lista 73 ejemplos vocabulario lugares (places) en inglés y ... web viewremember, don’t...
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ESPAÑOL IIIEl 22 de diciembre de 2016 2016
Capítulo 3A Repasos
Pretérito El examen- make ups!
Después del examen- - el Paquete de 3A
1. Mas REPASO
2. El EXAMEN 3A
Repasos del Pretérito y de los ejercicios del Paquete 3A
Por Fin- ¡Para mañana! El 22 de diciembre 2016
Página 16 Numeros 5-20
Section C Contesten a las preguntasNumeros 1-10
A contestar a las preguntas
TAREA-Para mañana-complete the sections named above for tomorrow!
Gramática-Possessive adjectives and Possessive Pronouns
(NOTEBOOKS)
5-10 minutes each night reviewing gramar and vocbulary of the current lesson.
In your NOTEBOOKS
To be completed in the regular notebooks (or JOURNALS)Monday through Friday
JOURNAL (Notebook)Every school night 5-10 minutes!!!!!
Mini Lessons -5 minutes at least every school night in notebooks (JOURNALS)
La Lecci ón de hoy La Meta El 22 de diciembre 2016
Lugares en la Plaza Lista 73 ejemplos vocabulario lugares (places) en inglés y españolAlgunos lugares (places) en la ciudad (city) son:
1.Apartment, apartamento2.Avenue, avenida3.Bridge, puente4.Buildings, edificios5.Cathedral, catedral6.Cemetery, cementerio, panteón7.Church, iglesia8.Downtown, centro de la ciudad9.Embassy, embajada10. Factory, fábrica11. House, casa12. Library, biblioteca13. Monument, monumento14. Neighborhood, vecindario, barrio
15. Newspaper stand, quiosco de periódicos, puesto de periódicos
16. Palace, palacio17. Parking lot, estacionamiento, aparcamiento18. Prison, cárcel, prisión19. School, escuela, colegio20. Skyscraper, rascacielos21. Stadium, estadio22. Statue, estatua23. Street, calle24. University, universidad
Algunos lugares de entretenimiento (entertainment) o recreación (recreation) son:
1.Art gallery, galería de arte2.Arts center, centro de artes3.Circus, circo4.Concert hall, sala de conciertos5.Movie theater, cine6.Museum, museo7.Park, parque8.Theatre, teatro9.Zoo, zoológico
Algunas tiendas (stores) son:
1.Bakery, panadería2.Bookstore, librería3.Cake shop, pastelería4.Candy store, dulceria5.Clothing store, tienda de ropas6.Department store, tienda departamental, grandes
almacenes7.Drugstore, farmacia8.Fruit shop, frutería9.Furniture store, mueblería10. Jewellery store, joyería11. Mall, centro comercial12. Market, mercado13. Music store, tienda de música14. Pet shop, tienda de animales15. Shoe shop, zapatería16. Shop, tienda17. Shopping center, centro comercial18. Shopping mall, centro comercial19. Sports store, tienda de deportes20. Store, tienda21. Supermarket, supermercado22. Toy store, juguetería
Algunos servicios (services) son:
1.Airport, aeropuerto2.Bank, banco3.Bus station, estación de autobuses4.Coffee shop, cafeteria5.Gas station, gasolinera6.Hospital, hospital7.Hotel, hotel8.Laundromat, lavaderia9.Library, biblioteca10. Nursing home, residencia para ancianos11. Old people’s home, asilo de ancianos12. Orphanage, orfanato13. Police station, estación de policía, comisaría14. Post office, oficina de correos, oficina postal15. Railroad station, estación de ferrocarril16. Restaurant, restaurante17. Subway station, estación del metro, estación del
subterráneo18. Travel agency, agencia de viajes
Aairport el aeropuertoamphitheatre el anfiteatroantique shop el anticuarioarcade la galeríaarena la arenaart gallery la galería de arteasylum el asilo
el refugioauction house el martillo
la sala de subastas
Bbakery la panadería
la tahonabank el bancobar el bar
la cantinabarber shop la peluqueríabargain store la tienda de ventas baratasbarracks el cuartelbathroom el lavabobeauty shop la peluqueríabilliard hall la sala de billarbookstore la libreríabowling alley la bolerabrewery la cerveceríabus station la estación de autobúsbutcher shop la carnicería
la tablajeríaCcafé el cafécafeteria la cafeteriacake shop la pasteleríacandy shop la confitería
la dulceríacannery la fábrica de conservascapitol building el capitoliocasino el casino
castle el castillocathedral la catedralchapel la capillachildren's store la tienda para niñoschurch la iglesiaclinic la clínicaclockshop la relojeríaclothing store la tienda de ropasclub el clubcobbler la zapateríacoffeeshop el café barcollege el colegiocoliseum el coliseocommisary el comisarioconfectioner's la confiteríaconcert hall la sala de conciertoconservatory el conservatorioconvent el conventocourthouse el palacio de justiciacrypt la criptaDdepartment store el almacéndepot la estación
el paraderodock el diquedome el domodormitory el dormitorio
drugstore la boticala droguería
dry cleaner's la tintoreríaEelectric company la compañía de electricidademployment office la oficina de empleosFfactory la fábricafire station el puesto de bomberosfish shop, fish market la pescadería
flea market el mercadoflorist, flower shop el florero
la floristeríafortress la fortalezafruit shop la fruteríaGgallery la galeríagardening shop la jardineríagas company la compañía de gasgas station el depósito de gasolina
el puesto de gasolinagiftshop la tienda de regalosgourmet shop la tienda de gastrónomogrocery store la abaceríagym el gimnasioH
hairdresser's la peluqueríahangar el hangarhardware store la ferreteríahome la casa
el domiciliola residencia
hospital el hospitalhotel el hostel
el hotelhouse la casaIinn la fonda
el mesónla posada
institute el institutoJjail la cárceljetty el dique
la escollerael malecónel rompeolas
jeweler's la joyeríaKkennel la perrerakindergarten el kinderkiosk el quioscoL
laboratory el laboratoriolaundry, washateria la lavanderíalibrary la bibliotecalighthouse el faro
la farolaMmall el centro de comprasmarket el mercadomausoleum el mauseolo
el mausoleomen's store la tienda para hombresmilitary base el base militarmill el molinomonastery el monasteriomortuary el depósito de cadáveresmosque la mezquitamotel el motelmovie theatre el cinemuseum el museomusic store la tienda de músicaNnewsstand el quiosco
nutrition center el centro de comidas nutritivas
Oobservatory el observatoriooffice la oficina
optician's el ópticoorphanage el orfanatoPpalace el palaciopawnshop la casa de empeñosperfume shop la perfumeríapharmacy la farmaciapier el malecón
el rompeolasplanetarium el planetarioplaza la plazapolice station la comisaríapool la alberca
la piscinapool hall la sala de billarport el puertopost office el correoprep school el preparatorioprintshop la imprentaprison la cárcel
la prisiónpub la cantinapublishing house la casa editorial
el editorialpyramid el pirámideQR
radio station el radiorectory la casa rectoralrepair shop el taller de reparacionesresidence la residenciarestaurant el restauranterest home la casa de los ancianosSschool la escuelaseminary el seminarioshipyard el astilleroshoestore la zapateríashop, workshop el tallershopping center el centro de comprasskating rink el patinaderoskyscraper el rasgacielossports shop la tienda de deportesstadium el estadiostationer's la papeleríastore la tiendastudio el estudio
el tallersupermarket el supermercadosupply depot el almacénswimming pool la piscinasynagogue la sinagogaTtannery la curtiduría
la teneríatax office la casa de impuestostelevision station la televisióntemple el templotheatre el teatrotobacconist la tabaqueríatower la torretoystore la jugueteríatrain station la estación de trentraining center el centro de entrenamientotravel agency la agencia de viajesUuniversity la universidadVvideo store la tienda de videosWwarehouse el almacén
el depósitoWC el lavabowelfare office el servicio de bienestar
el lagarwomen's store la tienda para mujeresZzoo el zoológico
En la farmaciaRealidades 2 FONDO CULTURAL
Página 137
Aquí tienes algunas palabras en inglés para artículos que podrás encontrar en la farmacia.
Artículos de aseo personalaftershave after shave
comb peine
conditioner acondicionador
dental floss hilo dental
deodorant desodorante
hairbrush cepillo
mouthwash enjuague bucal
nail file lima de uñas
nail scissors
tijeras para uñas
perfume perfume, colonia
razor maquinilla de afeitar
razorblade cuchilla de afeitar
sanitary towels
toallitas sanitarias
shaving brush
brocha de afeitar
shaving cream
crema para el afeitado
shaving foam
espuma para el afeitado
shaving gel gel para el
afeitado
shampoo champú
shower gel gel de ducha
soap jabón
tampons tampones
toothbrush cepillo de dientes
toothpaste pasta de dientes
tweezers pinzas
Cosméticoscotton wool algodón
eyeliner lápiz de ojos
eyeshadow sombra de ojos
face powder maquillaje en polvos
foundation crema base
hair colouring o hair dye
tinte para el pelo
hair gel gomina, fijador para
el pelo
hair spray laca
hair wax cera para el pelo
hand cream crema de manos
lip gloss brillo de labios
lipstick pintalabios
make-up maquillaje
mascara rímel
moisturising crema
cream hidratante
nail varnish esmalte de uñas
nail varnish remover
quitaesmalte de uñas
Productos médicosantiseptic antiséptico
aspirin aspirina
athlete's foot powder polvos para el pie de atleta
bandages vendas
cough mixture jarabe para la
tos
diarrhoea tablets comprimidos contra la diarrea
emergency contraception (también conocida como the morning after pill)
anticonceptivo de emergencia (la píldora del día después)
eye drops gotas para los ojos
first aid kit maletín de primeros auxilios
hay fever tablets comprimidos contra la
fiebre del heno
indigestion tablets pastillas para la digestión
laxatives laxante
lip balm o lip salve protector labial
medicine medicina
painkillers analgésico
paracetamol paracetamol
plasters esparadrapo
pregnancy testing kit prueba de embarazo
prescription receta
sleeping tablets pastillas para dormir
thermometer termómetro
throat lozenges pastillas para el dolor de garganta
tissues pañuelos de papel
travel sickness tablets pastillas contra el mareo
vitamin pills pastillas de vitaminas
Otros productosbaby foods comida para
bebé
baby wipes toallitas para bebés
contact lens solution
líquido par alas lentillas
hot water bottle
bolsa de agua caliente
safety pins imperdibles
sun cream crema solar
sun block filtro solar
Fondo Cultural
Buenos Aires Realidades 2 Página 128
WHAT IS BUENOS AIRES LIKE?Buenos Aires is the largest city in Argentina and is one of the most lively cities in the world. It has rightfully been called "the Paris of the South America" as it is reminiscent of many European cities while it still maintains its natural, latin culture and flair.
Buenos Aires lies in the Pampas (fertile plains), close to the coast, and is located on the edge of the great Río de la Plata. The Pampas are famous for the gauchos, or cowboys, who tend the land and raise cattle and horses there. Because Buenos Aires is a port city, the locals are commonly known as Porteños.
Many of Argentina's inhabitants are descendants of Western European immigrants who traveled to Argentina in the mid 19th century. You will see the European influence in the architecture of the various suburbs of the city. La Boca's rainbow-colored houses and San Telmo's mixture of French and Italian styles are just a couple of examples.
Argentines are versatile and expressive and have a passion for discussing politics. In addition to the strong European influence, there are still a few indigenous communities, the largest being the Mapuche, Guaraní, Tobas, Kollas and Wichi. Over a third of Argentina's 34.3 million people reside in Gran Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires city and its suburbs in Buenos Aires province).
The identity of Buenos Aires has been influenced by different waves of immigration, providing the city with a cosmopolitan profile.
Politeness and respect are closely linked with informal treatment. The normal greeting of men and women is a kiss on the cheek. Smiles, hugs, closeness when speaking and gestures are the most common and friendly way of communication.
Something to note is the use of vos (you) instead of the Spanish tú for informal treatment, and the use of che to address a person. Additionally, the pronunciation of the "ll" or "y" in Argentine Spanish carries the "sh" sound. For example, "Como te llamas" will sound like "Como te shamas".
Porteños typically can understand Portuguese and most of them speak some English.REGION AND POPULATIONBuenos Aires lies in the Pampas (fertile plains), close to the coast, and is located on the edge of the great Río de la Plata.About 2.8 million people live in the city of Buenos Aires, and 13 million people reside in the greater Buenos Aires area, including the suburbs.CLIMATEThe climate of Buenos Aires is mild year round. The mean annual temperature is 18º C (64.4º F), making extremely hot and cold days infrequent. Thus, visitors can enjoy walking around the city in any season. July is the coldest month. Although frosts are rare, you may want a woolen coat, a jacket or an overcoat and a scarf when going out. In winter, cold is moderate during the day, but
the temperature drops considerably at night. In the summer, the weather is hot and humid.
Mornings are warm and during midday and the first hours of the afternoon, the temperature rises. At night, the temperature goes down slightly, so people may wear light clothes; coats are not needed.
Rains are more frequent in autumn and spring (from March to June and from September to December, respectively). They are mild or last a short time, thus activities are not usually hampered much and people typically go out with an umbrella or a raincoat. In the sunny days of autumn and spring, mornings are slightly cold; the temperature rises at midday and drops again at night.Average monthly highs and lows (degrees Fahrenheit) and rainfall (inches)
Mercados al aire libre
Traditional Markets in Latin America: A Guide for Shoppers
If anything gets your synapses firing, it’s a big Latin American market. Piles of fruits and vegetables form endless shapes and colors. Vendors hypnotically chant their products and prices. Food stalls slow-roast the guinea pig you may have had as a childhood pet. Craft stalls and souvenir stands sell locally produced hammocks, paintings, tapestries and blankets.
You’ll never know what to do first. Where do I start? What do I buy? Can I save the guinea pigs?
From Mexico to Argentina, traditional food and artisan markets are a staple of Latin American life and culture. You’ll find them
in big cities and small towns and your brain will be boggled by their enormity, variety, and their overwhelming atmosphere.
Any traveler to Central or South America is almost certain to experience these markets first-hand; and, with the right combination of travel-savvy and intercultural gusto, you might find that traditional markets become a staple of your own Latin American wayfaring.
If you’re journeying to Latin America and aren’t sure what to expect, here’s a basic primer to help you get the most from your market experience.
Why shop at local markets?
The super-sized supermarket is what we’re most accustomed to, and all over Latin America, there are no shortage of mega-stores that sell everything from Corn Flakes to cat food. While the supermarkets get high marks for variety,
nothing beats the absurd level of convenience offered by traditional markets.
The traditional market is a grocery store, souvenir stand, food court, flower nursery, pet shop, hardware store, electronics boutique, beauty salon, bakery, and clothing department all wrapped into one and injected with a heavy dose of consumer-driven steroids. There’s almost nothing you won’t be able to find, and if you can’t find it, you’re more than likely to find someone who will go and get it for you.
Not only does the traditional market offer incredible diversity, it’s also the place to find items at a high quality. Farmers,
artists, cooks and craftsmen all lend their talents to assemble the vast collection of products on display. You’ll find that many products at the market are of better quality than at the superstore because they’re grown, crafted, or produced nearby by members of the local community. Fruits and vegetables are freshly picked, wool tapestries are made by hand, and leather sandals are fitted and finished before your eyes to your exact specifications.
That’s not all. By shopping at local markets, you are contributing money directly to the local community. That woman who sold you your mangoes? She feeds her children on mango-money. The man who replaced your watch battery pays his rent with his labor. Usually, there’s no bureaucracy and no corporate office skimming the profits off the top. You’re also helping to keep local tradition
alive by supporting old-fashioned market culture.
Top everything off with the fact that goods at the market are typically cheaper than at the supermarket, and your travel instinct should be pushing you hard to the nearest local bazaar – and hey, if all that’s not enough, it’s just a hell of a lot more fun than the supermarket.
Fruits and vegetables
The first time you walk into a big local market, you may be overwhelmed by your choices. With seemingly endless rows of food stands where does one begin shopping for one’s dinner ingredients?
Keep in mind that among what seems like chaos there is usually a certain degree of order and organization. Similar vegetables and fruits are usually grouped together. You may find a row of just pineapple stalls, entire sections of the market dedicated to potatoes, or several stalls in a row specializing in onions, tomatoes, and cucumbers. Don’t be discouraged if you don’t find your broccoli or carrots, they’re probably right around the corner!
With that in mind, always take a walk around and orient yourself before you get started so you know what’s available and where. Find a stand where the frutas or verduras look good to you. Keep in mind that sometimes the vendors in the front sell their items earlier in the day and you might find fresher items further back.
Upon choosing a stand, always greet the vendor with a friendly buenos dias or other appropriate greeting before picking up their items for examination. Knowing some basic phrases in the local language– especially greetings and numbers – is extremely helpful when shopping at the market.
Once you start selecting specific items, ask for a price and make sure to ask whether the price is by weight (en peso) or by item (cada uno). In either case, when you’ve finished selecting your group of items it’s not impolite or uncustomary to ask the vendor to review the costs with you item-by-item so you know you’re getting a fair and accurate price. You might consider asking several vendors how much an item costs before buying so you have a good idea of what the price should be.
Depending on local customs, you may be able to bargain a bit on some items, especially if you’re buying a large amount of something in particular; however, bargaining is usually more customary for crafts and souvenirs than for food items. For example, you’ll want to bargain pretty hard at the huge Otavalo, Ecuador craft market, but prices for Ecuadorian fruits and veggies are pretty much fixed. Make sure to familiarize yourself with local
Meats and dry goods
Shopping for meat is a similar endeavor. You’ll find rows of chicken vendors, pork butchers, and beef specialists. You may be slightly taken aback by the sight of whole pigs or giant beef slabs dangling from hooks, but don’t be daunted.
Butchers will cut to your request or will have pre-butchered steaks, chops, or filets under the counter. If you don’t know how to say the type of cut you want and they don’t have what you need under the counter, try to explain what you plan to use it for and the butcher can select the best part of the animal to cut for you. As far as costs go, the price for meat is almost always measured by weight.
Many markets will also have dry-goods sections that sell eggs (individually!), rice and pasta, chiles and spices, chocolates and sweets, and other basic cooking items like oil. They’re great because if you plan to cook rice or pasta (hostel-kitchen staples) you can buy as much or as little as you need. You’ll usually find them towards the entrances and exits.
Remember that when shopping for your breakfast, lunch, or dinner that market goods are always freshest earlier in the day. The earlier you arrive, the better selection of freshly picked fruits and freshly slaughtered meats you’ll find.
Eat lunch like a local
Don’t be intimidated to eat at market eateries. Eating lunch or grabbing a snack at a food stall is an intense way to experience some of the best and most unique local food. You’ll also likely share a table with local families who you can strike up interesting conversations with.
Be cautious about food safety, but remember that local people need to eat clean food too and that many market eateries are as safe or safer than big restaurants. The best way to find a safe food stall is to look for the crowds, and it never hurts to ask the locals for a good recommendation. That said, if the food just doesn’t look clean to you, then feel free to go with your gut and choose a different stall.
Crafts and souvenirs
While shopping at markets for food is fun, fresh, and healthy, many travelers can’t wait to shop for gifts and souvenirs. With the incredible handicrafts available all over Latin America one could create an entire itinerary based on shopping (and some
certainly do)! Shopping for artisan work and handicrafts is a little more straight forward than shopping for food, but there are definitely some things you should know before you start loading your backpack with colorful table runners and cloth hammocks.
Quality is a serious issue when you shop for crafts. While the majority of vendors are not trying to trick you into buying something cheap, all are driven by the need to feed their families and some occasionally might not tell you the whole truth about the quality of their goods. So how can you know that you’re buying real wool or if something was truly handmade? It’s not easy.
As when buying food, taking a long walk around the market before attempting to make a purchase is a good idea. If you
see nearly identical table runners in three-quarters of the stalls, they’re probably nothing special. Look for items that are unique and don’t be afraid to ask a lot of questions: Did the vendor make the item themselves? How many hours did it take to make? Why are their items special? If you find someone actually making the items in their stall then you know you’re getting something good.
It’s helpful to have at least a basic knowledge of what is unique to the region you are in and what they are known for producing at a high standard. You’ll have a better chance of finding high quality alpaca wool in the Bolivian Andes than you will in the Mexican desert for example. Know what’s local: if there aren’t any cows for 1000km in any direction, the locals probably don’t produce quality leather.
Shopping with a local or two is another good tip. Locals can help you with a language barrier and they might have more knowledge on how to identify quality work and how much you should pay. One final tip that’s especially important when shopping for arts and crafts: many markets have specific “Market Days,” one or two days of the week where the market is bigger than usual. This is a great time to find a better selection and lower prices.
Clothes (and everything else)
Remember, many markets are much more than food and local handiwork. They
serve as giant shopping centers where locals and travelers alike can find great deals on everything from clothes and electronics to everyday household items. The list is truly endless. As with crafts and souvenirs, prices for these goods are usually negotiable, but always be sure that the price is flexible before you start driving a hard bargain. Buying replacements for your everyday traveler’s needs like soap and deodorant can be a great deal at the market, but be cautious with clothing as quality may vary greatly at the markets. You will still find good deals, but take a good long look at zippers and seams before buying any clothes.
Tips for bargaining
Feeling ready to strike a deal? A little friendly bargaining is often the norm, especially in tourist areas. That said,
always know your local customs! Hard bargaining might be more socially acceptable in some countries (Mexico and Guatemala are good examples) than in others. Bargaining is also not usually the norm in most stores, just at open-air markets. In any case, a good rule of thumb is that if it has a price tag the value is usually firm.
Never bargained before? It can be a fun experience and one that is quintessential to market shopping. A little back-and-forth is normal, but don’t try to run too hard a bargain unless you really feel that you’re being taken advantage of, and in that case it might just be better to walk away.
Have a good idea of what you want to pay for your desired craft; visit a fixed-price store or two to get an idea of what crafts cost in the area. Don’t make the first offer,
ask how much an item costs instead. A good counter-offer is usually between 25% to 50% of the original, but take care not to go so low below the value of an item that you insult the vendor. Don’t be scared to let the negotiation ebb and flow a little bit, vendors are used to this custom.
When bargaining, always remember that an extra dollar or two you pay for an item probably goes further for the vendor than it does for most who have the ability to travel internationally. That said, you’ll have the best luck negotiating a bargain at the end of the day when vendors are hoping for one last sale before packing up.It might take a few tries before you get the hang of bargaining norms, but give it a go and have fun!
What we’ve learned
Now you’re ready to get out there and start shopping in Latin America. Here are 10 important things to remember!
Walk around a market to orient yourself before making any purchases.
Shop early in the day for fruits, vegetables, and meat products.
Know some key Spanish phrases, particularly greetings and numbers.
Eat at the market and try local, unique, and exotic foods.
Stick to what’s grown and produced locally to get the best quality.
Shopping with locals is a great way to get the inside track to knowledge of quality and fair prices.
Know local customs: always greet vendors before browsing and know when and when not to bargain.
Have fun and play the game when bargaining.
VOCABULARIO DE LOS LUGARES EN UNA CIUDAD
English-Spanishairport el aeropuerto
bank el banco
bookshop la librería
brasserie la cervecería
Spanish-Englishla acera pavement,
sidewalk
el aeropuerto airport
el almacén department
café la cafetería
department store
el almacén
fire station la estación de bomberos
hospital el hospital
inn la posada
kindergarten la guardería
library la biblioteca
market el mercado
municipality la municipalidad
museum el museo
petrol station la gasolinera
pharmacy la farmacia
police station la policía
railway station
la estación de ferrocarril
restaurant el restaurante
school la escuela
shop la tienda
store
el banco bank
la biblioteca library
la cafetería café
la cervecería brasserie
el escaparate shop window
la escuela school
la estación de bomberos
fire station, firehouse
la estación de ferrocarril
railway station
el estadio stadium
la farmacia pharmacy
la gasolinera petrol station
la guardería kindergarten
el hospital hospital
la librería bookshop
el mercado market
la municipalidad
municipality
el museo museum
shop window el escaparate
sidewalk la acera
stadium el estadio
stop la parada
la parada stop
la policía police station
la posada inn
el restaurante restaurant
la tienda shop, store
Correo
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS:
PART IThe object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object.Bill hit the ball.
“Ball” receives the action of the verb “hit.”Sherry reads the book.
“Book” receives the action of the verb “reads.”
The direct object can also be a person.Sherry hit Bill.
(DO=Bill)
The direct object answers the question
“what?” or “whom?” with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.Bill hit the ball.
Bill hit what?Bill hit the ball.
Often, it is desirable to replace the name of the direct object with a pronoun.
Example 1Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and gave the flowers to his wife.
Example 2Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave them to his wife.
When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:
Direct Object Pronouns(Gramática Realidades 2 página 138)
me (me)te (you-familiar)lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)los, las (them, you-all-formal)
In an affirmative statement with one verb, the direct object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated verb.
Tengo = I haveTengo la pluma. = I have the pen.La tengo. = I have it.
The pronoun (la) comes immediately before the verb (tengo).
Notice that if the subject of the sentence changes, this does not affect the direct object pronoun.
Juan la tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.Juan la tiene. = John has it.and
María la tiene.María tiene = Mary hasMaría tiene la pluma. = Mary has the pen.María la tiene. = Mary has it.
However, if the direct object of the sentence changes to a masculine noun, the masculine pronoun must be used.Juan lo tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene el libro. = John has the book.Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
But
Juan la tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.Juan la tiene. = John has it.
Likewise, if the direct object of the sentence changes from singular to plural, the plural pronoun must be used.
Juan lo tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene el libro. = John has the book.Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
But
María los tiene.María tiene = Mary hasMaría tiene los libros. = Mary has the books.María los tiene. = Mary has them.Look at how Spanish and English are different.“Lo tengo” and “La tengo” BOTH mean “I have it.”
Differences:1. “It” has two forms in Spanish: lo, la2. “Tengo” one word in Spanish = two
words in English (I have)3. The word order is different. In
Spanish, the pronoun (lo, la) comes before the verb; in English, the pronoun (it) comes after the verb.
When you try to translate literally from English to Spanish, sometimes it works very well:John eats the soup.John = JuanJohn eats = Juan comeJohn eats the = Juan come laJohn eats the soup = Juan come la sopa.Other times, direct translation doesn’t work so well:
I eat the soup.I = YoI eat = Yo comoI eat the = Yo como laI eat the soup = Yo como la sopa.Because “como” means “I eat,” the word “yo” is redundant.
A better translation might be:
I eat the soup.Como la sopa.
Sometimes, when you try to translate literally, you run into much bigger problems:
I eat it. (the soup – la sopa)I = Yo
I eat = Yo como
I eat it. = Yo como la.
This is completely incorrect!The correct translation would be:I eat it. (the soup)La como.
As you can see, directly translating sentences with direct object pronouns doesn’t work, so … don’t do it! There is a better, easier way.
Learn to translate groups of words, rather than individual words. The first step is to
learn to view two Spanish words as a single phrase.
Try to think of each line as a single phrase, not two separate words:la comolo comola leo
lo leo
la veo
lo veo
la tengo
lo tengo
la compro
lo compro
Read each line again. Before you do, glance at the translation beneath it. Then, read each line thinking of it as a phrase that has the same meaning as the English phrase below it.
la comoI eat it (feminine DO – la sopa, la comida, etc.)
lo comoI eat it (masculine DO – el pollo, el arroz, etc.)
la leoI read it
lo leoI read it
la veoI see it
lo veoI see it
la tengoI have it
lo tengoI have it
la comproI buy it
lo comproI buy it
In the previous examples, it is clear that the subject of the sentence is “I” because the verbs are all conjugated in the “yo” form. With other verb forms, it is often desirable to add a word to clarify the subject.
Juan la come. (la comida)Juan eats it.
María lo tiene. (el libro)María has it.
El chico la compra. (la pluma)The boy buys it.
La chica lo ve. (el edificio)The girl sees it.
Ustedes lo leen. (el periódico)You-all read it.
Now, some examples of plural direct objects.
Juan come dos sándwiches.Los come. or Juan los come.
María tiene tres libros.Los tiene. or María los tiene.
El chico compra dos revistas.Las compra. or El chico las compra.
La chica ve dos coches.Los ve. or La chica los ve.
Ella compra dos televisores.Los compra. or Ella los compra.Tenemos dos mesas.
Las tenemos. or Nosotros las tenemos.Now, some examples where the direct object is a person.
I know you.Te conozco.
She loves him.Ella lo ama.
She loves me.Ella me ama.
Juan sees her.Juan la ve.
They call us.Ellos nos llaman.
We call them.Los llamamos.
Just as no one has ever learned to ride a bicycle by reading about it, neither will you learn to use direct object pronouns simply by reading this lesson. The key to success, as always, is to practice, practice, practice.
DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS: PART II
Remember, a direct object receives the action of the verb.Bill hit the ball.“Ball” receives the action of the verb “hit.”
Sherry reads the book.“Book” receives the action of the verb “reads.”
And, the direct object can also be a person.Sherry hit Bill.(DO=Bill)
Also, the direct object answers the question “what?” or “whom?” with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.
Bill hit the ball.Bill hit what? The ball.Sherry hit Bill.
Sherry hit whom? Bill.
Often, it is desirable to replace the name of the direct object with a pronoun.
Example 1Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and gave the flowers to his wife.
Example 2Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave them to his wife.
When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:
me (me)te (you-familiar)lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)los, las (them, you-all-formal)In a negative sentence with one verb, the direct object pronoun is placed between the negative word and the conjugated verb.
Affirmative SentenceI buy the books.Compro los libros.
Los compro. (I buy them.)Negative Sentence
I don’t buy the books.No compro los libros.
No los compro. (I don’t buy them.)Compare the following affirmative statements with their negative
counterparts.Los compras.No los compras.
Guadalupe siempre lo estudia.Guadalupe nunca lo estudia.Ellos nos conocen.Ellos no nos conocen.
Remember, don’t try to translate word-for-word. Instead, think in terms of phrases,
or concepts. For example, the sentence “No los compras” contains two concepts:
1. los compras (you buy them)2. no (makes the whole sentence
negative)
fin
Sports equipment store
golf clubel palo de golfskateslos patinesballla pelotatennis racketla raqueta de tenis
toothbrushel cepillo de dientesshampooel champúsoapel jabóntoothpastela pasta dental
REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING:REPASOS/REVIEW!
Reflexive Verbs and PronounsReflexive pronouns work with a reflexive verb to indicate that a person is performing the action toward or for him- or herself. These types of verbs are not very common in English, but are used frequently in Spanish. Many actions related to personal care or daily routines are reflexive, but other verbs can be reflexive as well.
Me ducho cada mañana. (I shower (myself) every morning.)
Te peinas el pelo. (You brush your hair (yourself).)
Se hablaba. (He was talking to himself.)
Me veo en el espejo. (I see myself in the mirror.)
The subject is performing the action on him- or herself, making the object of the verb, the same as the subject. Compare two sentences in which one is reflexive and one is not.
I wash myself. (Me lavo.) - myself is the object of wash
I wash the dog. (Lavo el perro.) - the dog is the object of wash
When the object of the verb is the same person as the subject, you will need to use a reflexive pronoun that matches the subject of the verb in both number (singular, plural) and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd).
MORE ONREFLEXIVE VERBS below
Me lavo. (I wash myself.) Te lavas. (You wash yourself.) Se lava. (He washes himself./She washes
herself./It washes itself./You wash yourself.)
Nos lavamos. (We wash ourselves.) Os laváis. (You wash yourselves.) Se lavan. (They wash themselves./You
wash yourselves.)
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns have almost the same forms as indirect object pronouns except se is used in place of le and les for the third person.
The reflexive pronoun will always be the same person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural) as the subject of the sentence.
Reflexive Pronoun Forms
Singular Plural
1st person
me (to, for, from, or off myself)
nos (to, for, from, or off ourselves)
2nd person
te (to, for, from, or off yourself)
os (to, for, from, or off yourselves)
3rd person
se (to, for, from, or off himself, herself, itself, yourself)
se (to, for, from, or off themselves, yourselves)
Reflexive Pronoun UsesReflexive verbs will require the use of reflexive pronouns to indicate that the direct object of the verb is also the subject, that the subject is performing the action on him- or her-self. Notice that the reflexive pronoun has the same person as the verb ending.
lavarse (to wash one’s self) - Me lavo las manos. (I wash my hands.)
sacarse (to take something off one’s self) - Nos sacamos los guantes. (We our gloves off (ourselves).)
despertarse (to wake up) - Se despiertan a las seis cada mañana. (They wake themselves up at six o’clock every morning.)
As mentioned before, you can also add reflexive pronouns to verbs not regularly reflexive verbs in order to make them reflexive.
verse (to see one’s self) hablarse (to talk to one’s self) escribirse (to write to one’s self) comprarse (to buy (something) for one’s self)
Reflexive verbs can also be used to indicate an emotional response to something. When a person becomes angry, sad, happy, etc., you can express this by using reflexive verbs.
Me enojé rápidamente. (I got angry quickly.) Te alegras de hablar español. (It makes you
happy to speak Spanish.) Se aburre en la clase de matemáticas. (He
gets bored in Math class.)
Reflexive pronouns can also be used to add emphasis to a seemingly regular situation. The pronouns are not normally translated directly into English, but the sense of something extra is there in Spanish.
Comí el pastel. (I ate the cake.) Me comí el pastel. (I ate up the cake/I ate the
whole cake.) Estúdialo. (Study it.) Estúdiatelo. (Really study it./Study it
thoroughly.)
Reflexive Pronoun PlacementReflexive pronouns are placed immediately before simple conjugated verbs and negative commands.
sacarse - Yo me saco los guantes. (I take off my gloves.)
afeitarse - Tú te afeitas la cara. (You shave your face.)
acostarse - Ellas se acuestan. (They go to bed.)
escribirse - No se escriba notas. (Don’t write notes to yourself.)
Reflexive Pronouns are attached to affirmative commands and in the case of compound verbs (present progressive, ir+a+infinitive, etc.) the pronoun can either be attached to the infinitive or present participle or go before the conjugated verb.
ducharhse - Estoy duchándome. / Me estoy duchando. (I am showering (myself).)
quitarse - Quítate el sombrero. (Take off your hat.)
sentarse - Voy a sentarme. / Me voy a sentar. (I am going to sit (myself) down.)
Reflexive Verb ExamplesBelow is a list of common reflexive verbs. This is not a complete list, but rather a reference to help you understand which kinds of verbs are reflexive.aburrirse (de) (to get bored with)
despertarse (to wake up)
enojarse (con) (to get mad about)
quitarse (to take off)
acordarse (de) (to remember)
destaparse (to uncover)
irse (to leave)
reponerse (to get better)
acostarse (to desvestirse (to limarse (las secarse (to
go to bed) get undressed)uñas) (to file)dry off)
afeitarse (to shave)
disgustarse (de) (to become upset about)
maquillarse (to put on makeup)
sentarse (to sit down)
alegrarse (de) (to be glad about)
distraerse (to distract oneself)
mirarse (to look at oneself)
sostenerse (to support)
bañarse (to bathe)
divertirse (con) (to enjoy oneself with)
olvidarse (de) (to forget about)
subirse (to get up)
cepillarse (to brush)
dormirse (to go to sleep)
peinarse (to comb one's hair)
taparse (to cover up oneself)
convertirse (en) (to become)
ducharse (to shower)
pintarse (los labios) (to put on lipstick)
torcerse (to twist)
desayunarse (to eat breakfast)
enfermarse (to become ill)
probarse (to try on)
vestirse (to get dressed)
despedirse (to say good-bye)
enloquecerse (to go crazy)
ponerse (to put on)
volverse (to become)
FIN de la lección de hoyMas de la gramáticaReflexive Verbs with Meaning ChangesMaking a verb reflexive can change its meaning in ways that you wouldn’t find very logical. Some are more subtle than others, while some
are quite different. Some of these verbs are listed below.
abonarto pay money
abonarseto subscribe to (a magazine, newspaper, etc.)
abrir to open abrirseto open up (confide in someone)
acordarto agree/to decide
acordarse to remember
acusar to accuse acusarse to confess
callar to be quiet callarse to become quiet
cerrar to close cerrarseto close oneself off emotionally
combinar
to combine combinarseto take turns
dormir to sleep dormirse to fall asleep
ir to go irse to go away
llevar to carry llevarse to take away
poner to put ponerse to put on/to wear
salir to leave salirseto leave unexpectedly/to leak
REGULAR PRETERITE VERBS
The preterite tense is used to refer to actions that occurred at a fixed point in time.
I called at 1:00.
Llamé a la una.The preterite tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that were performed a specific number of times.
I called you twice.Te llamé dos veces.
The preterite tense is also used to refer to actions that occurred during a specific enclosed period of time.
He lived there for 5 years.
Él vivió allí por cinco años.
The preterite is also used for actions that are part of a chain of events.
I bought a hat, sat down on a bench and fell asleep.
Compré un sombrero, me senté en un banco y me dormí.The preterite is also used for sudden changes of mood, feelings or opinions.
At that moment, I was not afraid.En ese momento, no tuve miedo.
The preterite is frequently associated with phrases that pinpoint a particular occasion or specific time frame.
ayeryesterday
ayer por la mañanayesterday morning
ayer por la tardeyesterday afternoon
anteayerthe day before yesterday
anochelast nightdesde el primer momentofrom the first moment
despuésafterwards
durante dos siglosfor two centuries
el año pasado last year
el lunes por la nocheMonday night
el mes pasadolast month
el otro díathe other day
en ese momento at that moment
entoncesthen
esta mañanathis morning
esta tardethis afternoon
hace dos días, añostwo days, years ago
la semana pasadalast week
If the action is in the past, and you can determine precisely when it occurred, or how many times it occurred, then you will use the preterite.
Regular forms of the preterite are formed by adding the following endings to the stem of the verb:
-ar verbs example: hablar
éasteóamos
habléhablastehablóhablamos
asteisaron
hablasteishablaron
-er verbs, -ir verbs examples: comer, vivir
íisteióimosisteisieron
comícomistecomiócomimoscomisteiscomieron
vivívivistevivióvivimosvivisteisvivieron
There are a fair number of verbs with irregular conjugation forms in the Preterite.
These Irregular forms in the Preterite are said to have "radical" changes, that is, vowel and consonant changes in the root (or stem of the verb.)
Furthermore, these changes occur in all of the conjugations (including the nosotros form.) These Irregular preterite changes are NOT for orthographic (spelling) reasons (like the verbs ending in -Car, -Gar and -Zar) nor are the changes in vowels similar to regular stem-changing verbs which affect certain -Ir conjugations in the Preterite.
Verbs which have an Irregular Preterite form have their own conjugation - different from the established -Ar, -Er/-Ir Preterite conjugation pattern.
All Verbs with grossly irregular changes in the
Preterite follow this conjugation:
-Ar, -Er, -Ir Irregular Verbs
Yo -e
Tú -iste
Él, ella, usted
-o
Nosotros -imos
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
-ieron*
* Verbs with a "J" at the end of the stem drop the "i" and just use: -eron
Notice that none of these conjugation endings have accent marks!
Here are some common Irregular verbs in the Preterite:
Yo túél,
ella, usted
nosotros ellos, ellas, ustedes
Andaranduv
eanduvis
teanduv
oanduvimo
sanduvieron
Conducir*
conduje
condujiste
condujo
condujimos
condujeron
Decir* dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijeron
Estarestuv
eestuvist
eestuv
oestuvimos estuvieron
Hacer hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron
Poner puse pusiste puso pusimos pusieron
Poder pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudieron
Querer quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisieron
Saber supe supiste supo supimos supieron
Tener tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvieron
Traer* traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajeron
Venir vine viniste vino vinimos vinieron
Hacer in the third person singular changes out the "c" for a "z" to reflect the correct pronunciation.Irregulars which use a "J" in the Preterite only add "-eron" (NOT "-ieron") to the third-person plural
Other verbs which are irregular in the Preterite
Dar di diste dio dimo dieron
s
Dar is often humorously referred to as the "cross-dressing" verb, because in the PreteriteDar takes on the -Er/-Ir preterite verb endings rather than -Ar verb endings.
Ver vi viste viovimo
svieron
Verbs with only 2 or 3 letters, such as Dar, Ser, Ir and Ver, also do not wear accent marks in the Preterite.Remember that Spanish only uses accent marks when required for pronunciation or differentiation.
Ir & Ser fui fuiste fuefuim
osfueron
Notice that Ir and Ser share the same forms in the Preterite. This is not as confusing as it may appear. Since Ser refers to existence and identification, it is nearly impossible to use this in the Preterite which handles only completed actions. This preterite conjugation form will nearly always be Ir (an action verb) rather than Ser (a descriptive verb) which is usually conjugated in the Imperfect Past tense.Also the context of a sentence or a conversation will let you know which is being used. For example:
Fui al supermercado clearly means "I went to the supermarket," not *"I was to the supermarket."
While there are more irregulars in the Preterite past tense than in any other tense, the good news is that Spanish makes up for it with a 99.99% regular Imperfect past tense!
Fin
