listening in to minorities in societal dialogue
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Listening in to minorities in societal dialogue. TOM MORING SWEDISH SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI TOM.MORING (at) HELSINKI.FI. Why do we need a media policy for minorities at all ?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Listening in to minorities in societal dialogue
TOM MORINGSWEDISH SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKITOM.MORING (at) HELSINKI.FI
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
Why do we need a media policy for minorities at all?
In a minority language situation, the media sector is more likely to interfere with mother-tongue transmission than support it.
The media effect tends to undermine minority identities by accelerating language shift and assimilation of minority communities
To counter this, minority-language media performs a restitutionary function by balancing the media impact
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
Restitutionary?
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
The act of restoring something that has been taken away, lost, or surrendered
The act of making good or compensating for loss, damage, or injury
A restoration of a previous state or position
A functional view on media for minorities
Different media carry different functions
Substitutive strategies do not work in protection of minorities
Institutional completeness is an ultimate goal (”necessary but not sufficient”)
Functional completeness requires the strict preference condition to be met
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
Strict preference condition
The target public, ceteris paribus, must display a net preference for carrying out at least some of their activities in their (minority) language rather than in the majority language.
If this condition is not (or only weakly) met, protection and promotional measures will be ineffectual
Source: Grin, Moring et al. 2003, 190
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
Research shows…
That the strict preference condition is met if quality is good
Quality requires genre-diversity and regional diversity also in minority media
New media should be no exception
New media is cost effective to establish (compare to radio)
Source: Grin, Moring et al. 2003
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
Seven aspects of minority media impact on language and culture
1. a symbolic role for communities that signals that the language and the community are able to cope fully with the contemporary world
2. an economic role, providing career prospects for young people who want to work from within a minority language/culture
3. a role in developing a public sphere within a community which can carry a distinct cultural agenda
4. a representational role allowing the community to be represented both within itself and to outsiders
5. the role as a key conveyor of culture and producer of cultural products
6. providing an opportunity to use a language routinely on a daily basis as a listener or reader of the language
7. the continuous re-construction of language/culture and the development and diffusion of language/culture innovation in a changing world.
Positioning the subjects of the media
A division of functions: ‘for the Community’
authorities address the minority populations+ sharing information, countering segregation– integration or assimilation?
‘of the Community’ minorities publish their own media
+ participation through group identity– marginalization?
‘from the Community’ minorities are presented in main media
+ visibility of the group in society– tokenist representation
‘to the Community’ diasporic media
+ rich content – formation of sphericules?
Media: what does it reveal; What does it hide?
• Supply side:• Radio for the community• Press = reading, ‘short-term
memory’• TV for visibility• Internet for strengthened
self-determination
• The demand side• Society needs to support the
media for minorities• Society needs to listen in• An obligation to understand
(?)
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
84 percent of Internet use is in the top ten languages
This also concerns new media
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
Why is particular attention to New Media for minorities
important?
A lot of potenial: Maintenance of cultural identity Diasporic media ’Super-local’ media (community media) Formation of new types of public spheres and networks
A lot of dangers A new boost of hate-speech Forum for terror, drugs, new forms of violent behavior
(Jokela, Kauhajoki school shootings) Isolation of minorities into separated spheres
(’sphericules’)
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
”Digital/social imbrication”
New Media mediatizes fields that have not been considered to be part of the media world, such as how people communicate with and within administration and business.
The increasing role of new media leads to this direction.
Authorities communicate increasingly often with the public through the medium of Internet.
What does this mean to the right to use a minority language in communication with the authorities?
(Cf. Sassen 2006)Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
How does EU treat (cultural) rights of minorities?Negative regulations of migration are binding
The Schengen Treaty 1985 The Schengen Implementation Treaty (1995): internal
border controls abolished; external border controls increased
Since September 11th, 2001 a change of paradigms with combating illegal migration becoming an EU top priority
Readmission Agreements oblige countries to take back migrants who entered this way into the Schengen area
The construction of ‘fortress Europe’ as a set of concentric circles began to take shape
Some (comparative) views on regulations in an EU perspective
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
Source: Brigitta Busch and Michal Krzyzanowski 2007
Fortress Europe
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
Source: Brigitta Busch and Michal Krzyzanowski 2007
European citizens (citoyens, civic citizens) are categorized into different classes citizens who hold an EU passport from a pre-2004 member
state 'second-class citizens' who do not immediately enjoy full
freedoms to live and to work anywhere within the EU (until 2014, from 9 new EU states)
the mobile elite from 'rich' so-called 'third countries', highly skilled and highly valued professionals
Fourthly, and in sharp distinction migrant workers also from so called 'third countries‘ 'illegal migrants', ‘sans-papiers’ ; pariahs of contemporary
society, deprived of rights and protection
A new apartheid
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
Source: Brigitta Busch and Michal Krzyzanowski 2007
Designation of in-groups and out-groups (‘we’ vs. ‘they’) positive self-presentation negative other-presentation
Immigrants are stereotypically represented different, deviant, a threat to 'us metaphors borrowed from the military/catastrophy register (e.g.
invasion, army of illegals; flood, tide) serves to justify rhetoric and practice of fortifying the border. over-emphasis on ethnic and immigrant crime
Negative images of migrants in the media are rarely compensated by positive reporting of their living conditions
From migration rules follows a negative discourse
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
Source: Brigitta Busch and Michal Krzyzanowski 2007
Non-binding Charter of fundamental rights of the EU Articles 21 and 22 on non-discrimination and respect for
minorities (with the Lisbon Treaty, it will bind EU institutions but not states)
Binding but not enforceable treaties of the Council of Europe (cover autochthonous, not migrant minorities) The Framework Concvention for the Protection of National
Minorities The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
Non-enforceable principles of the OSCE and the UN OSCE Oslo Recommendations, Broadcasting Guidelines UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
In contrast to migration policies, affirmative media policies are non-
binding
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
A need for regulations of media rights
Regulation is possible, also of new media
Affirmative principles of restitutionary character are not against freedom of expression
New media require new regulatory measures (eg., hate speech) through self- and co-regulation
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009
References
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Busch, Brigitta and Michael Krzyzanowski (2007). ‘Outside/Inside the EU: Enlargement, Migration Policies and the Search for Europe’s Identity’, in Anderson, James and Armstrong, Warwick (eds.) Geopolitics of European Union Enlargement: The
Busch, Brigitta, Sprachen im Disput: Medien und Öffentlichkeit in multilingualen Gesellschaften (Drava Diskurs, Klagenfurt, 2004).
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Committee of Experts on Issues Relating to the Protection of National Minorities (DH-MIN), “Access of National Minorities to the Media: New Challenges”, Report prepared by Tom Moring, DH-MIN(2006)015, Council of Europe, Presented in the meeting of DH-MIN, Strasbourg, 20 October 2006, at http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/minorities/4._INTERGOVERNMENTAL_CO-OPERATION_(DH-MIN)/2._Documents/DH_MIN_WorkingDocuments_eng.asp#TopOfPage>.
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for your time, attention and interest
Thank you!
Tom Moring, CIF, 4.8.2009