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The Ordo yearbook was published by Helmut Kupper in Dusseldorf and Munich from 1948 to 1974; from 1975, it has been published by Gustav Fischer of Stuttgart and New York.

Index

Page numbers followed by 'n' refer to notes and references.

ad hoc treatment of economic problems 38-49,44

agriculture European Community and 100 social market economy and 263-4

aid see development aid Albers, Willi 194n alienation theory, Marxist 106-8, 120 anti-monopoly policies see monopolies Aron, Raymond 98, 105n

balance of payments 9,31,39-40,188-9,216

Balogh, Thomas 12n, 14n Barry, Norman 13n Bauer, Professor Peter 259,260n Benham, Frederic 241n Bergson, Henri 81n Beuthin, Volker 194n Bickel, Wilhelm 196,206n Biskup, Reinhold 260n Bismark, Count von 19, 24 Boettcher, Erik 91, 104n, 105n Bahm, Franz xxi, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12n,

13n, 15-26,46-67,82, 148, 151n, 152

Borchardt, Knut 13n Borsig, August 243 Briefs, Gatz 144,147, 150n, 151n Brzezinski, Zbigniew 93,95, 102n,

104n Buchanan, James M. 12n Burnham, James 95, 104n business cycle, monopolies and 164-5

Caesarian economics 73-80 'calculus of consent' 5

capital flight 233, 234 developing countries and 244,251-

2,256 capitalism

alienation of man 106, 107 communism and see convergence;

incompatibility Marxian view of 38-9

cartels 18,84, 154, 160-1, 165--7 anti-cartel measures 11 arguments in favour of 165--8 dissolution of 29 see also monopolies

central banks 225,227-8,234,239,240 centrally-planned economies 10, 195,

206 development aid 242-3, 245, 247-8,

251-2 Lenin's concept of 110, 111 market and 87-9 subordination principle 196 subsidies 200 targets and 127 see also communism

Christian Democratic Union 82,263 classical economics 38

monopolies and 153-4 co-determination

284

competition and 133, 134 conflict situations 132-3 democratisation of economy 137-9;

casting votes 138-9; majority decisions 137-8

economic responsibilities: of managers 129; of workers 128-9

monopolistic market situations 134-7

Index 285

co-determination - continued paid managers and 126 trade unions and 129--32; control of

economic power 131; freedom for workers 129--30; influence of markets 132; sectoral interests 136

Coal Adjustment Act 268, 269 collective bargaining 130, 131 collective ownership 41-2,107,196

collective property rights 121-2 collectivism

disintegration of international economic order 74-5

federalism and 77-8 foreign exchange control 78--9,80 inflation and 79 international system of 80-1 nationalism and internationalism

76-80 private property in international

transactions 72-3 regional 77 see also self-management systems

Colm, Gerhard 197 communism

liberal reform 97 see also centrally-planned economies

competition 7-8, 9, 24-5, 56, 85, 161-2

co-determination and protection against 133

collectivism and 75 creative opportunities and 121 in social market economy 83,84,85,

265--6 international exchange rates and

213-14 Marxist view of 109 monopolies and 156, 160-4 price 162-3 public and private sectors 204 relativism and 20

competitive socialism 96-7 concentration 266-7 concerted action 267-8, 272n Conert, Hansgeorg 151n constitution

economic structure and the 31-4 ruling class 32-3

consumption, in developing countries 251-2

control by market prices 52, 53-4, 55--6 economic power and co­

determination 131 economic systems 37-40; faulty 30-

1 measures in free market economy

55--6 ruling class and 37-8

convergence hypothesis 88 development of 91-2 Eastern and Western variants 92-3 foreign trade 100 in ruling classes 95 interest rates 100 liberalisation process 92, 94 objectives 98--9 planning techniques 96-8 plausibility of 93-101 scientific variant 93 tax systems 101

convertibility see exchange rates cooperatives 114-15 countervailing power 168--70 credit 85

gold standard and 221-2,224,225, 234

international 222 see also debt

currency free and convertible 68, 70, 71 international 69 stable 56, 68, 188--9 welfare system and 188--9

debt creation 9 interest on public debt 203 see also credit

Deist, Heinrich 151n democracy, direct or participatory 110 democratic economic planning 110-12

see also co-determination development aid 10

capital flight 244,251-2,256 central planning 242-3, 245, 247-8,

251-2 consumption growth 251-2 developed and underdeveloped,

definitions 254-5 distribution of funds 253-4 economic systems and 242--60

286 Index

development aid - continued entrepreneurs: foreign 24~; lack

of 243-4 free-market economy and 248-9 loans 254-7; interest rates 255-8 savings 248-9 standard of living 249-53

divison of labour see labour Djilas, Milovan 95,104n domestic trade cycles 227-30, 23~,

238 Dubinsky, David 147

economic constitution, legal instrument for 24-5

economic order of free society 6-10 economic science, decline in 15-17 economic systems

central administration and 31-2 classical economics 38 constitution and 31-4 control of 30-1, 37-40 development aid and 342-60 freedom as goal of 34-7 identification criteria 19~ interdependence 27-34,89,90,97,

101 laissez-faire 4-5, 38, 83, 86, 152,

163,262, 265 private or collective ownership 40-

2 self-management see self­

management systems social systems and 33-4 see also convergence; international

economic systems employees see workers employment 30, 43, 210, 215

real wages. and volume of 209-10 without inflation 208-18 see also labour; unemployment;

workers Engels, Friedrich 78, 123n Engels, Wolfram 9 entrepreneurs 59-67

in developing countries 243-4 monopolies and 154, 161-2, 163 right to act as 56-7 wage-earners and 60-1

Erhard, Ludwig 1,2-3,8, 10, 11, 12n, 82,270

Eucken, Walter xxi, 2, 3-4, 5, 7,8,

12n, 13n, 15-26,27-45,82,89,90, 97, 103n, 149, 151n, 152,241n,265

European Community 11, 87, 208 interventions in agriculture 100 planning techniques 96

exchange rates 9, 11,29,78-89,213-14,216-18,225

exiles, half-exiles 4, 12n exploitation

in free market economy of workers 38

fatalism 17-18 Marx and 18-20, 26n

Federal Cartels Office 8 federalism, collectivism and 77-8 Finch, Henry A. 13n flight of capital see capital flight foreign aid see development aid foreign exchange control see exchange

rates foreign trade, convergence hypothesis

100 Forstmann, Albrecht 16, 25n Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 11 free market economy 195,206

character of 58-60 criticisms of 60-2 general will and 54-8 importance of private law in 66-7 income distribution in 60-1 pressure groups in 64-5 regulating principles and control

measures 55-6, 65 social redistribution in 199

freedom 37 industrialisation and 34 intellectual, nihilism and 3~ state control and 35, 36 threat from economic sphere 34-5 ultimate goal 34-7

French Revolution 46-7,49,61 Frisch, Ragnar 269 full employment 10

investment and 44-5 policies 43-5, 85 productivity and real wages 209-11 through inflation 208-9

Furubotn, Eirik Grundtvig 123n

Galbraith, John Kenneth 104n, 168-9, 170n

Index 287

Geiler, Karl 25n general will and the market economy

54 Genossenschaften 114, 115 Gerloff, Wilhelm 206n Gideonse, Harry D. 162,1700 Giersch, Herbert xxi-ii,208-18 Goerdeler, Carl 2 gold standard 70,71,219-41

aut<:>matic system 226, 236, 238, 240 capital movements and interest

payments 224-5 classical pre-war system 220 domestic trade cycle and 227-30

235--6, 238 ' effect of influx of gold 220-2 essentials of 225-7 international currency system 225 ,

226 new proposals 235-41 open market operations 238 price flexibility and 231-3, 236-7 protectionist measures and 230-1

236 ' shifts in demand for goods 222-4 short-term lending and 221-2, 224

225,234 ' stable exchange rates 225 233-5 unilateral transfers 224-5'

Gorz, Andre 141, 150n Gregory, Theodore E. 241n Grossmann-Doerth, Hans .. 12 XXll, n,

15-26

Haberler, Gottfried 190 'half-exiles' 4, 12n Hamm, Walter xxii, 10, 171-94 Hayek, Friedrich A. von 12n, 82, 88-

9: 103n, 146, 149, 151n, 162, 170n HellWig, Hans 152 Hensel, Karl Paul xxii, 10, 124-39 Heuss, Ernst 8, 13n Hicks, John 164, 1700 historicism 16-17

fatalism and 17-18,18-20 Ordo-liberals against 23-4 relativism and 17, 20-2

Hitler, Adolf 2 Hoppmann, Erich 8 Horvat, Branko 109, 111, 123n Huffschmid, Jorg 272n

humane society, Marxist concept of 108-10

Hunold, Albert 14n 150n Hunti~gton, Samuel' 93,95, 102n, l04n Hutchison, Terence W. 12n

~mmigration, real wages and 210-11 Incomes

redistribution 7,9, 84, 168, 197 workers' motives 125 see also wage policies

incompatibility of economic systems 87-9

individuals encroachment on freedom of 57 human and constitutional rights 49 signalling systems to 52-4 society, State and 48-52

inflation 9, 22, 188 collectivism and 79 employment policy without 208-18 repressed 79, 80 welfare state and 174-5

interdependence 89,90,97, 101 e~o~omic and social systems 33-4

. WithIn economic systems 27-34 Interest rates

convergence hypothesis 100 development loans 255-8

international economic systems 68-70, 70-1, 72-3, 74-5, 76-80

see also economic systems international monetary system 69 70-

2 ' international trade

competitiveness and exchange rate 213-14

stable money values and 216-18 intervention 8-9,9-10,20,271-2

ad hoc 88 dependence of economic affairs on

75, 76 disintegration of international

economic order 74-5 in social market economy 83 84 price fixing 75 '

investment full employment and 44-5 replacement 203

Johnson, Daniel 12n

288 Index

Kant, Immanuel 34, 45n Kartte, Wolfgang 13n Keynes, John Maynard 146,239-40 Khrushchev, President Nikita 97 Kirsch, Guy 183, 194n Kloten, Norbert 195,206n Krupp, Alfred 243 Krupp, Friedrich 243 Kung, Emil 99, 105n

labour division of 37, 43 marginal productivity of 209,210,

218n mobility of 210-11 see also employment; workers

laissez-faire economy 4-5,38,83,86, 152, 153,262, 265

Lambsdorff, Otto Graf 194n Lampert, Heinz 194n Lange,Oskar 97 Law of Obligations 17 Leber, Georg 142-3, 151 Leber Plan 264 Lefebvre, Henri 123n Leipold, Helmut 123n Leman, Gudrun 123n lending see credit; debt; development

aid; loans Lenel, Hans Otto xxii, xxvii, 8, 11,

13n,261-72 Leontief, L. 98, l04n Lerner, Abba P. 170n Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul 204 liberals

neo- 83,84,152 old 83, 152-3 palaeo-liberal 88 process 6, 13n see also Ordo-liberals

Lippmann, Walter 13n List, Friedrich 16, 258 loans, development see development

aid Lutz, Friedrich A. xxiii, 13n, 14n, 152-

70,219-41

McCulloch, J. R. 170n McIver, Robert M. 81n managers

convergence hypothesis and 95, 104n

in co-determination 129 interests and responsibilities 124-5,

126-7 Mandel, Ernest 141, 150n market economies

guided 201,202,206 humane content of 120-3 opportunities for self-realisation 120 transition to bureaucratic economy

76-7 see also free market economy and

social market economy market prices

pressure groups and 65 signalling system 52, 53-4

Markovic, Mihailo 109, 123n 'marktinkonform' 84 'marktkonform' 84 Marx, Karl 18-20, 26n, 38, 45n, 78,

106, 109, 123n, 148, 149 ownership and 40 see also Marxism

Marxism alienation theory 106-8, 120 democratised economic planning

110-12 genuinely humane society 108-10 union theory 141-2 see also self-management system

Mestmacker, Ernst-Joachim 8, 13n Meyer, Fritz Walter xxiii, 3, 10, 242-60 Meyer-Dohm, Peter 103n migration

capital 214 employment 215

Miksch, Leonhard 3, 7, 8, 13n, 152 Mill, John Stuart 153-4, 170n Mises, Ludwig von 8,88,89,90, 102n,

103n mobility of labour 210-11 Molitor, Bruno 194n monopolies 21,29,31,32,33, 152-70

Adam Smith and 153-4, 170n anti-monopoly policies 7, 29, 56 business cycle and 164-5 classical economics and 153-4 co-determination and 134-7 control over 84 countervailing power 168-70 perfect competition and 156, 160-4 welfare economics and 155-60 see also cartels

Index 289

Motteli, Carlo 150n, 263, 272n Miiller-Armack, Alfred xxiii, 3, 5, 9,

10, 12n, 13n, 14n,82-6,90, 103n, 262,272n

Myrdal, Gunnar 242, 246, 247, 258, 259, 260n

National Socialists 1933 takeover 3-4 technical failure of planning 4

nationalisation 37, 41, 74 nationalism

collectivism and 79-80 international economic systems and

76-80 natural order 38, 40 Nawroth, Egon Edgar 13n Nell-Breuning, Oswald von 140, 150n Nemtschinow, Wassily S. 100n neo-liberals 83, 84, 152 neo-Marxists 107 Neumark, Fritz 206n Nietzsche, Friedrich 22-3

old liberals 83, 152-3 oligopolies 56, 84 Oppenheimer, Franz 2 Ordnungspolitik 37, 45n Ordo-Kreis xxvii Ordo-liberals 4, 5, 6

1936 manifesto 22-5 against historicism 23 economic constitution 24-5 in perspective 11-12 scientific reasoning 22-3

Ortlieb, Heinz-Dietrich 262,272n owners

interests and responsibilities 124 managers and 124-5,27

ownership collective 41-2, 107, 121-2, 196 convergence hypothesis 99 in international transactions 72-3 Marx and 40 private see private ownership public 196; see also public sector Rousseau and 40 social 112

Palaeo liberals 88 participatory economy see self­

management system

patents, temporary monopolies through 154, 161-2

Peacock, Sir Alan xxiii-xxiv, 1-14 Pejovic, Svetozar 123n perfect competition see competition Phillips curve 208, 218n Pigou, Arthur Cecil 196,206n planning techniques

convergence hypothesis 96-8 democratic 110-12 mathematical, 96, 97 see also centrally-planned economies

Popitz, Johannes 204 pragmatism 89-90,264,265

trade unions and 140, 142 pressure groups 7,64-5,173,193 prices 28,29

competition 162-3 flexibility of, and gold standard 231-

3,236-7 market control through 52, 53-4 price fixing in international trade 75

private law society development of 46-8 general will and free market 54-8 importance of private law 66-7 modus operandi of 51 political power in 55, 63 signalling systems 52-4 society, state and individuals 48-52

private ownership 6,7,40-1,107,121, 196

process liberals 6, 13n productive capital 203, 204

taxation and 205 productivity

marginal, of labour 209,210, 218n real wages and 209-11

protectionist measures 216 gold standard and 230-1, 236

public debt, interest on 203 public ownership 196

see also public sector public sector

capital expenditure 203-5 current expenditure 200-3 in market economy 195-207 need for transfer payments 195-9 subsidies 199-200 see also transfer payments; welfare

state

290 Index

redistribution of income 7,9,84,168, 197

see also transfer payments; welfare state

Reichsfreiherr vom Stein, Karl 19,26n relativism 17, 20-2 Ricardo, David 220-1,223 Ropke, Wilhelm xxiv, 3, 4, 5,10, 12n,

13n, 14n, 68-81,82,89,90, 103n, 183,184,194n,272

Rostow, Walter 92,93,98, l04n Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 40,62 ruling class 32-3

and control 37-8 convergence in 95

Riistow, Alexander 3, 5, 13n, 82, 241n Riistow, D. A. 13n

Savigny, Friedrich von 16-18,25n savings, in developing countries

248-9 scarcity measures, price system as

27-8 Schiller, Karl 264,268, 272n Schmahl, Hans-Jiirgen 272n Schmidt, Kurt xxiv, 9, 13n, 195--207 Schmitt, Carl 75,81n Schmolders, Giinter 9, 12n Schmoller, Gustav von 20-2,26n Schneider, Erich 105n, 269 Schumpeter, Joseph 92, 104n, 246-7,

260n self-management systems 106, 108,

109,110,112-13,115,116-18,117, 119-20, 121, 122

Shenay, Bellekoth 260n Shils, Edward A. 13n Siemens, Werner von 243 signalling systems

market prices 52,53-4 private law and 52-3

Sik,Ota 102, 105n Smith, Adam 88

monopolies and 153-4, 170n social improvement 4, 5 social market economy 3,261-72

agricultural policy 263-4 as politico-economic system 83-6 competition and 83, 84, 85, 265--6 concerted action in 267-8, 272n

importance of individual decisions in 261-2

intervention in 84 meaning of 82-3 objectives of 84, 262-3

social ownership 112 social security see welfare state social systems 33-4, 37 socialism

competitive 96-7 see also nationalism

society and state 48-52

Sombart, Werner 18, 19, 26n Sorokin, Pitirim 92 Soviet Union

development aid and 257 planning techniques 96,97

Spengler, Oswald 19 Stocking, George W. 170n Stojanovic, Svetozar 113, 123n Stonier, Alfred 241n strikes, self-management systems 118 Stiitzel, Wolfgang 9 subordination principle 196 subsidies 196, 199,200,216 Svendson, K. E. 104n

tariffs 231 see also protectionist measures

'Tat-Kreis' 19,26n taxation

ceiling 204--5 convergence hypothesis 100-1 productive capital and 205 proportional and progressive system

204 Thalheim, Karl 104n, 105n Thielicke, Helmut et al. 12n Tinbergen, Jan 91,93, 96, 98, 103n,

104n,105n trade unions

anti-economic identity 148-9 classical economics and 144 future for 149-50 in market economies 140-51 integration in system 143-5, 150 Marxist theory of 141-2 social market economy and 142-3

Index 291

trade unions - continued wage policies 145-6,171; real wages

and 209; unemployment and 213-15

see also co-determination trade cycle 85

domestic, gold standard and 227-30, 235-6,238

transfer payments need for 195-9 social benefits 197 see also redistribution of income

Tuchtfeldt, Egon xxiv, 10,87-105 Tullock, Gordon 13n Tumlir, Jan xxvii, 1-2

under-developed countries see development aid

unemployment minimum wages and 178,192,210,

211 refusal to work 183,186-7,192 sector-specific 215-16 sickness payment and 177 wage policies and 192, 193; trade

unions 213-15 welfare measures and 187-8 welfare state and 176 wrongful dismissal payments and

178-9 see also employment

United States development aid and 257 real wages 214-15

value judgements 5 Vanek,laroslav 123n Vetter, Ernst Gunter xxiv-xxv, 10,

140-51 Vetter, Heinz Oskar 140-1,147, 150n volonte generale 55,62,63,64

wage policies income levelling 184-5 minimum wages 178,192,210,211 trade unions and 145-6, 171,213-

15 unemployment and 192, 193, 213-

15 see also incomes; collective

bargaining Wagenfuhr, Rolf 14n

wages real: immigration and emigration

and 210-11; productivity and 209-11; trade unions and 209

regional differences 211-13 Wagner, Adolph 195 Watkins, Myron W. 170n Watrin, Christian xxv, 10, 106-23,

194n Weber, Adolf 151n Weber, Max 5, 13n welfare economics

monopolies and 155-60 optimum allocation of factors of

production 157-8 prices and allocation 158

welfare state 9,20,74,171-94 burden of 179-80, 190 creation of need 173-8, 190 currency stability and 188-9 effect on behaviour patterns 181-5 financing of 180 housing 176, 183, 192 inflation and 174-5 redistribution of income through

171, 172-3, 184, 197, 198 social market economy and 83--6 unemployment caused by 176, 187-

8, 193, 210, 211 wage policies 184-5 see also public sector; redistribution

Welter, Erich 11 Wiles, P. 1. D. 104n Willgerodt, Hans xxvii, 1-14, 186,

194n Woolf, Leonard 81n workers

associations 109,110 democracies see co-determination enterpreneurs and 60-1 exploitation 38; in free market

economy 61-2 income motive 125 mobility 125-6 participation in firms 42-3 self-management by 112-13 see also co-determination;

employment; trade unions; unemployment

Wright, David McCord 162, 170n

wrongful dismissal 178-9

292

Yamey, Basil S. 260n Yugoslavia 93, 94, 102

planning in 96-7 self-management system 107,112,

113-20 wage differentials 212

Index

Zeiss factories 42