list of newspaper articles deliverable no.: y2q3
TRANSCRIPT
List of Newspaper Articles Deliverable No.: Y2Q3
Includes: Date and list of newspaper articles along with web link till March, 2015.
Submitted By Sonalde Desai For Research project on
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY IN INDIA
funded by the UK government as part of its Knowledge Partnership Programme (KPP)
Submitted May, 2015
.
Newspaper Opinion Articles Written by NCAER/UMD Staff with
India Human Development Survey based Information
1. Op-Ed by Sonalde Desai: Declining sex ratios seen in gender scorecard: The Hindu:
March 19, 2014
Online Link is available here
2. Op-Ed by Sonalde Desai, Omkar Joshi & Reeve Vanneman: The Hindu: March 22, 2014:
Employer of the last resort?
Online Link is available here
3. Article by Ken Apfel: Universal Pension for Indians: Live Mint: March 25, 2014.
Online link is available here 4. Op-Ed by Sonalde Desai: The Hindu: March 29, 2014: Food security in the time of
inflation Online link is available here
5. Op-Ed by Sonalde Desai, Debasis Barik & Tushar Agrawal: The Hindu: April 2, 2014: Poorly Performing Public Services.
Online Link is available here
6. Op-Ed by Amaresh Dubey & Reeve Vanneman: The Hindu: April 5, 2014: An inclusive growth policy.
Online Link is available here 7. Article by Sonalde Desai: Cereal indiscretions: The Indian Express: June 23, 2014.
Online Link is available here 8. Article by Sonalde Desai: The new young: The Indian Express: August 27, 2014.
Online Link is available here
9. Article by Amit Thorat: Mapping Exclusion: The Indian Express: December 3, 2014.
Online Link is available here
List of Infographics Deliverable No.: Y2Q3
Includes: Date and list of infographics along with web link.
Submitted By Sonalde Desai For Research project on
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY IN INDIA
funded by the UK government as part of its Knowledge Partnership Programme (KPP)
Submitted May, 2015
.
Infographics Prepared using India Human Development Survey
Infographics 1: by Rukmini Sukumaran: Many women have no say in marriage: The Hindu: March 19, 2014
Online Link is available here
Another link based on above article:- http://article.wn.com/view/2014/03/18/Many_women_have_no_say_in_marriage/
Infographics 2: A Grim Statistical Picture of Married Indian Women: The Wall Street Journal (India Real Time): March 21, 2014.
Online Link is available here .
Infographics 3: Daily Bhaskar.com: Being a woman in India: Survey reveals startling details of the status of women in society.
Online Link is available here
Infographics 4: by Rukumini Sukumaran: Most rural population now not solely in agriculture: NCAER survey: The Hindu: March 25, 2014.
Online link is available here
Infographics 5: by Rukumini Sukumaran: More children going to private schools: NCAER: The Hindu: March 31, 2014.
Online link is available here
Infographics 6: by Rukumini Sukumaran: Steady rise in income but services still inadequate: NCAER: The Hindu: April 3, 2014.
Online link is available here
Infographics 7: by Rukumini Sukumaran: India by the numbers: Change on the margins: The Hindu: April 3, 2014.
Online link is available here
Infographics 8: by Rukumini Sukumaran: Middle class better off but, not well off: The Hindu: April 5, 2014.
Online link is available here
Infographics 9: by Rukumini Sukumaran: Only 40 per cent of middle class has piped water connection: survey: The Hindu: April 5, 2014.
Online link is available here
Infographics 10: by Amit Thorat: Is Untouchability Still Practiced in India?
Online link is available here
Infographics 11: by Tushar Agrawal: Rising Computer Literacy in a Globalising India
Online link is available here
Infographics 12: by P.K. Ghosh: Public Distribution System Plays an Increasing Role in Household Food Consumption
Online link is available here
Infographics 13: India’s Sanitation Needs: The New York Times: September 04, 2014.
Online Link is available here
Infographics 14: by Rukumini Sukumaran: Just 5% of Indian Marriages are Inter-Caste: Survey: The Hindu: November 13, 2014.
Online Link is available here Infographics 15: by Rukumini Sukumaran: Arranging a marriage: how India does it: The Hindu: November 19, 2014.
Online Link is available here
Infographics 16: by Seema Chishti: Biggest Caste Survey: One in Four Indians Admit to Practising Untouchability: The Indian Express: November 29, 2014.
Online Link is available here
Infographics 17: by Team of Amar Ujala: ���� ��� ������: ���� ������� ���� ���
�� ������ : amarujala.com: November 29, 2014.
Online Link is available here
Infographics 18: by Anahita Mukherji: Prejudice, Even in Pardes: The Times of India: November 30, 2014.
Online Link is available here
Infographics 19: by Rukumini Sukumaran: Limiting MGNREGS to Poorest Districts will not Help, Find Survey: The Hindu: December 08, 2014.
Online Link is available here
Infographics 20: by Praful Bidwai: The curse of caste: The News International: December 14, 2014.
Online Link is available here.
Infographics 21: by Praful Bidwai: Untouchability Thrives In India: Kashmir Times: December 15, 2014.
Online Link is available here.
Infographics 22 by Rukumini Sukumaran: Rape, Rhetoric and Reality: The Hindu: December 19, 2014.
Online Link is available here
Infographics 23 by Rukumini Sukumaran: Economists Dispute Govt. Claims on PDS Leakage: The Hindu: February 04, 2015.
Online Link is available here.
Infographics 24 by Sonalde Desai: IHDS Research Brief “More People Rely on the PDS than Ever Before”
Online Link is available here.
Infographics 25 by Rukumini Sukumaran: Just How Leaky is the PDS?: The Hindu: February 05, 2015.
Online Link is available here.
Infographics 26 by Jean Dreze and Reetika Khera: Understanding Leakages in the Public Distribution System: Economic & Political Weekly: February 14, 2015.
Online Link is available here.
Infographics 27 by Sayantan Bera: Did FCI Panel Inflate Leakage Figures to Bolster Case for Cash Transfers?: Live Mint: February 06, 2015.
Online Link is available here.
Infographics 28 by Rukumini Sukumaran: The Elusive quest for Freedom: The Hindu: March 08, 2015.
Online Link is available here.
Global Dissemination 1. Visit to College of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Meeting with Deputy Dean, Prof. Viraporn and Deputy Dean Prof. Pataporn as well as Ms. Chanetti. Discussion about feasibility of conducting longitudinal studies in developing countries and sharing the IHDS experience. 2 March, 2015. 2. Presentation to The Kolkata Group consisting of eminent members of civil society and academics from India and abroad on rethinking social safety nets. 6 February, 2015. 3. Presentation at international seminar on Labour and Employment Issues in the Context of Emerging Rural-Urban Continuum: with a Focus on Comparison between India and China. 12-14 March, 2015.
Submitted By Sonalde Desai For Research project on
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY IN INDIA
funded by the UK government as part of its Knowledge Partnership Programme (KPP)
.
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The College of Population Studies was established in early 1966 as an autonomous research andtraining unit of Chulalongkorn University. It was then called the Population Research and TrainingCenter up to 1970, when the name was changed to the Institute of Population Studies (IPS) by a royalDecree to confer a higher status. In order to serve the rapid changes in socio-economic anddemographic trends in both research and training aspects, the Institute was once again upgraded instatus by a Royal Decree to become "the College of Population Studies" in November 1998.
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CHALLENGES OF TRANSITION Sonalde Desai
Economic growth sits uneasily on our shoulders ¨ Either we revel in growth and shrug off the
need for social protection policies ¨ Or we deny growth (or pervasiveness of
growth) and focus on doing more of the same ¨ But what if economic growth and associated
social transformation changes the fundamental nature of social vulnerability?
The Great Indian Poverty Debate
From the Left: Poverty is
Undercounted
From the Right:
Economic Growth and
Declining Poverty
¨ But little attention to changing nature of poverty
¨ Our safety nets for the poor were designed when 50% of the population was poor
¨ Do they need to change when 24% of the population is poor?
Accident of birth: Chronic poverty Vs.
Accident of life: Transient poverty
Changing Nature of Poverty in India
Should our approach to social safety nets change as poverty declines?
With declining poverty, many households move out of poverty.
But formerly non poor households also become poor.
Poverty Status 204-5
Poverty Status in 2011-12
Non-poor Poor Non-poor 52% 9% Poor 25% 14%
Using Tendulkar poverty line and an abbreviated consumption schedule. Note these are not national estimates of poverty rate, only for panel households.
Chronic vs. transient poverty
¨ Focus on chronic poverty assumes that some exogenous characteristics of the household generates poverty ¤ Place of residence ¤ Caste/Tribe/Religion ¤ Access to productive resources like land,
education ¨ With declining poverty, proportion of transient
poverty to chronic poverty rises ¤ Job loss, illness, draught may cause households
into poverty
Over time as transient poverty becomes more important… ¨ We may need a different approach to safety
nets ¤ Insurance ¤ Disaster relief ¤ Income support when some accident befalls
¨ Key message: Vulnerability rather than poverty ¤ In IHDS data nearly 40% of the poor in round 2
were not poor in round 1
¨ Benefits 2004- 14% & Rs 391 ¨ Benefits 2012 – 36% & Rs. 1256 ¨ PDS users 2004-5 25.2%, subsidy Rs. 59 ¨ PDS 2011-12 51% Rs. 165 ¨ NREGA 17.3%, Rs. 962
Tremendous growth in social programs between 2005 and 2012
14
25
0
36
51
17
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Direct Benefits PDS NREGA
Percent Households Getting Benefits
2004-5 2011-12
391
708
0
1256
1980
962
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Direct Benefits PDS NREGA
Value of Benefits Averaged Over Total
Population (in 2011-12 Rs.)
2004-5 2011-12
NREGA Participation is concentrated in lowest 3 income quintiles
28
31
27
22
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Lowest 2nd Quintile 3rd Quintile 4th Quintile Top
Percent Households Participating in NREGA in 2011-12 by income quintile from
2004-5
0 0.5
1 1.5
2 2.5
3 3.5
4 4.5
5
PDS Direct Benefits NREGA
2004-5 2011-12
Growth in material possessions and aspirations 2004-5 to 2011-12
Air conditioner
Credit card
Washing machine
Air conditioner/air cooler
Telephone
Sewing machine
Flush toilet
Piped water indoors
Pressure cooker
Any TV
Separate kitchen
Electric fan
Chair/table
Clock/watch
Footwear for everyone
0 1 1 2 3
7 10
13 14
17 20
22 23 24 25
33 38
48 48
52 55
59 59
64 65
72 84 85
93 97
2 6
3 4
7 78
16 23
7 27
20 31
37 56
27 43
48 64
60 60
55 68
72 68
76 83 83
90 98 99
Household Possessions, 2004-05 and 2011-12
2004-05 2011-12 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Proportion Enrolled
Rising Enrolment Rates at Ages 15-22
2011-12 2004-5
S. R. Sankaran Chair (Rural Labour)
National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRD&PR)Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030
International Conference on
Labour and Employment Issues in the Context of Emerging
Rural-Urban Continuum: Dimensions, Processes and Policies
12-14 March, 2015
Programme Schedule
Day 1: March 12, 2015 (Thursday)
Registration : 9.00 to 9.30 AM
Inaugural Session : 9.30 to 11.30 AM
Chairperson: Prof. R. Radhakrishna
Welcome Address: Dr. M. V. Rao, IAS, Director General, NIRD&PR, Hyderabad
About the Conference: Prof. Kailash Sarap
Inaugural Address: Prof. S. R. Hashim
Keynote Address: Prof. Jan Breman
Vote of Thanks: Prof. Kailsh Sarap
Tea Break 11.30 to 11.45 AM
Technical Session I : Labour and Employment Issues in Rural-Urban Continuum
(11.45AM to 1.30 PM) Chairperson: Prof. T.S. Papola
Presentations:
1 Prof. D. Narasimha Reddy - Labour and Employment Issues in the Emerging Rural-Urban Continuum in India: An Overview
2 Prof. Gerry Rodgers and Prof. Jenine Rodgers - The Urban Connection in the Transformation of Rural Bihar
3 Prof. Rizwanul Islam - Structural Transformation and Alternative Pathways to the Lewis Turning Point
Discussants: Prof. Alakh N. Sharma and Prof. Kunal Sen
Rapporteurs: Dr. Sujit Mishra and Dr. P. P. Sahu
Lunch Break : 1.30 to 2.30 PM
Technical Session II : Rural Migrants and Urban Challenges
(2.30 to 5.30 PM) Chairperson: Prof. S. R. Hashim
Keynote Address: Prof. Ravi Srivatsava
Presentations:
1 Dr. Ye Min – The Small Migrant Farmers and Unfriendly Polices of Metropolitan Government in Shanghai
2 Dr. Gao Ming – How do the views of pain and hope shape the continuous migration? Cases in Shanghai
3 Dr. Udai Bhanu Singh – Rural to Urban temporary Migration in Gujarat: Understanding Linkages between Migration and Development
Tea Break : 3.45 to 4.00 PM
4 Prof. J. Jayaranjan – Lives of Migrant Workers in Chennai
5 Dr. Anant Mariganti – The Agrarian Question as the Urban Question
6 Prof. Jan Breman – Circular Migration between the rural hinterland and the Urban fringe, the case of Ahmedabad
Discussants: Prof. Kannan, Dr. Chinmay Tumbe and Dr. G. Vijay
Rapporteurs: Dr. Chirala Shankar Rao and Dr. Sanjit Rout
Day 2: March 13, 2015 (Friday)
Technical Session III : Rural Conditions that Propel Mobility to Urban Areas
(9.15 AM to 1.30 PM) Chairperson: Prof. K. P. Kannan
Presentations:
1 Prof. Cao Jinqing – Chinese land institutions: migrant workers and urbanization
2 Prof. Sonalde Desai – Rural to Urban Migration: The Role of Push and Pull Factors
3 Prof. R. P. Mamgain and Prof. D. Narasimha Reddy – Out-migration from Hill Region of Uttarakhand: Magnitude, Challenges and Policy Issues
4 Dr. Vijay Korra – Impact of Intra-Dynamics of Seasonal Migration on Rural Households: Empirical Evidence from Telangana State
Tea Break : 11.30 to 11.45 AM5 Prof. Keshab Das – Craft Clusters and Work in Rural India
6 Dr. Basant K. Sahu – Migration, Gender and Household Labour Use for Adopting Climatic Stress: a Study of drought affected areas in Odisha
7 Ms. Mitali Gupta – Role of Subcontracting in Structuring Changes in Economic Activity in Rural Areas of India
Discussants: Prof. Jenine Rodgers, and Prof. S. Chandrasekhar
Rapporteurs: Dr. Prajna Mishra and Dr. Soumya Vinayan
Lunch Break : 1.30 to 2.15 P M
Technical Session IV : Rural-Urban Commuting
(2.15 to 3.45 PM) Chairperson: Prof. Alakh N. Sharma
Presentations:
1 Dr. Chinmay Tumbe – Contemporary Migration in India and its Intersection with Rural Labour Markets
2 Prof. Chandrasekhar – Mobility of Workers: Implications for Integration of Rural and Urban Labour Markets
3 Dr. N. Ajith Kumar, Baishali Goswami and Prof. K. K. George - Patterns of Commuting for Work: A Case Study of Kochi City, Kerala
4 Dr. Rathindranath Pramanik – The Nature Of Migration Of Rural Labourers And Their Problems: A Micro Level Study
Discussants: Prof. D. Narasimha Reddy, Prof. Sonalde Desai and Dr. P. P. Sahu
Rapporteurs: Dr. Chirala Shankar Rao
Tea Break : 3.45 to 4.00 PM
Panel Discussion : Challenges in Rural-Urban Continuum
(4.00 to 5.45 PM) Chairperson: Prof. Ashwani Saith
Panelists:
1 Prof. T. Papola
2 Prof. Rizwanul Islam
3 Prof. Alakh N. Sharma
4 Prof. K. P. Kannan
5 Prof. S. Chandrasekhar
6 Prof. D. Narasimha Reddy
Rapporteurs: Dr. Sujit Mishra and Ms. Mithali Gupta
Day 3: March 14, 2015 (Saturday)
Technical Session V : Social and Institutional Dimensions of Rural-Urban Mobility
(9.15 AM to 1.30 PM) Chairperson: Prof. Rizwanul Islam
Presentations:
1 Prof. Sheila Bhalla - The Metamorphosis of India’s Agricultural Policy in the 1990s and its Impact on the Conditions of erstwhile Agricultural Labour Supply to the Non-farm Sector
2 Prof. Judith Heyer - Differential experiences by caste, class and gender of people entering non-agricultural employment in the rural-urban continuum around Tiruppur and Coimbatore
3 Dr. Yuqin HUANG – The Changing Intergenerational Contracts: Gender, Cohorts and Elderly Care Arrangements in a Central Chinese Village, 2005-2013
4 Dr. A. Amarender Reddy – Changes in Farm Size, Income and Employment in Paddy Cultivation in the past Decade
Tea Break : 11.00 to 11.15 PM
5 Prof. Kunal Sen - Declining female labour force participation in rural India
6 Dr. Tathagata Sengupta and Dr. G. Vijay – The De-institutionalizing Labour Relations of Accumulation through Disuse: The Case of Brick Kiln Industry in Telangana
7 Dr. P. P. Sahu – Expanding Livelihood Strategies for Marginalized Communities in Rural India: Opportunities and Challenges
8 Prof. A. V. Jose – Factors Underlying the Movement of Real Wages in Rural India
Discussants: Prof. J. Jeyaranjan; Prof. Keshab Das, Prof. R. P. Mamgain
Rapporteurs: Dr. Chirala Sankar Rao and Ms. Mithali Gupta
Lunch Break : 1.15 to 2.00 PM
Valedictory Session : 2.00 to 3.15 PM
Chairperson: Prof. Sheila Bhalla
Valedictory Address: Prof. Ashwani Saith– The Collectivist Foundations Of Market Success: Viewing
Chinese Development from an Indian Perspective
Vote of Thanks: Prof. Kailash Sarap
High Tea : 3.15 PM
Organising Committee
Dr. M. V. Rao, Director General, NIRD&PR – Chairman and Chief Patron.Prof. R. Radhakrishna, Chairman, Advisory Committee, S. R. Sankaran Chair, NIRD&PR.Prof. Kailash Sarap, Professor, S. R. Sankaran Chair, NIRD&PR – Convener and Secretary.Prof. C. S. Singhal, Professor and Head, CWDGS, NIRD&PR.Prof. Suman Chandra, Professor and Head, CAS&DM, NIRD&PR.Prof. D. Narasimha Reddy, ICSSR National Fellow, CSD, Hyderabad.
Co-ordinators
Prof. Kailash Sarap, Professor, S. R. Sankaran Chair, NIRD&PR, Hyderabad.Prof. Suman Chandra, Professor and Head, CAS&DM, NIRD&PR.M. Venkatanarayana, Research Officer, S. R. Sankaran Chair, NIRD&PR, Hyderabad.
Phone: 040 - 24008516 / 24008408Mobiles: 9441422163 / 7032774711e-mail: [email protected]
S. R. Sankaran Chair (Rural Labour)
National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRD&PR)Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030
International Conference on
Labour and Employment Issues in the Context of Emerging Rural-Urban Continuum: Dimensions, Processes and Policies
12-14 March, 2015
List of Key Resource Persons1 Prof. Cao Jinqing Faculty, Department of Sociology, East China University of Science and
Technology, Shanghai, China.
2 Dr. Yuqin Huang Faculty, Department of Sociology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
3 Dr. Ye Min Faculty, Department of Humanities, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
4 Dr. Gao Ming Lecturer, Department of Cultural Studies, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
5 Prof. Jan Breman Honorary Fellow, International Institute of Social Science (ISS), The Hague.
6 Prof. Rizwanul Islam Former Special Adviser, Employment Sector, International Labour Organisation (ILO), Geneva.
7 Prof. Aswani Saith Professor, International Institute of Social Science (ISS), The Hague.
8 Prof. Kunal Sen Professor, University of Manchester, Manchester.
9 Prof. Jenine Rodgers Visiting Professor, Institute for Human Development (IHD), New Delhi.
10 Prof. Gerry Rodgers Former Director, International Institute for Labour Studies (IILS), International Labour Organisation (ILO), Geneva. Currently Visiting Professor, Institute for Human Development, New Delhi.
11 Prof. Judith Heyer Emeritus Professor, Oxford University, London.
12 Prof. T. Papola Professor, Institute of Studies on Industrial Development (ISID), New Delhi.
13 Prof. R. Radhakrishna Chairman, Advisory Committee, S. R. Sankaran Chair, NIRD&PR and Chairman, Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad.
14 Prof. Ravi Srivastava Professor, CSRD, Jawarlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
15 Prof. K. P. Kannan Chairman, Laurie Baker Centre for Habitat Studies, Thiruvananthapuram.
16 Prof. Alak N. Sharma Director, Institute of Human Development (IHD), New Delhi
17 Prof. Sheila Bhalla Emeritus Professor, CESP, Jawarlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
18 Prof. S. R. Hashim Chairman, Indian Association of Social Science Institutions, New Delhi; Former Chairman, UPSC, New Delhi.
19 Prof. D. Narasimha Reddy
ICSSR National Fellow, Council for Social Development (CSD), Hyderabad.
20 Prof. Indira Hirway Director, Institute of Alternative Development (IAD), Ahmadabad.
21 Prof. J. Jeyaranjan Director, Institute of Development Alternatives (IDA), Chennai.
22 Prof. R. P. Mumgain Professor, Giri Institute of Labour Studies, Lucknow.
23 Prof. Sonalde Desai Professor, University of Maryland and National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi.
-END-
24 Prof. Keshab Das Professor, Gujarat Institute of Development Research (GIDR), Ahmadabad.
25 Prof. S. Chandrasekhar Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai.
26 Prof. A. V. Jose Honorary Professor, Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Thiruvananthapuram.
27 Prof. R. S. Deshpande Former Director, Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Banglore.
28 Prof. Sivarama Krishna Rao
Professor (Retd), Department of Economics, Kakatiya University, Warangal.
29 Prof. S. Galab Director, Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad.
30 Prof. R. Vijay Professor, School of Economics, University of Hyderabad (UOH), Hyderabad.
29 Dr. Basant K. Sahu Associate Professor, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), New Delhi.
30 Dr. Partha P. Sahu Assistant Professor, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (ISID), New Delhi.
31 Dr. A. Amarender Reddy
Principal Scientist, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
32 Dr. Ajith kumar Director, Centre for Socio-economic and Environmental Studies (CSES), Kochi.
33 Dr. Rathindranath Pramanik
Associate Professor (Economics), Palli Charcha Kendra, Department of Social Studies and Rural Development, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan.
34 Dr. G. Vijay Associate Professor, School of Economics, University of Hyderabad (UOH).
35 Dr. Chinmay Tumbe Assistant Professor, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Hyderabad.
36 Dr. Vijay Korra Assistant Professor, Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad.
37 Dr. Anant Mariganti Hyderabad Urban Labs, Hyderabad.
38 Dr. Udai Bhanu Singh Assistant Professor, Amity Business School, Amity University, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
38 Ms. Mitali Gupta Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
A TALE OF TWO MIGRATIONS: A CONTESTED TERRAIN Sonalde Desai
Migrant workers living under a polythene shelter Dousa, Rajasthan
But history of India is rife migration in search of a better life
Can you identify this family? Photograph taken at the turn of 20th Century
Yesterday’s presentations by Profs. Hashim & Breman aptly sum up diverging view points..
¨ Are migrants advantaged or disadvantaged sections of the rural society?
We can always engage in our usual trick and claim.. ¨ India is diverse ¨ Both X and anti-X are true at the same time ¨ But I think we would do ourselves a
tremendous disservice if we gloss over the difference in these two perspectives
The problem is complicated by lack of data …. ¨ NSS based studies show that migrants are:
¤ More educated ¤ Upper caste ¤ Possibly earn more in cities than the city born (??)
¨ Many (but not all) micro studies of distress migration suggest that pauperization leads to migration with migrants: ¤ Working in informal sector ¤ Less educated ¤ Come from marginalised sections
Key to this disjunction may lie in the disjunction between two migrations….
Long term-migration – a mobility strategy
Short term/circular migration – a survival strategy
India Human Development Survey (IHDS) ¨ Collaborative project between National
Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) and University of Maryland
¨ Survey in 2004-5 and another survey in 2011-12
¨ Multi-topic survey of health, education, income, employment etc.
IHDS-I (2004-5) Sample 33 States and UT
1503 villages and 971 urban blocks
41,554 households
215,754 individuals 33,483 ever
married women 15-49
12,905 kids age
8-11
1423
Village
Schedules
In 2011-12….. ¨ Interviewers were given lists of individuals who were in the household in
2004-5 ¨ For each individual they asked where he/she is, when migrated/died,
location etc. ¨ When the whole household migrated attempt made to get proxy
information ¨ This will include a migration of 6 months and above where individuals has
still not returned (long term migration) ¨ We also asked whether any household member has gone out to work for at
least 1 month and returned to the household (return or circular migration) ¨ We were able to reinterview at least one member of the household for 90%
of the households and to get proxy information for some of the households’ whereabouts from neighbours.
¨ Missing information on about 5% of the initial respondents. Sensitivity analyses show that omitting them the final analyses do not seriously change conclusions.
¨ NOTE I ONLY REPORT RURAL RESULTS IN THIS PAPER
Migration status of the round 1 household members at round 2 interview (excluding dead/lost)
All Males All Females
Non-Migrant
80%
Long-Term Migrant
20%
Return Migrant
0%
Non-Migrant,
81.41
Long-Term
Migrant, 14.58
Return Migrant,
4.01
Note higher rates of out-migration than shown in NSS
Problem with NSS questions is that there is no reference period and fuzzy definition of household when it comes to migration questions
NSS – over the life cycle of the household
IHDS – since round 1 interview (7 years)
Male out-migration 9% 15% Female out-migration
17% 20%
Male circular migration
3% 4%
Female circular migration
< 1% <1%
Sample restricted to men ages 16-40 at the time of the round 1 interview
¨ Prime age for male migration ¨ After age 15 most of the male migration is for
work ¨ Women also migrate for work, you can see
some of the figures in the paper but at different ages. This paper restricted to men for simplicity.
¨ Among rural men ages 16-40, IHDS shows: ¤ 17% long-term migration ¤ 7% circular migration (85% <= 12 months in last 5
years, 15% longer)
Where do male migrants go?
¨ Long term migration ¤ 13% to another village ¤ 63% to a town ¤ 24% location unknown (problems with proxy
information !) ¨ Circular migration
¤ 33% to another village ¤ 67% to a town
Drivers of long-term and circular migration are quite different ¨ Educated, upper caste, higher income men
engage in long-term migration ¨ Uneducated, dalit/adivasi, lower income men
engage in circular migration
Are people from poor areas more likely to migrate? ¨ No for long-term migration
¤ Top 4 sending states are Bihar, Himachal, Uttarkhand, Kerala
¨ Yes for circular migration ¤ Top 4 sending states are Bihar, MP, Chhatisgarh,
Rajasthan
Village unskilled wage rate for men in round 1 and migration Long-Term Migration Circular Migration
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
No
Wor
k M
issi
ng In
f.
Per
cent
2004-5 Rs. Per day
Unskilled
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
No
Wor
k M
issi
ng In
f.
Per
cent
2004-5 Rs. Per day
Unskilled
Are poor people more likely to migrate? ¨ No for long-term migration
¤ The higher the income of the household (before migration), the greater the probability of long term migration
¨ Yes for circular migration ¤ The higher the income, the lower the probability
of circular migration
Net migration is not hugely related to income but this masks two divergent trends
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Poorest 2nd Quintile 3rd Quintile 4th Quintile Richest
Per
cent
Non Migrant
Long-Term Migrant
Circular Migrant
Individual charateris0cs Long Term Migrant Return Migrant Educa0on in 2004-‐5
No educa)on 12.93 11.5 1-‐4 std 13.67 10.53 5-‐9 std 16.46 6.56 10-‐11 std 19.23 4.62 Class 12 & some college 24.05 3.2 College graduate 21.88 2.32 Missing data on educaiton 20.44 5.12
Per capita household income quin0le in 2004-‐5 Lowest quin)le 14.68 9.25 2nd quin)le 16.74 10.05 3rd quin)le 16.54 7.82 4th quin)le 16.88 5.99 Highest quin)le 19.4 3.26
Social group Forward High castes 19.29 3.37 OBC 17.83 6.63 Dalit 15.76 9.91 Adivasi 11.99 10.42 Muslim 16.37 6.45 Chris)an, Sikh, Jain 21.29 0.99
Results from multinomial logits confirm most of the descriptive results but show that…
¨ Long-term migration is dominated by the need of jobs for educated men; a large part of caste and income effect disappears when we control for education
How can we expect MGNREGA to transform labour migration? ¨ There should be NO effect on long-term
migration since local area wages for unskilled workers do not affect it
¨ It will reduce circular migration by raising wages – but for this we still need to conclusively establish the relationship between MGNREGA and local wages
What deters migration?
¨ Long term migration: ¤ Availability of transportation that allows workers
to work in nearby towns and return home. Commuter migration vs. long-term/circular migration
¨ Short term migration: ¤ Increased wage labour opportunities and wages in
the village
But long-term migration is like a fissure… ¨ Once a trickle begins it will turn to river ¨ Households receiving remittances in round 1
have at least one successful migrant ¤ These households experience more long-term
migration. Uncle settles into the city and calls his nephew.