0.021.59 !1010

0.077.6 !1010

0.155.9 !1010

0.053.3 !1070.00003

6.7 !1070.00006

6.3 !1080.0006

7.4 !1080.0007

1.9 !1090.0017

Mass kg :E[f]7.3477 !1022

0.01238.94 !1022

0.0154.80 !1022

0.0081.4819 !1023

0.0251.0758 !1023

0.0183.75 !10190.000006

1.08 !10200.000018

6.174 !10200.00132

1.095 !10210.0003

2.306 !10210.0004

Density[c] g/cm3 3.3464 3.528 3.01 1.936 1.83 1.15 1.61 0.98 1.48 1.23Equatorial gravity[d] m/s2 1.622 1.796 1.314 1.428 1.235 0.0636 0.111 0.145 0.231 0.264Escape velocity[e] km/s 2.38 2.56 2.025 2.741 2.440 0.159 0.239 0.393 0.510 0.635

Rotation period days[g] 27.321582(sync)[m]1.7691378

(sync)3.551181

(sync)7.154553

(sync)16.68902

(sync)0.942422

(sync)1.370218

(sync)1.887802

(sync)2.736915

(sync)4.518212

(sync)Orbital period about primary days[g] 27.32158 1.769138 3.551181 7.154553 16.68902 0.942422 1.370218 1.887802 2.736915 4.518212

Mean orbital speed[o] km/s 1.022 17.34 13.740 10.880 8.204 14.32 12.63 11.35 10.03 8.48Eccentricity 0.0549 0.0041 0.009 0.0013 0.0074 0.0202 0.0047 0.02 0.002 0.001

Inclination to primary's equator deg. 18.2928.58 0.04 0.47 1.85 0.2 1.51 0.02 1.51 0.019 0.345Axial tilt[i][u] deg. 6.68 0 0 00.33[20] 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mean surface temperature[w] K 220 130 102 110[21] 134 64 75 64 87 76

Atmospheric composition Ar, HeNa, K, H SO2[22] O2[23] O2[24] O2, CO2[25]

H2O, N2CO2, CH4[26]

Rings? No No No No No No No No No Yes?

$Titan[p] $Iapetus[p] "Miranda[r] "Ariel[r] "Umbriel[r] "Titania[r] "Oberon[r] #Triton[27] Charon[28]

Mean distancefrom primary: km 1,221,870 3,560,820 129,390 190,900 266,000 436,300 583,519 354,759 17,536

Mean radius km :E[f]2,5760.404

735.600.115

235.80.037

578.90.091

584.70.092

788.90.124

761.40.119

1353.40.212

603.50.095

Surface area[a] km2

:E[f]83,000,000

0.1636,700,000

0.013700,0000.0014

4,211,3000.008

4,296,0000.008

7,820,0000.015

7,285,0000.014

23,018,0000.045

4,580,0000.009

Volume[b] km3

:E[f]7.16 !1010

0.0661.67 !109

0.00155.5 !1070.00005

8.1 !1080.0008

8.4 !1080.0008

2.06 !1090.0019

1.85 !1090.0017

1 !10100.00958

9.2 !1080.00085

Mass kg :E[f]1.3452 !1023

0.0231.8053 !1021

0.00036.59 !1019

0.000011.35 !1021

0.000221.2 !1021

0.00023.5 !1021

0.00063.014 !1021

0.000462.14 !1022

0.003581.52 !1021

0.00025Density[c] g/cm3 1.88 1.08 1.20 1.67 1.40 1.72 1.63 2.061 1.65

Equatorial gravity[d] m/s2 1.35 0.22 0.08 0.27 0.23 0.39 0.35 0.78 0.28Escape velocity[e] km/s 2.64 0.57 0.19 0.56 0.52 0.77 0.73 1.46 0.58

Rotation period days[g] 15.945(sync)[m]79.322(sync)

1.414(sync)

2.52(sync)

4.144(sync)

8.706(sync)

13.46(sync)

5.877(sync)

6.387(sync)

Orbital period about primary days 15.945 79.322 1.4135 2.520 4.144 8.706 13.46 "5.877[h] 6.387Mean orbital speed[o] km/s 5.57 3.265 6.657 5.50898 4.66797 3.644 3.152 4.39 0.2

Eccentricity 0.0288 0.0286 0.0013 0.0012 0.005 0.0011 0.0014 0.00002 0.0022Inclination to primary's equator deg. 0.33 14.72 4.22 0.31 0.36 0.14 0.10 157 ?

Axial tilt[i][u] deg. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ?Mean surface temperature[w] K 93.7[29] 130 59 58 61 60 61 38 [30] 53

Atmospheric composition N2, CH4[31] N2, CH4[32]

Dwarf planetsKey

Ceres

plutoid

The IAU, the internationally recognized authority for assigning designations to celestial bodies, defines dwarf planets as bodies that are large enough to have achieved hydrostaticequilibrium, but have not cleared their neighbourhoods of similar objects. Since 2008, there have been five dwarf planets recognized by the IAU. Ceres orbits in the asteroid belt,between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The others orbit beyond Neptune and are sub-classified as plutoids.


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Ceres[33] Pluto[28] Haumea[34] Makemake[35] Eris[36]

Astronomical symbol[q]Minor planet number 1 134340 136108 136472 136199

Mean distancefrom Sun

kmAU

413,700,0002.766

5,906,380,00039.482

6,484,000,00043.335

6,850,000,00045.792

10,210,000,00067.668

Mean radius km :E[f]471

0.07381,1840.180

650 (960!770!495)0.10[37][38]

71570.11[39]

1,1630.19[40]

Volume km3

:E[f]4.37 !1080.0005[b]

6.33 !1090.007

1.5 !1090.001

1.5 !1090.001[b]

7.23 !1090.008[b]

Surface area km2

:E[f]2,800,0000.0055[a]

17,000,0000.0333

6,800,0000.0133[z]

6,400,0000.013[a]

17,000,0000.0333[a]

Mass kg :E[f]9.5 !10200.00016

1.3 !10220.0022

4.01 0.04 !10210.0007[41]

>2.1 !1021>0.0003[ad]

1.7 !10220.0028[42]

Density g/cm3 2.08 2.0 2.6[37] >1.4[39] 2.25[c]Equatorial gravity m/s2 0.27[d] 0.60 0.63[d] >0.28[d] ~0.8[d]Escape velocity km/s[e] 0.51 1.23 0.91 >0.6 1.37

Rotation period[g] days 0.3781 "6.38718[h] 0.167 ? ?Orbital period[g] years 4.599 247.92065 285.4 309.9 557

Mean orbital speed km/s 17.882 4.7490 4.484[o] 4.4[o] 3.436[n]Eccentricity 0.080 0.24880766 0.18874 0.159 0.44177

Inclination[f] deg. 10.587 17.14175 28.19 28.96 44.187Axial tilt[i] deg. 4 119.61 ? ? ?

Mean surface temperature[w] K 167[43] 40[44] 2.8[66] 2.0 2.0 2.0Equatorial gravity[d] m/s2 0.27 0.22 ? 0.11 0.14 0.26 0.24

the only natural satellite with an astronomical symbol, and Pluto and Ceres the only dwarf planets.^ Uranus satellite info taken from NASA Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet.[77]r. ^ Radii for plutoid candidates taken from material published by John Stansberry et al.[40]s. ^ Axial tilts for most satellites assumed to be zero in accordance with the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac: "In the absence of other information, the axis of rotation is assumedto be normal to the mean orbital plane."[78]

u.

^ Natural satellite numbers taken from material published by Scott S. Sheppard.[79]v.

Manual calculations (unless otherwise cited)^ Surface area A derived from the radius using , assuming sphericity.a. ^ Volume V derived from the radius using , assuming sphericity.b. ^ Density derived from the mass divided by the volume.c. ^ Surface gravity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: G*m/r2 .d. ^ Escape velocity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: sqrt((2*G*m)/r) .e. ^ Orbital speed is calculated using the mean orbital radius and the orbital period, assuming a circular orbit.n. ^ Assuming Pluto's density of 2.0t. ^ Calculated using the formula where Teff =54.8 K at 52 AU, is the geometric albedo, q=0.8 is the phase integral, and is the distance from the Sun in AU. Thisformula is a simplified version of that in section 2.2 of Stansberry, et al., 2007,[40] where emissivity and beaming parameter were assumed equal unity, and was replaced with 4 accounting for thedifference between circle and sphere. All parameters mentioned above were taken from the same paper.

w.

^ Calculated using the formula , where H is the absolute magnitude, p is the geometric albedo and D is the diameter in km, and assuming an albedo of 0.15, as per Dan Bruton.[80]aa. ^ Mass derived from the density multipied by the volume.ad.

Individual calculations^ Derived from densityy. ^ Surface area was calculated using the formula for a scalene ellipsoid:

where is the modular angle, or angular eccentricity; and , are the incomplete elliptic integrals ofthe first and second kind, respectively. The values 980 km, 759 km, and 498 km were used for a, b, and c respectively.

z.

Other notes^ Relative to Earthf. ^ siderealg. ^ retrogradeh. ^ The inclination of the body's equator from its orbit.i. ^ At pressure of 1 barj. ^ At sea levelk. ^ The ratio between the mass of the object and those in its immediate neighborhood. Used to distinguish between a planet and a dwarf planet.l. ^ This object's rotation is synchronous with its orbital period, meaning that it only ever shows one face to its primary.m. ^ Objects' planetary discriminants based on their similar orbits to Eris. Sedna's population is currently too little-known for a planetary discriminant to be determined.x. ^ Proteus average diameter: 210 km;[27] Mimas average diameter: 199 km[74]ab. ^ "Unless otherwise cited" means that the information contained in the citation is applicable to an entire line or column of a chart, unless another citation specifically notes otherwise.ac.

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9.

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11.

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12.

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"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 307261 (2002 MS4)" (http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=307261) (2009-09-19 last obs). Retrieved 2013-12-23. (unless otherwise cited)

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