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Literary Terms We will be using these literary terms throughout the school year. You need to keep up with your notes. Don’t lose your terms! You might be able to use them – be RESPONSIBLE!!

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Literary Terms

We will be using these literary terms throughout the school year.

You need to keep up with your notes. Don’t lose your terms! You might be

able to use them –

be RESPONSIBLE!!

We will use the following terms:Character Antagonist Protagonist

Diction Denotation Connotation

Imagery Mood Poetry DevicesExposition Rising Action ClimaxFalling Action Resolution Conflict

Flashback Foreshadowing SuspensePoint of View Setting MoodTheme Tone Personification

Metaphor Simile OxymoronAlliteration Onomatopoeia HyperboleIrony Inference Haiku

Round Character Flat Character MotifAllusion

Fiction

Imaginary elements

Sci-Fi / Fantasy / Horror / Adventure

Can be based on real people and events

Realistic fiction/historical fiction

Nonfiction

Real events, people, and places

Autobiography/biography

Personal narrative/memoirs

Newspapers

Informative articles

Character

A character is a person or an animal that takes part in the action of a literary work.

Edward Cullen from Twilight Shakespeare’s Titatnia Queen of the faeries in A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Jace from The Mortal Instruments

Wilbur from Charlotte’s Web

Round vs Flat CharacterStatic vs Dynamic Character Round = diverse, well-developed

with several character traits

Dynamic = undergoes a change of some kind (personality, thoughts, or beliefs) by the end of the story

Flat = minor character we know little about with limited characteristics—2 dimensional

Static = character that never changes personality, thoughts, or beliefs

Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger

Games is a Round/Dynamic

Character that undergoes major

changes from saving her sister to

taking down the capitol.

President Snow is

an unwavering,

static character

who remained

steadfast in his

thoughts and

actions in The

Hunger Games

Round/Dynamic & Flat/Static

Most major characters are round characters that usually undergo a change which means they can be round and dynamic However, some round characters can remain static or

unchanging

Most flat characters are also 1 dimensional and unchanging which also makes them static.

Round/Dynamic protagonists are common

Characters that are flat are often static as well and are often minor characters but some major characters are static

Let's put it all together now--Check this out

Protagonist The Protagonist is the main

character in a literary work Comes from prefix pro meaning

for, to move forward Can you name some famous

Protagonists that are found in literature?

Protagonists also come in all shapes, sizes, species, etc.

Ender—from? Ponyboy Curtis and the Greasers

Catherine & Heathcliff

Who is the

main protagonist?

Katniss Everdeen—

from? Who is this?

The truth behind protagonists

In the past, were fictional protagonists primarily good or bad?

Can protagonists of stories, novels, video games, movies, etc. be considered immoral or bad?

Can authors or directors manipulate the reader to support , root for, or even like protagonists that are bad?

Can you think of any bad guys/gals that are protagonists?

Protagonists that are “bad”

Amy

Dunn—

the wife

who

found

her

revenge

The story

of how

Elpha

became

the

Wicked

Witch—

novel to

Broadway

Comic book to Big Screen

Appearances can

be deceiving

Good or Bad? From

Showtime’s series

Dexter

Antagonist

The Antagonist is a character or force in conflict with a main character, or protagonist.

Does not have to be human

Comes from prefix anti—meaning opposing/opposite

Do you know your Antagonists???

On your paper take a few minutes to write down some Antagonists that you can recall from short stories, novels, movies, television shows, and video games

Remember the Antagonist is in conflict with the Protagonist, or main character!

Helpful hint – you should now know why people use the saying “Don’t antagonize me!”

NAME THAT ANTAGONIST

Antagonists can be anyone or

anything that poses as an obstacle

for the protagonist

ImageryImagery is words or phrases that

appeal to one or more of the five senses. Writers use

imagery to describe how their subjects look, sound, feel,

taste, and smell.

IMAGERY IN THE OLDEN DAYS“I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud”

by William Wadsworth

I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o'er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the milky way,They stretched in never-ending lineAlong the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but theyOut-did the sparkling waves in glee:A poet could not but be gay,In such a jocund company:I gazed---and gazed---but little thoughtWhat wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffodils.

EXAMPLES OF IMAGERY in Musical Poetry

If you're tired and hopeless, how can you show someone this instead of just telling them?

I took a walk around the world toEase my troubled mindI left my body laying somewhereIn the sands of timeI watched the world float to the darkSide of the moonI feel there is nothing I can do

--"Kryptonite" by Three Doors Down

If you're a rapper, instead of telling someone to let your freestyles come naturally, how can you show them with your words?

From the family tree of old school hip hop Kick off your shoes and relax your socksThe rhymes will spread just like a poxCause the music is live like an electric shock

--Beastie Boys "Intergalactic" From Hello Nasty

You Have to Show Me What You Are Saying--Check This Out

Figurative Language

A figure of speech is a specific device or kind of figurative language, such as hyperbole, metaphor, personification, alliteration, onomatopoeia, simile, oxymoron or understatement.

Figurative language is used for descriptive effect, often to imply ideas indirectly. It is not meant to be taken literally. Figurative language is used to state ideas in vivid and imaginative ways.

Metaphor

A Metaphor is a type of speech that compares or equates two or more things that have something in common. A metaphor does NOT use like or as.

Example: Life is a bowl

of cherries.

SimileA Simile is another figure of speech that

compares seemingly unlike things. Simile’s DO use the words like, as, than, or resembles.

Example: Her voice was like nails on a chalkboard.

Cover Your Ears

Example: She laughed like a hyena

PersonificationPersonification is a figure

of speech in which an animal, object, force of nature, or idea is given human qualities or characteristics.

Example: The chair held to me and rocked back and forth.

AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at

the beginning of words. Alliteration gives emphasis to words.

--True alliteration is either 3 or more words with the same consonant sounds together or close by.

--2 words can be alliteration but it is better when the 2 words are names such as Mickey Mouse

Example: Take Tommy to

the train station today.

Alliterative Fun

Caring Cats Rain

Caring cats cascade off Rain races,

Laughing llamas Ripping like wind.

Lounging. Its restless rage

Underneath yelling yaks Rattles like

Yelling at roaming Rocks ripping through

Rats The air.

Onomatopoeia

The sound that is being described

A word given to the sound something makes

Hyperbole

An exaggeration

Often an extreme exaggeration

This can be used to add humor or for dramatic effect

This is also used to emphasize a point

Examples: That cracks me up

Examples: I laughed my head off.

Hold Up, Wait A Minute… Time to take a little challenge.

Get out a piece of paper and put your name on it.

Number 1-40

At top of your paper make a key of the following:

Alliteration (A)

Hyperbole (H)

Onomatopoeia (O)

Simile (S)

Metaphor (M)

Personification (P)

--I will stop for 2-3 seconds only then move on. I will also tell you if there is a bonus or more than one in the same number

-- Let's Do Dis...

You Will ONLY use these figures

of speech as your answers. Use

the abbreviations—JUST THE

FIRST LETTER due to how

quickly we will be going. THIS IS

AN INIDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

OxymoronAn Oxymoron is a figure of speech that is a

combination of seemingly contradictory words.

Examples: Same difference

Pretty ugly

Roaring silence

Allusion

An Allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference to people, places, events, or literary works directly or by implying them.

Mythology and The Bible are often mentioned or alluded to in literary works

Irony

Special contrast between reality and appearance

Usually one in which reality is the opposite from what it seems

Irony

Situational-contrast between what would seem appropriate and what really happens or what we expect to happen is in fact quite opposite to what really does take place

This is like a surprise ending or a twist in the plot that you didn’t expect.

Irony in Animated Films

When you think have a mystery or “whodunit” figured out and you are shocked at the end.

Isn't It Ironic Don't You Think

Irony

Verbal-someone knowingly exaggerates or says one thing and means another

Sarcasm is often verbal irony—We use this in our every day lives

Example: “We try to be civilized here,” said General Zaroff. “The Most Dangerous Game”

Irony Dramatic-When the reader or viewer knows

something that a character does not know.

The writer wants the reader/audience to know. It is NOT A CLUE/HINT. It is direct.

Romeo and Juliet example

MOODMood, or atmosphere, is the feeling created in the reader by a

literary work or passage.

Writer’s use many devices to create mood, including images, dialogue, setting, and plot.

Often, a writer creates a mood at the beginning of a work and then sustains the mood throughout.

Sometimes, however, the mood of the work changes dramatically.

**Edgar Alan Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” emits a mood of terror based on the insanity of the murderous protagonist

ToneTone is a reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s attitude

toward a subject of a poem, story, or other literary work. Tone may be communicated through words and details that express particular emotions and that evoke and emotional response from the reader.

For example, word choice or phrasing may seem to convey respect, anger, lightheartedness, or sarcasm.

What mood do you feel after watching this?

Mood VS Tone

Style

Style is the distinctive way in which an author uses language.

Word choice, phrasing, sentence length, tone, dialogue, purpose, and attitude toward the audience and subject can all contribute to an author’s writing style.

PlotPlot is the sequence of events. The first event causes the

second, the second causes the third, and so forth. In most novels, dramas, short stories, and narrative

poems, the plot involves both characters and a central conflict.

The plot usually begins with an exposition that introduces the setting, the characters, and the basic situation. This is introduced and developed. The conflict then increases until it reaches a high point of interest or suspense, the climax. The climax is followed by the falling action, or end, of the central conflict. Any events that occur during the falling action make up the resolution.

PLOTLINE

ExpositionResolution

Climax

Conflict Introduced= Inciting Incident

ExpositionThe Exposition is the introduction. It is the part of

the work that introduces the characters, setting, and basic situation.

***In Harry Potter & the Sorcerer Stone, we quickly learn that Harry was turning 11, had a mysterious scar on his forehead, was living with his very disgruntled and burdened aunt, uncle, and bullying cousin due to the death of his parents when he was a baby. At the end of the exposition, we learn that he was the product of two wizard parents and on his way to entering Hogwarts.

Rising ActionRising Action is the part

of the plot that begins to occur as soon as the primary conflict is introduced. The rising action adds complications to the conflict and increases reader interest.

ClimaxThe Climax is the point of greatest emotional intensity,

interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative.

On a plot diagram, it is the highest point due to how intense it is and immediately after the climax, there is a drastic drop in events leading to the resolution.

The climax typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.

Falling Action

Falling Action is the action that typically follows the climax and reveals its results.

ResolutionThe Resolution is the part of the plot

that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict.

Conflict

Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces in a story or play. There are two

types of conflict that exist in literature.

External Conflict

External conflict exists when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, society, or fate.

Person vs. Person

Person vs. Society

Person vs. Nature (environment)

Person vs. Machine (Technology)

Person vs. Time

Person vs. Supernatural

Person vs. Fate (more currently accepted)

These are the primary 4

and the ones we will

focus on this year

NAME THAT EXTERNAL CONFLICT

Internal Conflict

Internal conflict exists within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action.

Questioning Having a Dilemma

In a predicament What to Do?

Example: Person vs. Self

Man Versus Self

FlashbackA flashback is a literary device in which an

earlier episode, conversation, or event is inserted into the sequence of events.

Often flashbacks are presented as a memory of the narrator or of another character.

ForeshadowingForeshadowing is the author’s use of clues to

hint at what might happen later in the story. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers’ expectations and to create suspense. This is used to help readers prepare for what is to come.

Can you think of an element of foreshadowing?

Examples:-- The transformation of Anakin Skywalker to Darth Vader-- Horror movies and psychological thrillers often use foreshadowing

SuspenseSuspense is the growing interest and

excitement readers experience while awaiting a climax or resolution in a work of literature. It is a feeling of anxious uncertainty about the outcome of events. Writers create suspense by raising questions in the minds of their

readers.

Stonitsch fun time—

What are your reactions during suspenseful parts? Horror Movie Hilarities

Point of View

Point of View is the perspective, or vantage point, from which a story is told. It is the relationship of the narrator to the story.

First-person is told by a character who uses the first-person pronoun “I”. Narrator is in the story.

Third-person limited point of view is the point of view where the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as “he” and “she” to refer to the characters. Narrator is not a character in the story.

Types of Third Person

3rd Person Limited: storyteller lets us know thoughts and feelings of main character (protagonist) only

3rd Person Omniscent: storyteller lets us know thoughts and feeling of all characters. Omni = everywhere scient = to know

SettingThe setting of a literary work is the time and place of

the action.

The setting includes all the details of a place and time – the year, the time of day, even the weather. The place may be a specific country, state, region, community, neighborhood, building, institution, or home.

Details such as dialect, clothing, customs, and modes of transportation are often used to establish setting.

In most stories, the setting serves as a backdrop – a context in which the characters interact. The setting of a story often helps to create a particular

mood, or feeling.

ThemeThe theme of a literary work is its central message, concern, or

purpose. A theme can usually be expressed as a generalization, or general statement, about people or life.

The theme may be stated directly by the writer although it is more often presented indirectly.

When the theme is stated indirectly, the reader must figure out the theme by looking carefully at what the work reveals about the people or about life.

A true theme in literature is a complete sentence. A thematic idea is one or 2 words but not a true theme until turned into a complete thought.

Motif A Motif is a recurring symbol throughout literature that helps develop them.

A motif can be a word, image, sound, character, archetype, etc.

Examples:

The repetition of light and dark in Romeo and Juliet help develop the beauty of their love being pulled down by the darkness of hate.

The Wicked Stepmother is a motif in Disney Films

Inference

A conclusion derived from facts/evidence

Making an educated guess based on what you have read, learned, or know

While reading a story, you may be able to infer something about the character based on what you have read in regards to his action, thoughts, viewpoints of others, etc.

Diction Diction is the manner in which we

express words; the wording used.

Diction = enunciation

Some easy examples are:Don’t say ‘goin’ – say ‘going’, Don’t say ‘wanna’ – say ‘want to’

*Now, it’s your turn to provide some enunciation errors or slurs

DenotationThe denotation of a word is its

dictionary meaning, independent of other associations that the word may have.

Mad is defined as insane or crazy

Connotation The connotation of a word is the set of ideas

associated with it in addition to its explicit meaning.

The connotation of a word can be personal, based on individual experiences.

More often, cultural connotations – those recognizable by most people in a group –determine a writer’s word choices.

Denotation versus Connotation

Some examples –

Cheap is “low in cost” (denotation) but “stingy” or “poorly made” are the connotations of cheap

Mad is insane, mentally detached from reality (denotation) but being angry or upset are now connotations of mad which changes the true meaning

Let’s use the word HOT The denotation (or dictionary definition – remember d in denotation =

dictionary) of HOT is having a temperature higher than that of a human body.

However, when you say “Man! He/She is hot!”, are you saying “Man! He is having a temperature higher than that of a human body!”?

NO!!!!!!!!!

You are saying the CONNOTATION of HOT – which could mean a variety of things – man he/she is cute, attractive, beautiful, and many other meanings –those come from personal experiences and cultural meanings, etc.