literary criticism
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Literary Criticism. Class #1. Structuralism. “ Linguistics is not simply a stimulus and source of inspiration but a methodological model which unifies the otherwise diverse projects of structuralists.” (Culler, Structuralist Poetics , 4). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Literary CriticismClass #1
Structuralism
• “Linguistics is not simply a stimulus and source of inspiration but a methodological model which unifies the otherwise diverse projects of structuralists.”
• (Culler, Structuralist Poetics, 4)
• Barthes: “I have been engaged in a series of structural analyses which all aim at defining a number of non-linguistic ‘languages’”
• (Essais critiques, 155; qtd in Culler, Structuralist Poetics, 4).
Ferdinand de Saussure
(1857-1913)
Publications
• 1916 Course in General Linguistics
• “the father of modern linguistics”
• Led to “the linguistic turn” in the 20th- century history of ideas
The Sign 符號The Sign Signified 符旨
(signifié): a concept
Signifier 符徵(signifiant): a sound-image (or a written mark)
“Arbor”
I.• “The bond between the signif
ier and the signified is arbitrary,” not “motivated” (by natural resemblance).
(Saussure)
• “The meanings we give to words are purely arbitrary, and . . . these meanings are maintained by convention only” (Barry 41).
Equusㄇㄚˇ Horse “Mimi”
bracketing the referent• =leaving out the third dimension of
the sign, that to which it refers• Argued that language should be
studied apart from the world to which it refers.
• Language = chess?
(Norton 959)
bracketing the referent
• Against “reference,” essentialism, or mimetic representation, namely, one-to-one correspondence between words and things
woman woman woman woman
Possible exceptions• 1. Onomatopoeia: “shatter,”
“clash,” “tick-tock,” “drip-drop”
• 2. Interjections: “ 哎呀 !” “Ouch!” “Damn!” “Gosh!” “Shit!”
II.• “In language there are only diff
erences 差異 " (Saussure, Course in General Linguistics).
• “The meanings of words are . . . relational” (Barry 42).
• The definition of any given word “depends for its precise meaning on its position in a ‘paradigmatic chain,’ that is, a chain of words related in function and meaning each of which could be substituted for any of the others in a given sentence” (Barry 42).
syntagmatic chain
Paradigm
atic chain
Horizontal axis
Vertical
axis
mat bat• I bought my hat in an antique store. cat rat
hovel shed hut• Ms. Su lives in a house. apartment mansion palace
• Saussure’s example: “we feel the 8.25 p.m. Geneva-to-Paris Express to be the same train each day, though the locomotive, coaches, and personnel may be different. This is because the 8.25 train is not a substance but a form, defined by its relations to other trains. It remains the 8.25 even though it leaves twenty minutes late, so long as its difference from the 7.25 and the 9.25 is preserved. Although we may be unable to conceive of the train except in its physical manifestations, its identity as a social and psychological fact is independent of those manifestations” (Culler 11).
Binary Oppositions• “Indeed, the relations that ar
e most important in structural analysis are the simplest: binary oppositions” (Culler, 14).
• good / eviloriginal / copy
primary / secondaryinside / outside
reality / appearanceessence / accident
• http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/english/courses/60A/handouts/binaries.html
• soul / bodypure / corrupted
father / sonmale / female
speech / writing
• http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/english/courses/60A/handouts/binaries.html
• center / marginsnormal / deviant
natural / unnaturalstraight / gaywhite / blackself / other
• http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/english/courses/60A/handouts/binaries.html
• truth / fictionphilosophy / myth
sciences / humanitiesclassical / romantic
modern / postmodernpoet / critic
http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/english/courses/60A/handouts/binaries.html
• sex / gendermaster / slave
high culture / pop culture base / superstructure
waking / dreaminglatent content / manifest content
the library / the web• http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/english/courses/60A/handouts/binaries.html
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem05.html
IBM AppleStructure Repetition Non-repetition
Disconnected lines
Joined lines
Color Monochromatic Polychromatic
Cold Warm
Form Substance (“bold”)
Outline
Straight Curved
L’Homme Sans Tête
• (directed by Juan Solanas)• Discussion: Identify the binary
opposites.
the paradigmatic chain• “What goes without saying” →
ideology• What is “conspicuous by its
absence” → flout conventional expectations → value
• (Daniel Chandler, “Semiotics for Beginners,” http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem05.html)
III.• “Language constitutes our
world . . . Meaning is always attributed to the object or the idea by the human mind, and constructed by and expressed through language: it is not already contained within the things” (Barry 43).
• Problems with Descartes’ idea: “I think therefore I am”?
• World language Imediator
武松打店• Discussion: (1) Identify binary
oppositions (2) Discuss how language
constitutes our world.
Langue vs. Parole• Parole 話語 : an individual utt
erance (specific, diachronic)• Langue 語系 : a larger system
or structure (synchronic, ahistorical)
(Barry 44)
•“Any actual ‘speech’ (parole) presupposes a system (langue) which is being used.”
(Selden 55)
Noam Chomsky• Competence 能力→ Langu
e• Performance 表現→ Parole
semiology vs. semiotics• Semiology: • Semiotics:
Food for Thought• What are the advantages and
disadvantages of using linguistics to study other cultural phenomena?
Claude Lévi-Strauss(1908-)
Publications• 1962 The Savage Mind• 1962 Totemism• 1964-71 Mythologiques (4 vols)• 1978 Myth and Meaning• 1984 Anthropology and Myth
• "Structuralism is the search for unsuspected harmonies..."
• (Lévi-Strauss, qtd. in http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/klmno/levi-strauss_claude.html)
Myth = Language
Similarities Made of units that are put together based on certain rules
Binary opposition as the basis of structure
Myth mythemes nature vs. culture; the raw vs. the cooked; patricide vs. incest
Language phonemes,morphemes,sememes
“good” //“not good”; “good” //“bad”; “good” //“evil”
The Oedipus Myth
• (1) the overvaluation of kinship ties (Oedipus marries his mother; Antigone buries her brother unlawfully)
• (2) the undervaluation of kinship (Oedipus kills his father; Eteocles kills his brother)
Lévi-Strauss
• “[T]he individual tale (the parole) from a cycle of myths did not have a separate and inherent meaning but could only be understood by considering its position in the whole cycle (the langue) and the similarities and difference between the tale ad others in the sequence” (Barry 46).
• “A structural anthropologist may examine the customs and rituals of a single group of people in some remote part of the world not simply to understand them in particular but to discover underlying similarities between their society and others”
• (Dobie, Theory into Practice, 140)
•The End