LITERATURE ON HORTICULTURE A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

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1998-99

BY

Roll No. 98 LSM-06 Enrol. No. W-7267

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

CHAIRMAN

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DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH—202 002 (U.P.), INDIA

Prof, Shahahat Husain „ . ,, Y, lief. No

.i.bc. (Hons.), M.Sc, M.Lib.Sc, (Alig.), M.Phil. (U.K.)

CHAIRMAN Dated..Oj.r,,\[-..\.S>$J..

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. Haleema Khatoon has completed

her dissertation entitled "Literature on Horticulture : A

bibliometric study", in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the degree of Master of Library and Information Science

(1998-99) She has conducted the work under my supervision

and guidance. I deem it fit for submission.

Prof. Shabahat Husain

Chairman

f'o.-ra! Ac/clrfss 4/465, SHARAFAT LODGE (BEHIND AKBAR MARKET), CIVIL LINES A L I G A R H _ 2 0 2 002 (U.P,;), INDIA

DEDICATED TO MY

ADORABLE PARENTS

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PG.No.

CHAPTER-I

BIBLIOMETRICS 1-17

CHAPTER-II

HORTICULTURE:

AN INTRODUCTION 18-55

CHAPTER-III

BIBLIOMETRICS:

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 56-63

CHAPTER-IV

DATA ANALYSIS,INTERPRETATION

AND PRESENTATION 64-118

CHAPTER-V

APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS 120-129

CHAPTER-VI

CONCLUSION 130-133

LIST OF TABLES

S.No. Title Page No.

1. Ranking of periodicals 66-11

2. Countri^vise Distribution of Items 80-83

3. Yearwise Distribution of Items 86

4. Language^vise Distribution of Items 89

5. SubjectwiseDistribution of Items 92-93

6. Formwise Distribution of Items 96

7. Ranking of Authors 99-118

8. Bradford's Table 122-123

9. Ranking of Words 129

LIST OF GRAPHS

S.No. Title Page No.

1. Graphical Representation of Countrywise Literary

Output 84

2. Graphical Representation of Yearwise Distribution of

Items 87

3. Graphical Representation of Languagewise Distribution

of Items 90

4. Graphical Representation of Subjectwise Distribution

of Items 94

5. Graphical Representation of Formwise Distribution of

Items 97

6. Bradford's Bibliograph 124

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To begin with, I wish to thank the Almighty, the most benevolent and merciful

Allah as, besides other worldly factors, his blessings alone enabled me to complete this

dissertation.

Secondly, I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected

teacher and supervisor Prof, Shabahat Husain, Chairman, Department of Library and

Information Science, A.M.U., Aligarh for his invaluable guidance and advice which

helped me in understanding and analyzing the problems involved in this work. Without

his constant support and encouragement this task would have been difficult to

accomplish.

I am greatly indebted to my respected teacher Mr. S. Mustafa K.Q. Zaidi, Reader,

Department of Library and Information Science, A.M.U., for his inspiring support.

I owe my immense gratitude to my teachers Mr. Naushad Ali P.M., Ms.

Sudharma Haridasan, Mr. Masoom Raza and Ms. Nishat Fatima, Lecturers of the

Department of Library and Information Science, A.M.U. for their continuous

encouragement during the course onstay in the department.

Thanks are due to Mr. Khwaja Moin Ahmad, Mr. Riaz Abbas and Mr. Asrar

Ahmad Khan, staff of the Seminar Library for their whole hearted cooperation during the

completion of my B. Lib. & I. Sc. and M. Lib. & I. Sc.

I am also thankful to Mr. Masood Aziz, and Ms. Rehana Qadir, library staff,

Department of Botany for providing relevant material to me.

I am extremely gratefUl to my friend Miss Asma for her continuous help in

undertaking this venture.

I am extremely grateful to my brother, MuttaUb and my sisters, Huma and Hina

for their moral support.

I am also gratefial to all of my friends, family members and relatives specially my

maternal uncle, Mr. Suhail Ahmad Siddiqui for his inspiring support and patience at

every step in the completion of this dissertation.

Jk-HALEEMA KHATOON

CHAPTER!

BIBLIOMETRICS

INTRODUCTION:

Discipline that investigates the properties and behaviour of information, the forces

governing the flow of information, and the means for processing information for optimal

accessibility and usability is termed as "Information Science". It occurs individually as well

as in combination with other words such as information analysis, information service,

infDrmation source, scientific and technological information and soon.

Ii'dormation may be defined as :-

"IriforiTiation is the message conveyed or intended to be conveyed by a system.atised

boci ' of ideas or its accepted or acceptable substitutes".

» According to D, Bell (1979) "Information is news, facts, statistics, reports , legeslation,

text lodes, judicial decisions, resolutions and the like".

• According to Machlup (1983) " Information is the peacemeal, fragmented, timely,

transitory . - • flow of messages".

The term information science was coined first in U.S.A. in 1959. The most

significant use of the term is to be seen in the changing of the name of the American

Documentation Institute (ADI) to American Society for Information Science (ASIS) in

1968. The title of its journal "American Documentation" was changed to "Journal of the

American Society for Information Science (JASIS) in 1970.

Information Science is a disciphne concerned with the study of property and

behaviour of information as well as the factors influencing the flow of information.

In the present age, librarians have been observing the evergrowing number of

bibliographic units like books, periodicals, articles in periodicals; corresponding increase in

the size of library collection, number of readers, issue of library material, number of

catalogue cards, changes in search strategy and so on. This becomes all the more

problematic because of the in elastic budgetary provisions. Realizing these factors, no

single library can afford to acquire every document. Hence, limited and selected

procurement of journals seems to be one of the practical remedies. Bibliometric is relatively

a new one recent origin, which has emerged to identify the pattern of publications,

authorship, citations used for a subject etc. over a period of time and thereby offering

insight into the dynamics of the area under a particular study.

1 BIBLIOMETRICS:

Bibliometric has been derived from the two words 'Biblion' and 'Metric'. The word

'Biblion' means Books and 'Metric' means measurement. So, Bibliometrics generally

means'Measurement pertaining to Books'.

It implies a use of quantitative or statistical method to study the behaviour of

information.

This term is comparatively of Recent Origin and Bibliometric studies are being

conducted in different disciplines.

1.1 Origin and History:

First study regarding Bibliometrics was conducted in 1917 by Xole' and 'Eale\

They wrote on "The History of Comparative Anatomy Part-1: A Statistical Analysis",

First term used for this was" Statistical Analysis".

Henkle (1938), Gosnell (1943\44), Barker (1966) also used the same term i.e.

' Statistical Bibliography'.

In 1968 Pritchard analyzed the term 'Statistical Bibliography' and found to be

contusing with 'Statistics' and 'Bibliography on Statistics'. Therefore he coined another

term i.e. called'Bibliometrics'.

Hence, the term Bibliometric has a very recent origin. The term Librametrics,

Scientometrics, Econometric and Informatrics are also used in literature. Bibliometrics is

anaiogus to 'Ranganathan's librametrics, Russian concept 'Scientometrics', FIDS

'Informatics' and also to some other well established sub-disciplines like 'Econometrics',

'Psychometrics','Sociometrics' and 'Biometries'.

1.2 Definitions:

Bibliometrics is that branch of science which studies the behaviour of information.

We can also say that "Bibliometric" is that branch of information theory that

attempts to analyse quantitatively the properties and behaviour of recorded knowledge.

It has been defined by different people in different ways:-

I) Hulme (1923): The purpose of Statistical Bibliography is to shed light on the process

of written communication and of the nature and course development of a discipline by

means of counting and analysing the various facets of written communication.

II) Raising (1962): The assembling and interpretation of statistics relating to books and

periodicals use of books and journals and to ascertain in many local situations the

general use of books and journals.

III) Pritchand (1969): Application of mathematical methods to books and other media of

communication.

IV) Fairthorne (1969): Quantitative treatment of the properties of recorded discourse and

behaviour appertaining to it.

V) Hamkins (1977): Quantitative analysis of the bibliographical features of a body of

literature.

VI) Potter: Bibliometric is the study and measurement of the publication patterns of all

forms of written communication and their authorship.

VII) Schrader ; "Bibliometric is the scientific study of recorded discourse".

VIII) Broadus: Bibliometric is the quantitative study of physical published units or of

Bibliographic Units of Surrogates either.

IX) Sengupta: Organization , Classification and Quantitative evolution of publication

patterns of all macro and micro communications along with their authorship by

mathematical and statistical calculus.

X) British Standard Institute: The study of the use of documents and patterns of publication

in which mathematical and statistical method have been applied.

2 BIBLIOMETRICS ; Its Scope:

The scope of bibliometric includes the studying of relationship within a literature

or describing a literature. Typically these descriptions focus on consistent patterns involving

Authors, Monographs, Journals, Subject, Language Forms.

Bibliometric studies fall mainly into two broad groups:

a) Descriptive Studies: Those describing the characteristics or features of literature.

b) Behavioural Studies: Those examining the relationship formed between components of

a literature.

The techniques of bibhometric are simple to complex in nature. The basic units of

bibliometric are all facets of written communication, such as Primary and Secondary

periodicals, Articles, Books, Monographs and other media of communication. Bibliometric

techniques have extensively applied equally in Sociological Studies of Science Information

Management, Librarianship, history of science including science policy. Study of Science

and Scientists and also in different branches of Social Science. Bibliometric laws are usefiil

in uderstanding some of the information phenomena and may help in planning many of the

library activities, as they indicate certain basic patterns and relationships governing

information items and activities. The study mostly relates to quantification of items and

their pattern of distribution. Hyperbolic distribution and exponential growth are the

prominent trends underlying information and document phenomena. The studies throw light

on the pattern of growth of literature, productivity and influence of authors, interrelationship

among different branches of knowledge, distribution of terms in information storage and

retrieval pattern of collection build up, their use and the like.

2.1 Purpose of Bibliometrics: Pritchard assigned its purpose as to shed light on the process

of written communication and of the nature and course of development of a descriptive

means of counting and analyzing the various facts of written communication.

According to Dr. S.N. Singh "The purpose of bibliometric is to provide quantitative

analysis of the phenomenon going with documents, their organization, use and services in

library and Information Centres and Systems. It offers to the information worker a type of

statistical technique for the study of characteristics and attributes of literature and that of

communication media.

The main purpose of bibliometric study is :

• To find out major form of literature.

• To prepare a ranked Hst of journals.

• To make a comparison between ranked journals.

• To identify the country with greatest library output.

• To find out the chronological scattering of all cited literature.

• To ascertain the amount of utilization of language.

Some other purposes are :

• To develop norms and standardization .

• To regulate inflow of information and communication.

• To identify authorship and its trends in documents of different subjects.

• To measure useful news of adhoc and retrospective SDI services and so on.

3 UTILITY OF BIBLIOMETRIC IN RESEARCH:

At present, bibliometric work often provides the background for a more practical

task. It is an established technique covering wide area of knowledge. It has therefore been

able to involve scholars from many of these disciplines. Consequently it has attracted

scholars from different disciplines or their respective fields. Day by day, it is attaining

sophistication and complexity having national, international and interdisciplinary character.

It has estabhshed itself as a viable and distinctive research technique for studying science of

science based on bibliographic data. As a matter of fact, its backbone Hes in its sound

theoretical foundation most efficiently and effectively laid by some pioneers like Gross,

Lotka, Bradford, Zipf, Derek J. De SoUa Price, Bookstein, Massavesik, Cole brother,

Pritchard, Garfield, Hulme, Fairthorne and many others who are all not basically librarians,

but belong to different branches of knowledge.

The techniques evolved by these pioneers are capable of throwing light to various

complicated problems faced by many while handling information to quantify the process of

written communication. It has established itself as a viable and distinctive research tool for

quantitative measurement of human knowledge. Data analysis both of citations and of

volume of publications year by year can be useful in planning retrospective bibliographies.

Bibhometric also provides information about the structure of knowledge. Its

classification studies give information about the subject, language and country relationship

which is based on literary warrant. Bibliometric is very useful in any field of research or in

any discipline or it can be used in small and manageable ways by individuals, to improve

some part of library or information service.

4 BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS:

There are three fundamental laws which laid the formation of bibliometrics:

4.1 Lotka' s inverse square law of scientific productivity.

4.2 Bradford's law of scattering.

4.3 Zipf s law of word occurrence.

4.1) Lotka's Inverse Square Law:

The frequency distribution of productivity of authors of scientific papers was first

studied by Alfred Lotka, who proposed that the number of authors making n contributions

is about 1/n of those making one contribution, and the proportion of all contributors who

make a single contribution is about 60 per cent, or a(n)=k\n .

Where a is the number of authors producing n papers and k a constant.

In other words, for every 100 authors contributing one article, 25 will contribute two

articles, about 11 will contribute 3 articles and 6 will contribute 4 articles and so on.

4.2) Bradford's Law of Scattering:

This law was given by S.C. Bradford in 1948. S.C. Bradford examined two

bibliographies prepared in the science library on applied Geophysics and Lubrication and he

prepared lists of journals arranged by decreasing order of source items contributed by the

journals to the Bibliographies.

He noticed that in each subject, there were a few very productive sources, large

number of sources of constantly diminishing productivity. In the list of periodicals ranked

10

by diminishing productivity, Bradford identified three groups of periodicals that produced

approximately the same number of articles on the subject, but the number of periodicals in

these three equi-productive zones increased by a constant factor.

Based on this he stated this law as, "If scientific periodicals are arranged in order of

decreasing productivity of articles on a given subject that may be divided into a nucleus of

periodicals more particularly devoted to the subject and several groups or zones containing

the same number of articles as the nucleus when the number of periodicals in the nucleus

and succeeding zones will be given as :

1 : n : n

4.3) Zipfs Law of Word Occurrence:

This law was given by Zipf in 1949. Zipf developed and extended an empirical law,

as obseived by Estoup governing a relation between the rank of a word and the frequency

of its appearance in a long text.

If 'r' is the rank of a word and T is its frequency, then mathematically Zipf's law

can be stated as follows:

rf = c, where ^c is a constant.

This law states that in a long textual matter if words are arranged in their decreasing

order of frequency, then the rank of any given word of the text will be inversely proportional

to the frequency of the occurrence of the word.

11

He found that by multiplying the numerical value of each rank (r ) by its

corresponding frequency (f), he obtained a product (c ) which is constant throughout its

text, e.g.:

Rank (r)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Frequency (f)

400 200 133 100 80 66 58 50 41 40

Product (rf)=c

400 400 399 400 400 396 406 400 369 400

Table shows distribution of words inversely proportional to the frequency of

occurrence of the word.

Thus, these three laws are respectively based on

(i) Number of authors contributing in a discipline or other field;

(ii) Distribution of articles in a set of journals;

12

(iii) Ranking word frequency in a particular set of documents.

Other Laws:

The three other important laws that need to be mentioned here are:

4.4 Price's Square Root Law of Scientific Productivity:

This law was given by Derek De Solla Price in 1963. This law states that "half of

the scientific papers are contributed by the square root of the total number of scientific

authors".

4.5) Garfield's Law of Concentration:

This law was enunciated by Eugene Garfield in 1971. This law states that " a basic

concentration of journals is the common core of nucleus of all fields".

4.6) Sengupta's Law of Bibliometrics:

This law has been put forward by Sengupta in 1973 which is also known as off

setting weightage formula for re-ranking periodicals to avoid discrimination against new

journals which necessarily have fewer citation credits. This is basically an extension of the

Bradford Law.

It states that "during phases of rapid growth of knowledge in a scientific discipline,

articles of interest to that discipline appear in increasing number of periodicals distant from

that field".

13

Mathematically this law stands in the following form:

f (x + y) = a + b log (x + y)

Where f (x + y) is the cumulative number of references as contained in the first (x

+y) most productive journals, x indicate number of journals in the same discipline and y

stands for number of journals of unrelated disciplines (y>x) and a and b are two constants.

5) Subdivisions of Bibliometrics:

5.1: Operation Research (Linear Programming, Transport problems).

5.2: Statistics (Multivariable techniques, trends, correlation).

5.3: Bibliometric Laws (Laws of Zipf, Lotka and Bradford).

5.4: Citation Analysis (Networks, Science Policy).

5.5: Circulation Theory (Models).

5.6: Information Theory.

5.7: Theoretical Aspects of Information and Retrieval.

6. Application of Bibliometrics:

As bibliometric lies between the border areas of social sciences and physical

sciences, its techniques have extensive applications equally in sociological studies of science

, information management, librarianship, history of science and also in some other branches

of social science and sciences. Some of the areas where bibliometrics techniques are

consistently being applied are enumerated here:

14

• To design information services.

• In library management.

• Evaluation of indexing services and retrieval system.

• Weeding and stacking policy.

• To find out core journals by applying Bradford Law.

• To find out trends in research activities.

• Trends in authorship.

• To find out the distribution of scientific articles or scattering of articles through

applying Bradford Laws.

• To find out the productivity of scientist by applying Lotka's Law.

• To lead the reader to fiirther studies in the field.

• Help in preparation of Bibliographies.

• To find out the relative use of different languages.

• To study the use of literature from different countries.

« To study the scattering of subject.

o To study the rate of collaborative research.

15

7. Limitations in Application:

Though most of the studies tend to support the Bradford distribution some other

researcher could not get the satisfactory results. Gross found that the scatter of research

papers among physics journals deviated from that predicted by Bradford's Law. Out of 50

Bibliographies studied by Chonez, only six followed the law. Therefore, he calls the low

pseudo scientific.

7.1 Lotka'sLaw:

In the case of Lotka's law it was found to fit in most cases. However the value of

indexing was found to vary for different groups of scientists.

Another problem with Lotka's law is that it totally ignores the potential authors

who have not produced any publication so far.

7.2 Citation Analysis:

In case of Citation Analysis, the common arguments against it are;

• Too much of self citation and in-house citation.

• Practice or citing only to get the favours of the powerfiil or to appears others.

• Citation given just to dress up the paper.

• Variation of citation rate during life time of paper.

• Variation of citation rate with type of paper and speciality.

• Negative citation

16

Because of all these limitations the empirical nature of these laws are generally

questioned.

CONCLUSION:

Bibliometrics has emerged as the most active field of library and information science

during the past few decades. It is estimated that literature on this topic occupies more than

25% of the total contribution in library and information science. Citation Analysis studies

form a major portion of it, pertains to the application of bibliometric laws. However, there

is a long way to go in achieving perfection in the studies. Even the spread of computers for

retrieval, counting and analysis are unlikely to achieve perfection in the studies. This study is

merely a method, not a theory. To make it a theory and more useful, researchers must

concentrate on the casual factors underlying Bibliometric phenomena. The changes that are

frequently occupying in the publication practices are likely to complicate the studies in

fliture. In such circumstances it is advisable to consider the results of such studies as more

guidelines rather than ends in themselves.

BiWiometric is a formal scientific subdiscipline that includes the complex of

mathematical and statistical method, used to analyze bibliographical characteristics of

documents. It has been recognized as the structure part of the methodology of library and

information science also.

17

CHAPTER-II

HORTICULTURE : AN INTRODUCTION

Horticulture may be defined as an agricultural science which treats of the

production, utilization and improvement of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. The

term is derived from the Latin words 'hortus' which means garden, and 'cultural means

cultivation. It is a tremendous industry composed of numerous commercial enterprises and

even more numerous home gardens, orchards, lawns and ornamental plantings. It is a field

that affects and influences all people. It provides a large portion of our food supply. It is a

bounteous source of beauty in our homes, cities, rural landscapes, parks, campuses, gardens,

conservatories, greenhouses anfl areas of the great outdoors.

The role of horticulture In daily life will vary greatly among individuals. It may be a

profession as with research workers, plant breeders and teachers. Horticulture may be a

pastime, an adventure , or a means of exercise and health. It is a hobby for many people.

Various aspects of the science and art of Horticulture may be the favourite subject

for the cartoonist, the author, the poet, the humorist, the artist, the composer, the

photographer, and the coimoisseur of food. It even approaches the weather in popularity as

a Conversation Piece.

18

1) Division of Horticulture

There are four divisions or coordinate branches of horticulture. Each branch

includes not only the production of crops but also the home or form operations incident in

the handling and marketing of products. A list of the division follows:

1.1 Pomology: Includes the culture of apples and pears. Stone fruits , citrus fruits, nuts,

grapes, the various berry crops and miscellaneous temperate, subtropical and tropical

fruits.

1.2 Olericulture: Is a large commercial industry and a very popular home land farm

activity. Certain crops in areas of favourable soil and climate have been developed into

large commercial enterprises. Large scale production with good shipping and

refrigeration facilities have brought the produce to distant markets in good condition.

1.3 Ornamental Horticulture: Includes the culture and use of many hundreds of species

of plants. Subdivisions are based on types of culture in the various groupings.

1.3.1 Floriculture; Is the art of growing, selling, designing and arranging flowers and

foliage plants.

19

1.3.2 Trees and Shrubs: Are important ornamentals for homes, farm steads, parks, public

buildings, avenues and recreation areas.

1.3.3 Turf Grasses; Receive considerable attention as ornamental plantings.

1.3.4 Landscaping: This phase of horticulture consists of planning and arrangement of

home grounds and farm steads, public areas, highways and business establishments. It

involves not only the use and placement of horticultural plants but also placement of

buildings, walks, drives, fences, service areas and other parts of the landscape.

Each of these divisions of horticulture can be a science, an art, a business or an

industry in itself They all have characteristics which fit into the meaning of horticulture.

2) Importance of Horticulture to Daily Life :

In the economy of the world and within each nation, horticulture is a basic industry.

It is an important source of the food supply of the world. Production, processing and

marketing of horticultural crops provide gainful occupation for many citizens of the world.

Horticultural crops enter interstate commerce and world trade as fi^esh fruits, vegetables

and ornamental plants.

20

From the nutrition stand point, horticulture is extremely important to our daily

living. Fruits and vegetables play a vital role in satisfying the nutritive requirements of the

human body.

The leaves of most plants are good source of minerals. Most vegetables and fruits

are sources of one or more of the vitamins or vitamin complexes needed for good health.

Many people have become aware of the vitamin value of fresh fruits and vegetables

and tend to shift their eating habits accordingly. This increase in per capita consumption

must thus reflect a decrease in other foods. In an age of technology where much labor is

done by machine, the "human machine" needs less of the fuel supplying foods. Thus with

an increased consumption of salad crops we have a decreased use of high carbohydrate,

high energy vegetables on a per capital basis.

3) Classification of Horticultural Plants:

Differences and similarities are important criteria for describing and distinguishing

among people, animals, nations, civilizations, eras and a host of other tangible and

intangible entities. This is also true of plants. Horticulture deals with fruits, vegetables and

ornamentals. Their kinds, types and cultivars are distinguished by comparing characteristics

of form, habit of growth and longevity.

21

3.1 Fruits: To the botanist a fruit is simply a ripened ovary. To the horticulturist from

common usage of the term, a fruit is the fleshy, edible product of a woody or perennial

plant which in its development is closely associated with a flower. An outline of fruits

with some typical examples are given below :

• Fruits borne on woody plants

A - TREE FRUITS

1. Deciduous

a. Pome

Apple, Pear, Quince

b. Drupe (Stone Fruits)

Peach, plum, apricot, cherry

2. Evergreen

a. Citrus

Orange, grapefruit, tangerine, lemon, lime

b. Palm

Date, coconut

c. Avocado

d. Papaya

22

B SMALL FRUITS

1. Grape

2. Brambles

Raspberry, blackberry, boysenberry

3. Blueberry and cranberry

4. Currant and gooseberry

Fruits borne on herbaceous perennial plants:

A. Prostate growth

Strawberry

B. Upright growth

Banana, pineapple

Fruits may also be grouped according to climatic adaptability as temperate, sub

tropical and tropical.

3.2 Vegetables:

In general, a vegetable is the edible product of herbaceous garden plant.

Vegetables can be grouped according to length of life cycle as annuals, biennials, and

perennials. They can be classed as cool or warm season types. Sometimes vegetables are

described by edible portion of the plant. They are frequently placed in categories of similar

23

characters because of the similarity of culture within the group. Such a classification

follows:

3.2.1 Root Crops

Carrot, beet, rutabaga, turnip, radish, sweet potato.

3.2 2 Bulb Crops

Onion, garlic, shallot.

3.2.3 Tuber Crops

White potato, Jeruselum artichoke.

3.2.4 Vine Crops

Cucumber, pumpkin, squash, watermelon.

3.2.5 Cole Crops

Cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale.

3.2.6 Greens

Spinach, chard, chicory, mustard.

3.2.7 Salad Crops

Lettuce, celery, cress, endive, Chinese cabbage.

24

3.2.8 Perennial Vegetables

Asparagus, horse-radish.

3.2.9 Solanaceous Fruits

Tomato, pepper, egg plant, husk tomato.

3 2 10 Pod Crops

Bean, pea, okra.

3.2.11 Corn

Sweet com, popcorn.

3.3 - Ornamentals: Plants grown for ornamental use, such as cut flowers, bedding plants,

interior foliage plants, or landscape plants, represent an enormous group and include

thousands of species. They may be grouped as follows:

3.3.1 Flowers and bedding plants:

• True annuals (marigold, petunia, zinnia).

• Bieimials (English daisy. Foxglove)

• Perermials (daylily, delphinium, iris, rose)

• Bulbs and'corns (crocus, gladiolus, harcissus, tulip)

• Fohage (interior) plants (philodendron, sansevieria)

• Ground covers and vines (English ivy, Japanese spurge)

• Lawn (turf) plants (bermuda grass, bluegrass)

25

3.3 2 Evergreen Shrubs and Trees:

• Broadleaf (holly, rhododendron)

• Narrowleaf(fir, juniper, yew)

• Deciduous Shrubs (dogwood, lilac, viburnum)

• Deciduous trees (ash, crabapple, magnoha, maple)

4) Anatomy of Plants:

The principal parts of horticultural plants are stems, leaves, buds, flowers, fruits and

roots. They assume important roles in plant production, propagation, food manufacture,

and in providing balance for the cycles of nature.

4 1 The Woody Dicot Stem:

Woody stems differ from herbaceous stems in that they show greater maturation and

hardiness of stem tissue. Principal parts of the woody stem are the xylem,cambium and

phloem. The xylem is the wood, the phloem is a major portion of the bark, and the

cambium is a thin layer between the wood and the bark. The xylem, phloem and cambium

are all involved in such horticultural practices as grafting, pruning and wound treatment.

They play vital roles in growth, development and production of horticultural plants.

4 2 The Herbaceous Dicot Stem:

Herbaceous stems, like those of geranium, are more succulent, less fibrous, more pithy and less

tough then woody stems. Th^, characteristically are not as strong, not as hardy, and not as rigid.

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4.3 The Monocot Stem:

Monocot stems generally do not have a cambial ring between the xylem and phloem

tissues. Such plants as sweet corn, lilies, onions and grasses are herbaceous monocots.

4.4 The Leaf:

The structure of the leaf is designed to facilitate the synthesis of food for the plant by

the complex process of photosynthesis. The petiole, mid rib and veins of the leaf supply

water and minerals to the leaf cells through their basal connection with the xylem of the

stem.

4.5 The Bud:

A bud is an undeveloped shoot, or flower, or shoot and flower. By position, a bud is

either terminal or lateral on a twig or shoot. By activity, a bud is either resting, dormant or

latent.

4 6 The Flower:

The flower precedes, and is essential for, fruit development. It is a reproductive

organ of the plant, since, in complete fulfillment of its function, seed is produced.

4.7 The Fruit:

The fruit, whether horticultural or botanical, is the object in growing tree and small

fruits, many vegetables and some ornamentals. Pollination and fertilization provide a

27

stimulus to fruit set and seed development. Each specific kind of plant has its own flowering

and fruiting habits.

4.8 The Root:

Roots do not have nodes. The branch roots arise at irregular intervals and locations

instead of from buds. This is a determining feature which classes the sweet potato as a root

and the Irish potato as a tuber.

The chief function of roots is absorption of moisture and minerals from the soil.

5) PROBLEMS IN HORTICULTURE:

A number of problems in horticulture are recognized and identified as follows:

5.1 Weeds

5.1.1 Annual weeds

5.1.2 Perennial weeds

5.1.3 Mosses and liverworts

5.2 Large Pests

5.2.1 The rabbit

5.2.2 Deer

5.2.3 The brown rat

5.2.4 The grey squirrel

5.2.5 The mole

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5.2.6 The wood-pigeon

5.2.7 The bullfinch

5.3 Small pests, soil organisms and bees

5.3.1 Slugs

5.3.2 Insects

5.3.3 Mites

5.3.4 Other arthropods

5.3.5 Nematodes

5.4 Fungi, bacteria and viruses

5.4.1 Fungi

5.4.2 Bacteria

5.4.3 Viruses

5 IWEEDS:

Most plants, whether wild or cultivated, grow in competition with other organisms

such as pests, diseases, and other plants. Any competitive plant unwanted by man is termed

a weed.

29

A weed is a plant of any kind which is growing in an undesirable place: groundsel

smothering lettuce, moss covering a lawn, last year's potatoes emerging in a plot of

cabbage, rose suckers spoiling a herbaceous order.

Damage caused by weeds may be categorized into seven main areas:

• Competition between the weed and the planting for water, nutrients and light

may prove favourable to the weed if it is able to establish itself quickly. The

plants are therefore deprived of their major requirement and poor growth

results. The extent of this competition is largely unpredictable varying with

climatic land cultural factors. The uncontrolled proliferation of weeds will

inevitably produce serious plant losses.

• Seed quality is lowered by weed seed, e.g. fat hen contamination in batches of

seed, e.g. carrots.

• Machinery, e.g. mowing machines and harvesting equipment may be fouled by

weeds such as knotgrass, which have stringy stems.

• Poisonous plants. Ragwort, Sorrel and buttercups are eaten by farm animals

when more desirable food is scarce.

• Pests and diseases are commonly harboured on weeds, e.g. Sowthistles are

commonly attacked by chrysanthemum leaf miner.

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• Drainage depends on a free flow of water along ditches, dense growth of

grasses, e.g. couch, and water loving weeds, e.g. chickweed, may seriously

reduce this flow and increase waterlogging of horticultural land.

• Tidiness is essential in a well-maintained garden. The amenity horticulturist may

consider that any plant spoiling the appearance of plants in pots, borders, paths

or lawns should be removed, even though the garden plants themselves are not

affected.

5.1.1 Annual Weeds:

Three species, chickweed, groundsel and speedwell are described below to

demonstrate some features of their biology that make them successful weeds:

a) Chickweed (Stellaria media)

This species is found in many horticultural situations as a weed of flower beds,

vegetables, soft fruit and greienhouse plantings. The seedling cotyledons are pointed, with a

light coloured tip, while its true leaves have hairy petioles.

b) Groundsel (Senecio Vulgaris)

This is a very common and important weed, found in many countries, particularly on

heavy soil. It grows on both poor and rich soils up to almost 600 m. in altitude.

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The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the true leaves have

step-like teeth,

c) Speedwells (Veronica Persica and V.filiformis

The first species, the large field speedwell, is an important weed in vegetable

production, while the second species, the slender or round-leaved speedwell is a serious turf

problem.

The seedling cotyledons are spade-shaped, while the true leaves are opposite,

notched and hairy in both species.

5.1.2 Perennial Weeds:

Four species, creeping thistle, couch, yarrow and broad-leaved dock are described

below to demonstrate the major features of their biology.

a) Creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense)

This species is a common weed in grassland and perennial crops, e.g. apples, where

it forms dense clumps of foliage.

The seedling cotyledons are broad and smooth, the true leaves spiky.

b) Couch grass (Agropyron repens)

This grass, sometimes called 'twitch', is a widely distributed and important wed

found at altitudes up to 500 m.

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c) Yarrow (Achillea millifolium)

This strongly scented perennial, with its spreading flowering head is a common

hedgerow plant found on most soils at altitudes up to 1200 m.

The seedling leaves are hairy, and elongated with sharp teeth.

d) Broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius)

The seedling cotyledons are narrow, the true leaves large, broad and crimson-

coloured. This is a common weed of arable land, grassland and fallow soil.

5.1.3 Mosses and liverworts:

These primitive plants may become weeds in wet growing conditions. The small

cushion-forming moss (Bryum spp.) on sand capillary benches, and thin, acid turf which has

been closely mown. Feathery moss (Hypnum spp.) is common on less closely mown,

unscarified turf. A third type (Polyrichum spp.), erect and with a rosette of leaves, is found

in dry acid conditions around golf greens. Liverworts (PelUa spp.) are recognized by their

flat leaves growing on the surface of pot plant compost.

5 2 LARGE PESTS

5 2.1 RABBIT (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)

The rabbit may consume 0.5 kg of plant food per day. Young turf and cereal crops

are the worst affected. Rabbits may move from cereal crops to horticultural holdings. Stems

of'topVfruit may be ring-barked by rabbits.

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5.2 2. DEER

Deer may become pests in land adjoining woodland where they hide. Muntjac and

roe deer ring-bark trees and eat succulent crops.

5 2 3. THE BROWN RAT (Rattus norvegicus)

The brown rat, also called the common rat, is well known by its dark-brown colour,

blunt nose, short ears and long, scaly tail. It will eat seeds, succulent stems, bulbs and

tubers. A rat's average annual food intake may reach 50 kg.

5 2 4 THE GREY SQUmREL (Sciurus Carolinensis)

The horticultural damage caused by gray squirrel varies with each season. In spring,

germinating bulbs may be eaten, and the bark of many tree species stripped off.

In summer, pears, plums and peas may suffer. Autumn provides a large wild food source,

though apples and potatoes may be damaged. In winter, little damage is done.

5 2.5 THE MOLE (Talpa europea)

This dark gray, 15 cm long mammal, uses its shovel-shaped feet to create an

underground system 5-20 cm. Deep and up to 0.25 h in extent. The tunnel contents are

excavated into mole hills. The resulting root disturbance to grassland and other crops causes

wilting, and may result in serious losses.

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5 2 6 THE WOOD PIGEON (Columba Palumbus)

This attractive, 40 cm. Long, blue-gray pigeon with white underwing bars is known

to horticulturists as a serious pest on most outdoor edible crops. In spring, seeds and

seedlings of crops such as brassicas, beans and germinating turf may be systematically eaten.

In summer, cereals and clover receive its attention; in lautumn, tree fruits may be taken in

large quantities, while in winter cereals and brassicas are often seriously attacked.

5 2 7 THE BULLFINCH (Pyrrhula Pyrrhula)

This delightful, 14 cm. Long bird is characterized by its sturdy appearance and broad

bill. From April to September the bird progressively feeds on seeds of wild plants. From

September to April the species forms small flocks which , in addition to feeding on buds

and seeds of wild species.

5 3 SMALL PESTS, SOIL ORGANISMS AND BEES:

5.3.1) SLUGS:

These animals belong to the Phylum MoUusca which cause a little damage to plants

in greenhouses and private gardens. The slugs feed by means of a file-like tongue which cuts

through plant tissue held by the soft mouth, and scoops out cavities in the affected plants.

In moist, warm weather may cause above-ground damage to leaves of plants such as

establishing turf, lettuce and Brussels sprouts.

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5.3.2) INSECTS:

Insect groups are classified into their appropriate order according to their general

appearance and life cycle stages:

a) Springtails (order collembola)

Tliis group of primitive wingless insects , about 2 mm in length, have a springlike

appendage at the base of the abdomen. They are very common in soils, and normally aid in

the breakdown of soil organic matter.

b) Peach-potato aphid (Myzus Persicae)

It is common in market gardens and greenhouses. It may cause three types of

damage. Using its sucking stylet, it may inject a digestive juice into the plant phloem, which

cause severe distortion.

c) Spruce-larch adelgid (Adelges Viridis)

These may cause serious damage on spruce grown for Christmas trees. The

emerging nymphs, injecting poisons into the shoots, cause abnormal growth into green

pineapple galls which spoil the tree's appearance.

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d) Glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes Vaporariorum)

This small, moth like pest causes serious problems on a range of glasshouse food and

flower crops.

e) Greenhouse mealy bug (Planococcus Citri)

This pest, a distant relative of the aphid, spoils the appearance of some glasshouse

crops.

f) Brown Scale (Parthenolecanium Corni)

It is a serious pest on vines, currants and cotoneasters and in greenhouses attacks

peaches and Amaryllis, causing stunted growth and leaf defoliation.

g) Leaf hoppers (Graphocephala fennahi)

They live on the under surface of leaves, causing a mottling of the upper surface.

They also carry the serious bud blast diseased which kills off the flower buds.

h) Common green capsid (Lygocoris Pabulinus)

. This pest occurs on fiuit trees and flower crops. Because of the poisonous nature

of its salivary juices, young foliage shows distorted, growth with small holes.

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i) Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera)

This order characteristically contains adults with four large wings and curled feeding

tubes. The larva (caterpillar), with six small legs and eight false legs, is modified for a

leaf-eating habit. The larva is the only damaging stage of this insect group.

j) Flies (Diptera)

This order is characterized by the single pair of clear forewings, the hind wings being

adapted as balancing organs. The larvae are legless elongated and their mouth parts are

simple hooks. The larvae cause crop damage.

k) Beetles (Coleoptera)

This order is characterized in the adult by hard, homy forewings which when folded,

cover the delicate hind wings used for flight. Most beetles are beneficial, helping in

breakdown of humus, e.g. dung beetles. A few, e.g. wireworm, raspberry beetle, and

vine weevil, may cause crop damage.

1) Sawflies and Bees (Hymenoptera)

This group together with wasps and ants are characterized by adults with two pairs

of translucent wings, the fore and hind wings being locked together by fine hooks.

Larvae have 3 parts of legs, and more than 4 pairs of false legs. It defoliates mainly

leaves and flowers.

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m) Thrips (Thysanoptera)

These are very small, yellow and brown pests caused mainly spotting of leaves and

petals, e.g. onion thrips.

n) Earcoigs (Dermaptera)

These pests bear characteristic pincers at the rear of the 15 mm long body. They eat

flowers.

53 3) MITES (Acarina)

This important group classified with spiders and scorpions in the Arachnida, is

distinguished from insects by the possession of four pairs of legs, a fused body structure

and by the absence of wings. The life cycle is composed of egg, larva, nymph and adult.

These pests mottle or distort leaves, buds, flowers and bulbs.

5 3 4) OTHER ARTHROPODS

In addition to insects and mites, the phylum arthropoda contains three

horticulturally relevant classes:

a) Woodlouse (ArmadiUidium nasutum):

These pests confined damage mainly to stems and lower leaves of cucumbers, but

39

occasionally young transplants may be nipped off near ground level, in the manner of

cutworms and leather-jacket damage.

b) Symphilids (Scutigerella immaculata):

These delicate white creatures, with twelve pairs of legs can crawl ahead of the

steam's advance.

c) Millipedes:

These elongated, slow moving creature are characterized by a thick cuticle, and the

possession of many legs. These pests cause damage to roots of strawberries and cucumbers

respectively.

5.3.5) NEMATODES

This group of organisms, also called eelworms, is found in almost every part of the

terrestrial environment, ranging in size from the large animal parasites. Five horticulturally

important types are described below;

a) Potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis and G. Pallida)

This serious pest is found in most soils that have grown potatoes. The larvae invade

the roots, disturbing translocation in xylem and phloem tissues and sucking up plant cell

contents.

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b) Stem and bulb eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci)

Attacks many plants, e.g. narlissus, onions, beans and sttrawberries.

c) Chrysanthemum eelworm (Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi)

These nematodes blotched and purpled the leaves, which spreads to become a dead

brown area between the veins. The lower leaves are worst affected. Greenhouse grown

Chrysanthemums are rarely affected, as they are raised from pest-free cuttings.

d) Root knot eelworm (Meloidogyne spp.)

Found mainly in greenhouses and thrives in high temperature conditions, causing

typical galls on the roots of plants such as Chrysanthemum, cucumber and tomato,

c) Migratory plant nematodes

These species transmit the important viruses, arable mosaic on strawberry, and

tomato black ring on ornamental cherries.

5 4) FUNGI, BACTERIA AND VIRUSES:

5.4.1) Fungi:

These organisms, commonly called moulds, cause serious losses in all areas of

horticulture. They are thought to have common ancestors with filamentous algae.

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The fungus is composed in most species of microscopic strands, which may occur

together in a loose structure, form dense resting bodies, or produce complex underground

strands.

A) Leaf and flower diseases:

a) Downy mildew of cabbage and related plants (Perenospora brassicae)

This serious disease causes a white bloom mainly on the under surface of leaves of

ornamental cruciferous plants. The disease is most damaging when seedlings are

germinating, particularly in spring.

b) Powdery mildew of ornamental mains and apple (Podosphaera leucotricha)

This disease is distinguished by its dry powdery appearance, most commonly found

on the upper surface of the leaf The disease survives the winter as mycelium within the

buds, which often appear small, and the infected twigs have a dried, silvery appearance. The

emergence of the mycelium with the germinating buds in spring results in a white bloom

over the young leaves.

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c) Black spot of roses (Diplocarpon rosae)

This common disease in gardens and greenhouse produced roses is first seen as dark

leaf spots, and then leaf drop. The infection of young shoots has a slow weakening effect

on the whole plant.

B) Stem diseases:

This disease is most commonly recognized by the dense, light gray fungal mass

which follows its infection. In lettuce, the whole plant rots off at the base and the plant goes

yellow and dies. In many flower crops, infected petals show purple spots.

b) Apple canker (Nectria galligena)

This fungus causes sunken areas in bark of both young and old branches of

ornamental malus, apples, or pears and occasionally on fiiiit. Poor shoot growth is seen,

and wood may fi"acture in high winds.

c) Dutch elm disease (Ceratocystis ulmi)

The first symptom of this disease is a yellowing of foliage in one part of the tree in

early sumirier. The foliage then dies off progressively firom this area of the tree, often

resulting in death within three months.

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d) Club root (Plasmodiophora brassicae)

This disease causes serious damage to most members of the cruciferae family which

includes cabbage, cauliflowers, sprouts and stocks. Infected plants show signs of wilting

and yellowing of older leaves.

e) Damping off (Pythium and Phytophthora species)

These two fungi cause considerable losses to the delicate seedling stage. The

infection may occur below the soil surface. Occasionally the roots of mature plants, e.g.

cucumbers, are infected.

f) Conifer root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi)

This soil-inhibiting fungus causes the foliage of plants to turn gray-green, then brown

and eventually to die off completely.

g) Honey fungus (Armillaria mellea)

This fungus primarily attacks trees and shrubs e.g. apple etc.

44

h) Fusarium patch on turf (Fusarium nivale)

This disease appears as irregular circular patches of yellow then dead brown grass up

to 30 cm in diameter on fine turf. Under extreme damp conditions, dead leaves become

slimy.

5 4 2) BACTERIA

These minute organisms occur as single cells which divide rapidly to build up their

numbers. They are important in the conversion of soil organic matter and cause serious

losses to horticultural plants.

a) Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora)

This disease, can cause serious damage on members of the Rosaceae. Individual

branches wilt, the leaves rapidly turning a 'bumf chestnut brown, and when the disease

reaches the main trunk it spreads to other branches and may cause death of the tree.

b) Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas morsprunorum)

This disease affects the plant genus prunus which includes ornamental species, plum,

cherry and apricot. Symptoms typically appear on the stem as a swollen area exuding a light

brown gum.

45

c) Soft root (Erwinia carotovora)

This bacterium affects stored potatoes, carrots, bulbs and iris, where the bacterium's

ability to dissolve the cell walls of the plant results in a mushy soft rot.

5.4.3) VIRUSES

Viruses are extremely small; much smaller even than bacteria. They appear as rods

or spheres when seen under an electron microscope. The virus particle is composed of a

nucleic acid core surrounded by a protective protein coat. The virus, on entering a plant

cell, takes over the organization of the cell nucleus in order to produce many more virus

particles.

In recent years the broad area called 'virus diseases' has been closely investigated.

Virus particles have, in most cases, been isolated as the cause of disease, e.g. cucumber

mosaic.

C) Virus Diseases:

a) Cucumber mosaic:

Several strains of virus cause this disease, and many families of plants are attached.

On cucumbers, a mottling of young leaves occurs, followed by a twisting and curling of the

whole foliage, land fruit may show yellow sunken areas.

46

b) Tulip break:

The petals of infected tulips produce irregular coloured streaks and may appear

distorted. Leaves may become light green, and the plants stunted after several years

infection.

c) Tomato mosaic:

This disease may cause serious losses in tomatoes. Infected seedlings have a

stunted, spiky appearance. On more mature plants leaves have a pale green mottled

appearance, or sometimes a bright yellow symptom.

d) Plum pox:

Plums, damsons, peaches, blackthorn and ornamental plum age affected by this

disease. Leaf symptoms of feint interveinal yellow blotches can best be seen on leaves

from the centre of the infected tree. Sunken dark blotches are seen on fruits.

e) Chrysanthemum stunt viroid:

This disease, found only on plants of the compositae family and mainly on the

chrysthemum genus, produces a stunted plant, often only half normal size but without any

distortion.

47

f) Arabis mosaic:

This disease infects a wide range of horticultural crops. On strawberries, yellow

spots are produced on the leaves, and certain cultivars become severely stunted.

g) Reversion disease on blackcurrants:

This vims disease seriously reduced blackcurrant yields. Flower buds on infected

bushes are almost hairless on close inspection, and appear brighter in colour than healthy

buds.

6) CONTROL MEASURES

The main types of control measures to include legal aspects, crop management

methods, use of beneficial organisms and the rather complex area of chemical control are

described below:

• Cultural control

• Resistance

• Biological control

• Chemical control

6.1) Cultural control:

Horticulturists, in their every day activities, may remove or reduce damaging

organisms, and thus protect the crop. Below are described some of the more important

methods used.

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6.1.1) Cultivation: Ploughing and rotavating of soils enable a physical improvement in soil

structure as a preparation for the growing of crops. The improved drainage and tilth may

reduce damping-off diseases, disturb annual and perennial weeds.

6.1.2) Chemical sterilization: This involves the use of substances toxic to most living

organisms, thus necessitating application during the fallow, or inter crop period. Soil

applied chemicals include methyl bromide. Methaiii sodium, dazomet and

dichloropropene.

6.1.3) Soil fertility: While the correct content and balance of major and minor nutrients in

the soil are recognized for optimum crop yield and quality, excessive nitrogen levels may

encourage the increase of insects such as flingi.

6.1.4) Planting and harvesting time: Some pests emerge from their overwintering stage

at about the same time each year. By planting early to establish tolerant brassica plants

before the pest emerges, a useful supplement to chemical control is achieved.

6.1.5) Clean seed and planting material: Seed producers take stringent precautions to

exclude weed seed contaminants and pests and diseases from their seed stocks.

6.1.6) Alternate hosts: Alternate hosts harbouring pests and diseases should be removed

where possible. Soil-borne problems, e.g; club root of cabbage, and free living

49

eelworms on strawberries are harboured by Shepherd's purse and chick-weed

respectively.

6 2) RESISTANCE

Wild plants show high levels of resistance to most pests and diseases. In crops such

as antirrhinum, lettuce and tomatoes, one or more resistance genes have been deliberately

incorporated to give protection against rust, downy mildew and tomato mosaic virus

respectively. The disease organisms may overcome these genetic barriers, and the crop thus

again becomes infected. Growers may sow a sequence of cultivars, each with different

resistant genes, in order that the disease organism is constantly exposed to a new resistance

barrier, and thus limit the disease.

6 3) BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Some of the more effective species being used as the Biological Control are

described below:

6.3.1) Phytoseiulus Persimilis: This is a globular, deep orange, predatory tropical mite

used in greenhouse production to control glasshouse red spider mite. It is raised on

spider mite-infected beans, and then evenly distributed throughout the crop.

50

6.3.2) Encarsia Formosa: This is a small wasp, which lays an egg into the glasshouse

whitefly scale causing it to turn black and eventually release another wasp. This parasite

is raised on whitefly-infested tobacco plants.

6.3.3) Other biologic control organisms: Peach-potato aphid is parasitized by the wasp,

Aphidius matricariae. and fungus verticillium lecanii. Chrysanthemum leaf miner is

controlled by the parasitic wasps, opius and diglyphus spp. Mealy bug is rapidly eaten by

the tropical green and brown ladybird cryptolaemus montrouzieri. Caterpillars may be

killed by an extract of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Vine weevil larvae can be

infected and killed by the parasitic nematode, Steinernema bibionis.

A combination of biological methods may be used on some crops, e.g.

chrysanthemums, tomatoes and cucumbers, in order to control a range of organisms.

6 4) CHEMICAL CONTROL

This method of control aims ideally to use a selected chemical for reduction of weed,

pest or disease without harming man, crop or wild life. About three million tonnes of crop

protection chemicals are used worldwide each year, two fifths being herbicides, two fifth

insecticides, and one fifth fiangicides.

51

6.4.1 Herbicides: Herbicides which are applied to the seed bed or growing crop must kill

the weed but leave the crop undamaged.

This selective action may succeed for one of several reasons. The broad-leaved turf

weed, daisy is controlled by 2,4-D, leaving the turf grasses unaffected.

a) Paraquat: Is commonly used to scorch and kill top growth of a wide spectrum

of weeds in stale seedbeds, after harvest, in perennial crops.

b) Amitrole: Is used in similar situations to paraquat, but is more residual,

surviving in the soil for several weeks.

c) Glyphosate: Enters the foliage of actively growing annual and perennial weed

and is translocated to underground organs, subsequently killing them.

d) Soil-acting herbicides : Are either sprayed on to the soil surface or soil

incorporated. They must be persistent for several months to kill the seedling

before or after it emerges.

e) Chlorpropham : A relatively insoluble compound, is applied as a pre-sowing or

pre-emergent spray to control a wide variety of annual weeds in brassicas,

strawberries, onions and leeks.

f) Dichlobenil: Gives total control against germinating weds, couch grass and some

perennial weeds in waste ground, soft fiaiit, top fiiiit and established ornamental

shrub and tree areas.

52

g) Propachlor : A relatively insoluble compound, is applied as a presowing or pre-

emergent spray to control a wide variety of annual weeds in Brassicas,

Strawberries, Onion and Leaves.

6.4.2) Insecticides and acaricides: The insects and mites have three main points of

weakness for attack by pesticides which are as follows:

a) Dormant-season: Control ofpests may be achieved on trees such as apple by the

use of toxic contact insecticides. It kills eggs of aphids, red spider mite and

capsids, but useful predators are also eliminated.

b) Melathion: Belongs to the organophosphorus group. It enters through the

cuticle and on reaching the nervous system, interferes with "messages" crossing

the nerve endings ofpests such as aphids, mealy bug, flies and red spider mites.

c) Pirimicarb: Belongs to the third group, is systemic, and controls many aphid

species without affecting beneficial ladybirds.

6.4.3) Nematicides: No active ingredients are, at present, available exclusively for

nematode control. Soil inhabiting stages of cyst nematodes, stems and bulb

eelworm, and some ectoparasitic root eelworms are effectively reduced by soil

incorporation of granular pesticides, e.g. aldicarb at planting time of crops such as

potatoes and onions. This group of chemicals acts systematically on leaf nematodes

of plants such as chrysanthemum land dahlia.

53

6.4.4) Fungicides: Fungicides must act against the disease but not seriously interfere with

plant activity. Protectant chemicals prevent the entry of klhyphae into roots, and the

germination of spores into leaves and other aerial organs. Although there are many

fungicidal chemical groups, three are chosen here as examples:

a) Inorganic chemicals: Have long been used to protect horticultural crops. Copper

salts, when mixed with slaked lime form a barrier on the leaf to fungi. Fine

grained sulphur controls powdery mildews, and may be heated gently in

greenhouse 'sulphur lamps' to control this disease by vapour action on plants

such as roses.

b) Organic chemicals: Contain carbon, Zineb and related synthetic compounds act

protectively on a wide range of quite different foliar diseases, e.g. downy

mildews, celery leaf spot and rusts, by preventing spore germination.

c) Benomyl (benzimidazole group): Is an example of systematic ingredient which

moves upwards through the plant's xylem tissues, slowing hyphal growth and

spore production of fungal wilts, powdery mildews and many leaf spot

organisms. Damping off, potato blight and downy mildews are unaffected by

this chemical group.

54

CONCLUSION:

Horticulture is an agricultural science which treats of the production, utilization and

improvement of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. The role of horticulture in daily

life will vary greatly among individuals. Millions of people are engaged in horticulture on a

foil time, part timed, leisure time or amateur basis. Sometimes it is used as part of our

home: some people used it as a hobby. Since horticulture is an art as well as a science, it

can be flirther developed as an art through hobbies involving painting,

sketching, drawing etc. Literature and music have been inspired by horticulture topics,

including flowers, trees and beauty in general.

In the last, we can say that horticulture is a very vast subject and it is treated by a

number of people in a number of ways.

55

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY OF BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY:

Due to the multidimensional growth of knowledge Librarians and Information

Scientists are facing great problem in acquisition, organization and dissemination of

information. The acquisition and organization of information is a challenge for the librarians

due to this situation of information explosion; because libraries are labour intensive

organizations. It is necessary to have need based collection to meet the requirements of

maximum number of library users by within limited resource.

Prof Bernal has reported that literature growth is six folds more than the

population gro^vth and if some method is not introduced it will lead towards the literature

deluge.

Due to the huge amount of literature and limited financial resources it is rather

impossible to acquire everything. The document selection must be done according to the

information needs of users. For this purpose a number of user studies that study the use of

information by reader, has been done by librarians. User studies can be done in two ways:

a) In terms of information and its user and

b) In terms of user and this information

The first kind of study is the analysis through its artifacts. Britain calls this

study as the 'systematic' approach to study the use of literature. In 1963 Pritchard

56

introduced the term 'Bibliometrics' to this study which is now one of the well recognized

and dependable technique for research in the field of library and information science.

1. OBJECTIVES:

1.1) To find out the most used pattern of different types of documents i.e. books, journals,

reports, standards, patents etc.

1.2) To know about the use of literature from different countries to find out the country

producing most of the literature .

1.3) To know the most productive year/years of the literature published on the subject.

1.4) To find out the most dominating language(s) in which the most of the articles on the

subject have been produced.

1.5) To know the core periodicals containing the most of the published literature.

1.6) To know eminent personalities in the field of Horticulture.

1.7) To study the rate of collaborative research that can be effectively measured from the

number of authors in papers.

1.8) To show the inter disciplinary character of the subject under study.

57

2. METHODOLOGY OF BIBLIOMETRICS:

We can discuss the methodology of Bibliometrics under the following points:

Selection of Source Document

Formulation of Hypothesis

Collection of Data <r

Analysis and Interpretation

of data

Conclusion

2.1) Selection of Source Document:

The first and foremost task is to select the source document from which data is to be

drawn. Biological Abstracl/which is published from BIOSIS (Biological Information

Service), Philadelphia, USA. since 1927 is the most authoritative and comprehensive

58

source material on the subject. I have scanned two volumes of Biological Abstract for

the year 1996-97 to collect 5138 references on the subject 'Horticulture'.

Biological Abstract is found to be most comprehensive guide in the field of Applied

Biology. The informative abstract given in biological abstract are the best and most

used sources of information.

Due to the rapid growth of the list of source journals and due to the geographic and

linguistic bias data has been collected from the secondary source like Biological

Abstract instead of any primary source.

For this purpose I have chosen two volumes of Biological Abstract (i.e. 1996, 97) as

the source document.

2.2) Formulation of Hypothesis:

Hypothesis is the tentative generalization of the problem. One should be very careful \—^ .

during the Formulation of Hypothesis because result of the problem completely

depends upon it, otherwise it will lead to the wrong conclusion.

Regarding the present problem of BibUometric study, Hypothesis which I have drawn

is given below:

2.2.1 Periodical article may be the most used form of document.

2.2.2 There will be great influence of team research in the field of Horticulture.

59

2.2.3 There will be significant difference among countries regarding Geographical Scattering

of articles in the field of Horticulture.

2.2.4 English language will be the most used language by the authors for writing articles in

the field of'Horticulture'.

2.2.5 Research output in 'Horticulture' is increasing year by year.

2.3) Collection of Data:

Data pertaining to the field of'Horticulture' was collected from Biological Abstract

on 5 X 3 catalogue cards.Each reference consisted of information about author, title, name

of the periodical, place, year, language and form of document. In other words, we can

say that a bibliography was created on cards and these cards are arranged and rearranged

during the analysis.

2.4 Analysis:

The data consisting of 5138 entries was collected and analyzed under the following

headings:

2.4.1 Ranking of Periodicals

2.4.2 Geographical Scattering of Items

2.4.3 Year wise Distribution of Items

2.4.4 Language wise Distribution of items

60

2.4.5 Subject Dispersion

2.4.6 Form wise Distribution

2.4.7 Ranking of Authors

2.4.8 Application of Bibliometric Laws

2.4.1 Ranking of Periodicals:

The main objective of this study is to find out the core periodicals containing the

research Hterature on Horticulture. To conduct this study, the items published in

different periodicals are grouped together and counted. Information about the most

productive periodicals on the subject is much useful for the librarians as well as for

research scholars. After the identification of core periodicals in the field, ranking of

periodicals is done and tabulated.

2.4.2 Geographical Scattering of Items:

This is done to determine the geographical scattering of item while studying the use

pattern of research literature in the subject under study. The information was collected

from the informative abstract of each item, which clearly gives the place of origin of

each item. The entries were then grouped on the basis of their country of origin. They

were then counted and ranked in a table.

61

2.4.3 Year wise Distribution of Items:

With the help of this study, currency of information in the secondary source may be

useful in finding out the most productive year of items ranked. Through this study we

know that how many articles were published in which year. The information about

the period of origin of the item can be easily known by the bibliographic information

given in Biological Abstract.

2.4.4 Language wise Distribution:

It is also important to know the most dominant language used in scientific

communication on the subject, because Biological Abstract reports items published

from different countries in different languages. This information given along with

informative abstract in the Biological Abstract is analyzed and tabulated.

2.4.5 Subject Dispersion:

Though most of the literature on a given subject is published in some core journals but

sometimes some material of research value is published in the journals belonging to

related fields. It is, therefore, important to know the interdisciplinary nature of the

subject. Subject dispersion analysis is done on the basis of subject field of periodicals,

the information about which was obtained from Ulrich International Periodical

Directory (33" ed.). The analysis not only identifies the core subject where most of

the articles on the subject Horticulture are published but also the subjects publishing

62

some relevant information. Thus, it will show the interdisciplinary nature of the

subject.

2.4.6 Form wise Distribution:

Document on any subject are published in different forms like periodical articles,

research reports, bulletins and patents. It is important to know the most popular form

of document. For this purpose, the information about the form of document was

collected and tabulated.

2.4.7 Ranking of Authors:

This is done to know the eminent personalities in the subject. The data cards of

different contributors in the field were separated out. The number of cards under each

name were counted and tabulated. Authors are then ranked in order of decreasing

productivity.

2.4.8 Application of Bibliometric Laws:

The whole study depends upon the application of bibliometric laws such as Lotka,

Bradford and Zipf s law. For checking the validity of these laws, they will be

individually applied on the analyzed data.

63

CHAPTER-IV

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION

Two volumes of Biological Abstract for the year 1996-97 were consulted for

collecting the sum total of 5138 data items. The volume of 1996 contained 2602 items and

the volume of 1997 contained 2536 items. Collected data was analyzed as under:

1. Ranking of Periodicals:

Periodicals play a vital role in scientific communication as well as for dissemination

of information because periodicals are the sources of current information. Periodicals that

contribute most of the literature in every subject field are called core journals. Identification

of core journals in the subject under study will be usefial from the point of view of scientists

and librarians alike.

The main aim of the present study is to identify the most important journal

containing the most of the literature of research value in the field of horticulture. This

information of core journals in various subjects will go a long way in preparing the

subscription list of periodicals by libraries. The information is usefiil for the information

scientists as well.

In the collected data, all the 5138 references have been published in 432 periodicals

which have been ranked up to 55 positions. However the table 1 lists only 188 periodicals,

showing 52 rank positions. There are periodicals in which the frequency of occurrence of

items is up to 4. The periodicals with less than 4 items have not been considered. Table 1

64

shows that the first rank was occupied by the journal titled 'Hortscience' which accounts

for 7.66% of total references. Next four positions are occupied by journals like' Jr. Of

American Society for Horticultural Science' (4.80%), Jr. Of the Japanese Society for

Horticultural Science (3.17%), Scientia Horticulturae (2.99%) and Euphytica (2.74%)

respectively.

Table 1 and Table 1.1 show that most of the literature of Horticulture appeared in 7

periodicals as a total number of 1347 items constituting 26.17%) of the total, appeared in

those periodicals. They may be regarded as core journals in the field.

The journals having their frequency of occurrence in the range of 70 to 99 is 6,

those, in range of 50-69 is 4, in range of 35-49 is 12, in range of 25-34 is 22, in range of

15-24 is 21, in range of 10-14 is 36, in range of 4-9 is 80. It is therefore obvious that

though most of the literature constituting 26.17% references appeared in 7 core journals,

the number of periodicals had been increasing for finding out much less number of items i.e.

as many as 80 periodicals are required for 8.87% of items. This is in accordance with

Bradford's Law of Scattering.

The present ranking list should be of use for the libraries in taking policy decisions

regarding the subscription list of periodicals. It will be equally important for the

documentalists in preparing an exhaustive documentation list. The study may be usefial for

the scientists as they know the core journals carrying the highest percentage of items.

65

RANKING OF PERIODICALS

TABLE- 1

S.NO.

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

RANK

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

NAME OF PERIODICAL

Hortscience

Jr. of the American Society for Horti­

cultural science

Jr. of the Japanese Society for

Horticultural Science

Scientia Horticulturae

Euphytica

Jr. of the Korean Society for

Horticultural Science

Jr. of Maharashtra Agricultural

University

Crop Science

Indian Jr. of Genetics and Plant Breeding

Indian Jr. of Agricultural Science

COUN­TRY

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

Japan

U.S.A.

Netherlanc

S.Korea

INDIA

U.S.A.

INDIA

INDIA

FREQU ENCY

344

194

155

154

141

134

114

96

90

84

PERCE­NTAGE

6.69

3.77

3,01

2.99

2.74

2.60

2.21

1.86

1.75

1,63

66

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26.

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

19

20

21

21

21

22

22

Jr. of Plant Nutrition

Jr. of Environmental Horticulture

Crop Research

Egyptian Jr. of Horticulture

RDA Jr. of Agriculture Science

Horticulture

Fruit Varieties Jr.

Gartenbauwissenschaft

Jr. of the Indian Potato Association

Australian Jr. of Experimental

Agriculture

Plant Cell Reports

Environmental Control in Biology

Canadian Jr. of Plant Science

Plant and Soil

Sarhad Jr, of Agriculture

American Jr. ofEnology

and Viticulture

Plant Breeding

INDIA

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.A.E.

USA.

U.S.A.

GERMANY

INDIA

AUSTRA­

LIA

U.K.

INDIA

CANADA

INDIA

PAKISTAN

U.S.A.

U.K.

80

77

75

69

64

62

60

48

45

45

43

41

41

41

39

39

1.55

1.49

1.45

1,34

1.24

1.20

1,16

0.93

0.87

0.87

0.83

0.79

0.79

0.79

0,75

0.75

67

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

23

23

24

25

26

26

27

28

28

29

30

30

31

31

32

Advances in Plant Sciences

Weed Technology

Communication in Soil Science and

Plant Analysis

Jr. of Arboriculture

Field Crops Research

Japanese Jr. of Crop Sc.

Crop Improvement

Research Bulletin of the Aichi-ken

Agricultural Research Centre

Seed Science and Technology

Seed Research

Bragantia

Plantation Recherche Developpment

Annals of Biology

Jr. of the Indian Society of Soil Science

American Potato Jr.

GERMANY

U.K.

U.S.A.

U.K.

NETHERLAND

JAPAN

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

BRAZIL

U.K.

INDIA

INDIA

U.S.A.

36

36

35

34

33

33

32

31

31

30

29

29

28

28

27

0.70

0.70

0.68

0.66

0.64

0.62

0.60

0.60

0.58

0.56

0.56

0,54

0.54

0.52

68

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

32

32

32

32

33

34

34

34

34

34

35

36

36

36

Bulletin of the Taichung District

Agricultural Improvement Station

Genetic Resources and Crop

Evaluation

Newzealand Jr. of Crop and

Horticultural Science

Theoretical and Applied Genetics

Indian Jr. of Plant Physiology

AgriculturaJ Science Digest

Ciencia Agrotechnologia

Experimental Agriculture

PKV Research Jr.

Sefskokhozyastuennaya Biologiya

Jr. of Agriculture Science and Food Chemistry

Albana Agricultural Experiment Station Auburn University Progress

Jr. of Agronomy and Crop Science

Tropical Agriculture

•

U.S.A.

NETHER-

LAND

NEWZEA­

LAND

CHINA

INDIA

INDIA

INDIA

INDIA

U.K.

U.K.

FINLAND

RUSSIA

INDIA

U.K.

27

27

27

27

26

25

25

25

25

25

24

20

20

20

0.52

0.52

0.52

0.52

0.50

0,48

0.48

0.48

0.48

0.48

0.46

0.38

0.38

0.38

69

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

37

37

37

38

38

39

39 '

39

39

39

39

39

40

40

40

40

41

Izvestiya Timiryazeuskoker s kokhozyaistvennai Akademii

Jr. of Agricultural Science

Jr. of the Science of Food and Agriculture

Biological Agriculture and Horticulture

In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Plant

Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment

Annals of Botany

Ciencia e Pratica

Economic Botany

Jr. of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research

Jr. of Genetics and Breeding

Netherlands Jr. of Agricultural Sciences

Acta Agronomica Hungarica

Arboricultural Jr.

Fertilizer Research

Jr. of Agricultural Association of China

RDA Jr. of Agricultural Science Upland and Industrial Crops

U.K.

INDIA

FINLAND

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.K.

POLAND

U.A.E.

U.K.

U.K.

NETHER-LAND

HUNGARV

U.K.

INDIA

CHINA

TAIWAN

19

19

19

18

18

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

16

16

16

16

15

0.36

0.36

0.36

0.35

0.35

0.33

0,33

0.33

0.33

0.33

0.33

0.33

0.31

0,31

0.31

0,31

0.29

70

73.

74.

75.

76.

11.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

42

42

42

42

42

43

43

43

43

44

44

44

44

44

44

Agriculture and Forest Meteorology

Breeding Science

Doklady Rossiskoi Akademiii SeF s kokhozyastvennykh Nauk

Jr. of Research Punjab Agricultural University

Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture

Agronomie

Arnoldia

Jr. of Medical and Aromatic Plant Sciences

RDA Jr. of Agricultural Science Biotechnology

Agricultural Research Centre

Annals of Applied Biology

Bulletin of the Yamaguchi Agricul­tural Experiment Station

Canadian Jr. of Botany

Indian Jr. of Experimental Biology

Investigacion Agraria Produccion y Protection Vegetables

NETHERLAND

CANADA

ARGENTINA

INDIA

CANADA

FRANCE

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

U.K.

U.K.

CANADA

INDIA

U.S.A.

14

14

14

14

14

13

13

13

13

12

12

12

12

12

12

0.27

0.27

0.27

0.27

0.27

0,25

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.23

0.23

0.23

0.23

0.23

0.23

71

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

103.

104.

44

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

46

46

46

46

46

46

46

46

JARQ

Acta Botanica Indica

Agricultural Water Management

Bangladesh Jr. of Botany

Bulletin of the Fruit and Tree Research Station

Crop Protection

Forest Research

Indian Jr. of Agricultural Research

Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg

Acta Agro Scandanavica Section B Soil and Plant Sc.

Agrokhimiya

Arkanas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Australian Jr. of Agricultural Research

Biology and Fertility of Soils

Dirasat Agricultural Science

Jr. International des sciences de la Vigneet duvin

Jr. of Plant Resources and Environment

JAPAN

INDIA

NETHERLAND

BANGLADESH

U.S.A.

U.K.

MALAYASIA

INDIA

BRAZIL

FRANCE

RUSSIA

U.S.A.

AUSTRALIA

GERMANY

JORDAN

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

12

11

11

l l

11

11

11

11

11

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

0.23

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

72

105.

106.

107,

108.

109.

110.

111.

112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

46

46

46

46

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

Jr, of Production Agriculture

Principes

RDA Jr. of Agriculture Science Soil and Fertilizer

Revista Mexicana de Micologia

Agronomy Jr.

Canadian Jr. of Soil Science

Jr. of Faculty of Agriculture kyushu University

Kagawa Daigaku Nogakubu Gakujutsu Hokoku

MARDI Journal

Molecular Breeding

Pakistan Jr. of Botany

Pertanika Jr. of Tropical Agricultural Science

Plant Science

Plant Varieties and Seeds

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

US Forest Service Jr. Technical Report PNW

U.K.

U.S.A.

FRANCE

MEXICO

U.S.A.

CANADA

INDIA

JAPAN

CAMEROON

U.S.A.

PAKISTAN

BRAZIL

GERMANY

GERMANY

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

10

10

10

10

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

0,17

0,17

0.17

0,17

0,17

0.17

0.17

0.17

0.17

0.17

0,17

0.17

73

121,

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

130.

131.

132.

133.

134.

135.

136.

47

47

48

48

48

48

48

48

48

48

49

49

49

49

49

49

Vyesti Akademii Ahranykh Navuk Byelarusi

Weed Science

Geobios

Indian Jr. of Mycology and Plant Pathology

Jr. of AgriculturalMeteorology

Jr. of Sericultural Sc. Of Japan

Nigerian Jr. of Botany

Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias

Universidad Nacional de Cuyo

WANATCA Yearbook

Biologia Plantarum

Gientifica

Discovery and Innovation

European Jr. of Agronomy

Jr. of Nuclear Agriculture and Biology

Phyton

BELARUS

U.S.A.

INDIA

INDIA

JAPAN

JAPAN

NIGERIA

ITALY

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

NETHERLANI

BRAZIL

KENYA

U.S.A.

INDIA

MEXICO

9

9

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

) 7

7

7

7

7

7

0.17

0.17

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.15

0.13

0.13

0.13

0.13

0.13

0.13

74

137.

138.

139.

140.

141.

142.

143.

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

153.

49

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

51

51

51

51

51

Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida Annual Proceedings

Acta Agrobotanica

Agro Forestry System

Arquivos de Biologiae Tecnologia

Fiziologiyori Biokhimiya Kulturnykh Rastenii

Indian Jr. of Natural Rubber Research

Cahiers Agricultures

Jr. of Korean Forestry Society

Jr. of Wine Research

Norsk Landbruksforsking

Outlook on Agriculture

Technical Bulletin of Faculty of Horticulture Chiba University

Bulgarian Jr. Of Plant Physiology

Egyptian Jr. of Soil Science

Irrigation Science

Jr. of Phytological Research

Malaysian Applied Biology

U.S.A.

JAPAN

RUSSIA

BRAZIL

UKRAINE

INDIA

FRANCE

S.KOREA

S.KOREA

NORWAY

NORWAY

U.S.A.

BULGARI/N

U.A.E.

SWEDEN

U.S.A.

MALAYSIA

7

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

. 5

5

5

5

5

0.13

0.11

0.11

0,11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

75

154.

155.

156.

157.

158,

159.

160.

161. 162.

163.

164.

165.

166.

167.

168.

169.

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

52 52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

Medelingen Facultait Land-boukundigeen Tolgepaste wetens Chappen Universiteict Gent

Mycological Research

Natural Medicines

Soil and Tillage Research

Soil Science Society of America Journal

Tree Physiology

Zeitschrift flier Lebesmitte Untursuchung Und-Forschung A

Acta Botanica Gallica Acta Physiologiae Plantarum

Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology

Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Auburn University Bulletin

Alimentaria

Annali della Facolta di Agraria Universita Studidi Agraria

Annals of Botany

Applied Plant Science

Canadian Agricultural Engineering

BELGIUM

GERMANY

U.S.A.

CANADA

U.S.A.

NIGERIA

U.S.A.

SPAIN POLAND

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

COLOMBIA

U.S.A.

U.K.

GERMANY

CANADA

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

4 4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0,09

0.09

0,09

0.07 0.07

0,07

0,07

0,07

0,07

0.07

0,07

0.07

76

170.

171.

172.

173.

174.

175.

176.

177.

178

179.

180.

181.

182.

183.

184

185

186.

187.

188.

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

Compost Science and Utilization

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

Current Science

Idesia

Jr. of Applied Botany

Jr. of Economic and Taxonomic Botany

Jr. of Experimental Botany

Jr. of Nuclear Agriculture and

Microbiology

Jr. of the National Science Council

of Sri Lanka

Korean Jr. of Mycology

Nature Biotechnology

Norwegian Jr. of Agriculture Sciences

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition

RDA Jr. of Agriculture Science Farm

Management Agriculture Engineering

Sericulture Mycology and Farm

Products Utilization

Revista de Ciencies Agrarias

Science Bulletin of the Faculty of

Agricultre Kyushu University

Turkish Jr, of Botany

Ukrayins'kyi Botanychnin Zhurnal

Zhongguo Zhongya'o Zazhi

U.S.A.

NETHERLAND

INDIA

INDIA

POLAND

U.S.A.

U.S.A.

INDIA

SRILANK^

S.KOREA

U.S.A.

NORWAY

INDIA

S.KOREA

ITALY

INDIA

TURKEY

UKRAINE

GERMANY

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

L 4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0

0.1184

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

( Ace. JVo )¥]

4: 'r^' 1 T" ,vct A.i •-•

77

TABLE 1.1

SHOWING RANGE OF FREQUENCY

S.No.

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

Frequency

Range

100

70-99

50-69

35-49

25-34

15-24

10-14

4-9

1-3

Total

No. of

Periodicals

7

6

4

12

22

21

36

80

244

432

No. of Items

1347

502

255

489

595

375

414

477

684

5138

Percentage

%

26.17

9.73

4,94

9.45

11.98

7.22

7.92

8.87

13.31

99.59

Cumulative

percentage

26.17

35,90

40.84

50.29

62.27

69.49

77.41

86.28

99,59

78

2 Countr^ise Distribution:

It is known fact that certain countries give more research output in a particular

subject. This information is very much useful not only for the information managers in

finalizing the subscription Hst of periodicals but also for the research scholars as they tend to

know the countries that are leaders in the field.

Table 2 contains a list of 105 countries producing research material on

Horticulture. These countries have been ranked on the basis of frequency of occurrence of

items. It was observed that 23.16% of articles were published from U.S.A. only. This is

followed by India and Japan which produce 17.12% and 9.45% research items respectively.

The analysis not only shows the most potent countries of research on Horticulture

but also indicates the wide coverage of Biological Abstracts, as the pubhcation from 105

countries of the world have been hsted.

79

TABLE - 2

COUNTimVISE DISTRIBUTION

S.No.

01 02

03 04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11 12 13

14

15

16 17 18

19

20

21

22

RANK

1 2

3 4

5

6

7

7

8

9

10 11

12

12

13

14 15

16 17

18

19

20

NAME OF THE COUNTRY

U.S.A. INDIA

JAPAN S.KOREA

U.K.

CANADA

AUSTRALIA

SPAIN

FRANCE

NEWZEALAND

BRAZIL ITALY

EGYPT

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

RUSSIA CHINA

PAKISTAN ISRAEL

TAIWAN

MEXICO

NIGERIA

FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE

1190 880

486 259

230

133

126

126

123

122

113 88 87

87

85

79

62 56

53

51

40

37

PERCENT-TAGE

23.16 17.12

9.45

5.04

4.47

2.58

2.45

2.45

2.39

2.37

2.19

1.71

1.69

1.69

1.65

1.53

1.20

1.08

1.03

0.99

0.77

0.72

80

23 24 25.

26.

27. 28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33. 34.

35. 36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41. 42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49. 50.

51. 52.

53. 54.

21 22

23 23

23

24

25

25

26

27

28

28 29 30

31

32

33

33

33

34

34

34

34

35

36

37

37 38 38

39

39

39

POLAND S. AFRICA

DENMARK

GREECE PORTUGAL NORWAY

BELGIUM

MALAYSIA

UKRAINE SYRIA

URGENTINA BANGLADESH

BELARUS

JORDAN

FINLAND

AUSTRIA

HUNGARY

KENYA

TURKEY

BULGARIA

HONG KONG

SRI LANKA

SWEDEN

COLOMBIA

WEST INDIES CHILE

THAILAND

PHILLIPPINES SWITZERLAND

CZECH REPUBLIC

GUAM

KOREA

34 31

28

28

28

24

22

22

21

20

19

19 18

16

15

13

12

12

12

11

11

11

11

10

9

8 8

7 7 6

6

6

0.66

0.60

0.54

0.54

0,54

0.46

0.42

0.42

0.40

0.38

0.36

0.36

0.35

0.31

0,29

0.25

0.23

0.23

0.23

0,21

0,21

0,21

0,21

0.19

0.17

0.15

0.15 0.13 0.13 0.11

0.11

0,11

81

55. 56.

57. 58. 59. 60.

61.

62.

63. ^

64.

65.

66.

67. 68. ^ 69.

70,

71.

72. 73.

74. 75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82. 83.

84.

85. 86.

39 39

40

40 40

40

40

41

41

41

42

42

42

42

42

42

42 42

43

43

43 43

43

43

43

43

43

43

43

43

43

43

PERU SAUDI ARABIA

OMAN SINGAPORE UGANDA

YUGOSLAVIA

ZIMBABWE

ALGERIA

IRELAND

VENEZUELA

COSTA RICA

ESTONIA

ETfflOPIA INDONESIA

SLOVAKIA

SUDAN

TOBAGO U.A.E. BOLIVIA

CROTIA

CUBA GHANA

IRAN

IRAQ

MALAWI

MOROCCO

NEW CALEDONIA

SENEGAL SLOVENIA

TANZANIA

TUNISIA

TURKMENISTAN

6 6

5

5 5

5

5

4

4

4

3

3

3

3 3

3

3

3

2

2

2 2

2

2

2

2

2

2 2

2

2

2

on 0.11

0.09

0.09 0.09

0.09

0.09

0.07

0.07

0.07 0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.03

82

87. 88.

89. 90. 91.

92.

93 94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103 104 105

44 44 44 44 44

44

44 44

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

44

44 44

44

BURKINA-FASO CAMEROON

COTED IVOIRE

CYPRUS GUATEMALA

HONDURAS

IVORY COAST

JAMAICA

LIB AN

LATVIA

MALI

NEW GUINEA

QATAR

ROMANIA

TOGO

TUNISIE .

WEST AFRICA YEMEN ZAIRE

TOTAL 5138

0.01 0.01

0.01 0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01 0.01 0.01

83

Lil

LU in

Z 3 O H O 3

Z 5 h- O Z LU tn LU cr: QL UJ

<

< CO 3 s

<

Q Z •

< LU

< o

a a ^ 3 •

< C/)

< LU Z X < t O O B B

CO LU Q: H Z D o o

in o lo o Lo o LO "^ ' ^ CO CO CM Csl - r -

LO O

3yniv>J3in

3. Yearwise Distribution:

Currency of information is an important factor for any good abstracting service.

The main objective of the chronological study is to find out current information published by

Biological Abstracts. This study is too much useful in knowing the currency of information

and also in knowing the most productive year of items ranked. Through this study, we

know that how many articles were published in which year.

Table 3 shows the chronological scattering of all references. It gives the number

of items pubUshed in the volumes of 1996-97 in biological abstract in different years. It is to

be observed that the frequency of occurrence of items in the volume of 1996 was the highest

i.e., 1585 for the same year and that of 1997 the frequency of occurrence was 1434 which

was again the highest for that year. However, the total percentage of the frequency of

occurrence of items in both the volumes of Biological Abstract was the highest i.e., 50.56%

in 1996. This is followed by 1997 and 1995 with a total percentage of frequency of

occurrence as 27.90% and 19.85%) respectively. For the year 1993 and 1994 the total

percentage of frequency of occurrence is 0,13%i and 1.53%) respectively. For the years 1991

and 1992 references have not been published in the volumes of 1996 and 1997 of Biological

Abstract.

85

TABLE - 3 YEARWISE DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS

S.No

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Period of origin

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

TOTAL

Frequency of occurrence of

items in

Volume 1996

-

-

7

76

934

1585

-

2602

Volume 1997

-

-

-

3

86

1013

1434

2536

Total Frequency of Occurrence

-

-

7

79

1020

2598

1434

5138

Percentage Frequency of Occurrence

-

-

0.13

1.53

19.85

50.56

27.90

99.97

Cumulative Percentage Frequency

-

-

0.13

1.66

21.51

72.07

99.97

86

s m 1 -wmim

Li .

o z o H 3 CQ •MM

Q: 1 -0)

m (0

i: 0^ < UJ > -

o z J-

z UJ (0 LU Q: Q. LU 0^

CM"

s s o <

o

c a

<D / lO /

1

3 O > to

O)

CM

I I

o o '•J CO

adnivaain

lO 00 O)

\ f^ \ *^

X T ~

1 ~ - 1

o o c csj ^

to CD CD CD

<D

T—

ID

CD 'tr-

0 ) T—

to

- Oi 0)

lO CO

- o> o>

CO C3>

CSj" h cn > °? » v^

4. Languagewise Distribution:

The main objective of this type of study is to find out the most dominant language

or languages in which the literature on the subject 'Horticulture' is being produced.

Language plays a significant role in the exchange of scientific information. Information

about the most dominant language is very much useful for the librarians in the acquisition of

periodicals and provision of translation services to the user.

Table 4 shows that the total number of items (5138) were published in 22

different languages. Out of which English was found to be the most dominant language, as

4163 items constituting 81.02% were reported to be published in that language. The

second position is occupied by Korean Literature, in which 244 items constituting 4.74%

were reported in two volumes of Biological Abstract. The third, fourth and fifth position

were occupied by, Japanese (4.57%)), Russian (1.81%) and Portugese (1.71%o). About

6.01% of the total literature on Horticulture is being published in other languages.

Thus, the most dominant language of scientific communication on Horticulture is

found to be English, followed by Korean, Japanese, Russian and Portugese languages.

TABLE - 4

LANGUAGE WISE DISTRIBUTION

S.No.

1.

2.

3.

4,

5,

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

14

15

15

15

16

17

17

17

Name of the language

ENGLISH

KOREAN

JAPANESE

RUSSIAN

PORTUGESE

CHINESE

FRENCH

GERMAN

SPANISH

BELORUSIAN

UKRAINESE

NORWEGIAN

AFRICAN

ITALIAN

SWEDISH

ARABIC

BULGARLW

TURKISH

POLISH

COOATION

CZECHOSLOVAKIAN

INDONESLW

Frequency occurrence

4163

244

235

93

88

83

70

52

47

19

9

8

5

4

4

3

3

3

2

1

1

1

Frequency %

81.02

4.74

4.57

1.81

1.71

1.61

1,36

1.01

0.91

0.36

0.17

0.15

0.09

0.07

0.07

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.03

0.01

0.01

0.01

Cumulative frequency %

81.02

85.76

90.33

92.14

93.85

95.46

96.82

97.83

98.74

99.01

99.27

99.42

99.51

99.58

99.65

99.70

99.75

99.80

99.83

99.85

99.86

99.87

89

o

00

O

m a: I -(0 G Lij ^ CO

LU LU CD t : <

O z <

CO

<

o <

CO

0*4

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O > 0 0 N * < O l O ^ C 0 < N | ^

adniv^ain

5. Subject wise Distribution:

Usually, the information on a given subject is published in the journals belonging

to the same subject. But, sometimes some of the vital information has been found in some

related disciplines of the subject. This phenomena is called scattering. The present analysis

has been done to know the scattering of literature of Horticulture in other subject fields. I

have consulted 'Ulrich International Periodical directory' to determine the subject field of

periodicals. Out of a total of 432 titles, 8 periodicals could not be traced in the directory

and therefore, have been put under the category Unknown.

It is observed from Table 5 that all the collected items belong to 28 different

subject areas which have been ranked from 1 to 20 on the basis of frequency of occurrence

of articles. The analysis shows that 56.81% of the literature belongs to Gardening and

Horticulture, 24.17% belongs to Agriculture, 6.18%) belongs to Crop Production and Soil,

3.89%) belongs to Biology. The frequency of occurrence of items in other subjects is less

than 1%. However, even such a negligible percentage of literature published in different

subject fields constitutes a significant amount of literature that might be usefial for

Horticulture specialists and scholars.

91

TABLE - 5

SUBJECT WISE DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS

S.No

1,

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Rank

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

07

08

09

10

10

Subject Area

GARDENING AND

HORTICULTURTE

AGRICULTURE

CROP PRODUCTION AND SOIL

BIOLOGY

BOTANY

ENTOMOLOGY

GENETICS

MICROBIOLOGY

FORESTS AND FORESTRY

BIOTECHNOLOGY

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

METEOROLOGY

Frequency

Occurrence

2919

1242

318

200

49

47

45

45

32

20

19

19

Frequency

%

56.81

24.17

6.18

3.89

0.95

0.91

0.87

0.87

0.62

0.38

0.36

0.36

Cumulative

Frequency %

56.81

80.98

87.16

91.05

92

92.91

93.78

94.65

95.27

95.65

96.01

96.37

92

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20. "^

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

10

11

12

12

12

12

13

14

14

15

16

17

18

19

19

20

21

TOXICOLOGY

CONSERVATION

POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK

BIOCHEMISTRY

FOOD AND FOOD INDUSTRIES

SCIENCE: COMPREHENSIVE WORKS AGRICULTURE - ABSTRACTING, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, STATISTICS BEVERAGES

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

MEDICAL SCIENCES

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES : WASTE MANAGEMENT AGRICULTURE - FEED, FLOUR AND GRAIN AGRICULTURE - COMPUTER APPLICATIONS BIOPHYSICS

CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY

PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY UNKNOWN

TOTAL

19

16

15

15

15

15

14

12

12

11

10

7

6

3

3

2

8

5138

0.36

0.31

0.29

0.29

0.29

0.29

0.27

0.23

0.23

0.21

0.19

0.13

0.11

0.05

0.05

0.03

0.15

99,85

96.73

97.04

97.33

97.62

97.91

98.2

98.47

98.7

98.93

99.14

99.33

99.46

99.57

99.62

99.67

99.7

99.85

93

o Lil

m s 3 Ml (0 H

^ o 1— _ 7 Z

W H LU D Q: CD

' * Q S LU

Si <

o

C

T -

00 CD LO

C CO

c c -^

- ^ 3 o <i o = ^

o x < o S 1 1 i +

r-•

CM

00 •

<D

w

D O O O O O C

CN

-

T —

D CD i n ^ CO csi T"

6. Form wise Distribution:

Information is available in a variety of forms namely periodicals, conference

proceedings, research reports, letters, bulletins, patents etc. The main objective of this study

is to find out most used form of source material. It will help the information scientists and

their users to know the most dominant forms of documents in which information is being

produced on the subject.

Table 6 gives the form wise distribution of items. It was found from the analysis

that periodical articles are the most dominant form in which scientific .information is

communicated in Horticulture. It is obvious from the fact that 95.17% literature on the

subject appeared in form of periodical articles. Bulletins and research reports constitute

2.02% and 1.61%) of the total, while the other forms like Digest, Conference Proceedings,

Yearbooks, Newsletters and Technical Reports constitute less than Wo. ,

This analysis may help the information scientist decide as to which forms of

documents he has to procure in the library to meet the information requirements of the

researchers in the field of Horticulture.

95

TABLE - 6

FORM WISE DISTRIBUTION

S.No.

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Name of the Form

ARTICLE

BULLETIN

REPORT

DIGEST

RESEARCH REPORT

CONFERENCE

PROCEEDINGS

YEARBOOK

NEWSLETTERS

TECHNICAL REPORT

TOTAL

Frequency

occurrence

4890

104

83

24

15

11

8

2

1

5138

Frequency

%

95T7

2.02

1.61

0.46

0.02

0.21

0.15

0.03

0.01

99.68

Cumulative

frequency %

95.17

97.19

98.8

99.26

99.28

99.49

99.64

99,67

99.68

96

s

r= LL

z2 HI Z (/) O

LU ~ (^ Q

. K U) </)

S o < UJ

O 5 < >

Q o o

a: 3 < DO \ +

IT) ^ ,

i 1 1 1

o o o o c 00 CD ' ^ CN

39VlN30d3d

CN

~

X -

D

7. Ranking of Authors:

There are certain eminent personalities in every subject field who achieve

recognition through their research and writings. These personalities form the backbone in

their own subjects. The main objective of this study is to find out authors whose

contributions are significant in the field of Horticulture. For this purpose, a ranking list of

eminent authors has been given in Table 7, in the order of their frequency of occurrence.

Analysis shows that 638 items (12.41%) were contributed by single author, 1525 items

(29.68%) by two authors and 2975 items (57.90%)) by more than two authors. Therefore

we can say that trend of research in the field of Horticulture is joint efforts involved to

complete a research project. It may be due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of

research topics. The first three eminent authors in the field are : Simonne, Eric (25 items),

Johnson, B. J. (9 items), Singh, K.B. (9 items).

The present ranking list may help in knowing the latest significant contributors in

Horticulture. Such authors may be given due place in the bibliographical services provided

in the subject.

98

TABLE - 7

RANKING OF AUTHORS

S.No.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Rank

1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Name of the Author

SMONNE, ERIC JOHNSON, B. JACK SINGH, KB. BASSETT, MARK J. CLARK, JOHN R, RUSSO, V.M. SHIRAISHI, SHIN-ICHI BIEMOND, H. CRAUFURD, P.Q. HOSOKI, TAKASHI REYNOLDS, AG. ARGO, WILLIAM R. BESSLER, B. EL-SAEID, H.M. FOOLAND, MR. GOLDMAN, I.L. GUERTAL, E.A. HANDRECK, KELVIN A. ISMAIL, MOHD. RAZI JIM, e x . KANG, JUM SOON MATSUBARA, YOH-ICHI PATIL, S.S.D. SINGER, S.M. TAKAMURA, TAKEJIRO WARADE, S.D. YAMAMOTO, TAKAMORI YAMASHITA, MASATAKA YOON, JAE TAK

Frequency

25 9 9 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

99

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

ABDUL-BAKI, A.A. ABOU-ELADID, A.F. AHN, GWIYEAN BIRADAR, B.D. BRASS, THOMAS J. BREDMOSE, NIELS CHANG, CHIH-SHENG CHAUDHARI, H.K. CHEN, K. ERSKINE, W. EVANS, MICHAEL R. FARDOSSI, ADEL FERREE, DAVID C, GARNER, JAMES M. HAMK), A. HAMPSON, CHERYL R. HUETT, D.O. HUSSAIN, M.S. ITO, AKIKO JAISWAL, V.P. LANGE, DIANA L. LAVI, U. LAYNE, RICHARD EC. MYERS, J.R. NDUNG^U, C. KAMANDE NILSAMRANCHIT, SURIN OKANO, KUNIO ORTIZ, R. OSAKI, MITSURU PANDITA, V.K. PERIERA-LORENZO, S. RAB, ABDUR ROY,K. SAMAL, K.M. SHIRAISHI, M. SINGH, A.R. SINGH, S.P. SON, KI-CHEOL

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

100

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 11 78 79 80 81

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

SONG, CHEON YOUNG SPARKS, DARRELL STERN, R.A. WANGE, S.S, WENNER, TODD C. WIDODO, SOESILADI E. WURR,D.C.E. YAMEDA, MASAHIKO YEH, D.M. YEOUNG, YOUNG R. ABDEL-NABY, A. ALBREGTS, E.E. ALLEYNA, VICTORINE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ANDERSON, J.A.D, BAKKEN, ANNE KJERSTI BIJARNIA, H.S. BOOIJ, R.L. BOSKOVIC, R. BOUND, S.A. BOYES, STERWART BURGER, D.W. BURGESS, P.J. CALKINS, JAMES B. CARAMORI, P.H. CARROW, R.N. CARUSO, J. CAVERO, JOSE CHAUDHARI, S.M. CHO,DOO-HYUN CHOI, YE. CLARK, G.E. CONNER, PATRICK J. CRESTE, JOSE EDVARDO DAMASCO, OP. DED, V.N. DELTREDICI, PETER

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

101

105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

DEVI, D.S. RADHA DRAGLANG, STEINAR DROSSOPOULAS, J.B. ECKSTEIN, K. EMAMI, M.K. ENDO, MUNEO EVERAARTS, A.P. FISHER, PR. FOSHEE,WG. FOUSEKA, HEMAL D. FUKUOKA, NOBUYUKI GABR, MAHDIA F. GALLETTA, GENE J. GENET, R.A. GENY, LAURENCE GLENN, D. MICHAEL GREEN, S.R. GUMBER, R.K. GUU, J M WEN HAN, YOUN YOL HARBAUGH, BRENT K. HARTZ, T.K, HAZRA, P. HIRIMBUREGAMA, K. HORNING, R. HOWARD, B.H. HUAGE, Y.H. IBRAGMOV, V.K. JEFFERIES, R.A. JENNI, SYLVIE JEONG, HAL-BOONG KAI, KAZUHIRO KANG, JANG GOO KANO, YASUTAKA KAWAI, YOSHITAKA KILICHEWAKI, A.V. KILILI, A.W. KIM, JONG HWA

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 J

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

102

143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

KLOCK, KIMBERLY A. KOBAYASHI, NOBUO KOLI, B.D. KOOL, M.T.N. LAMADE, E. LANE, W.D, LEE, JONG SUK LEE, TRAE IK LIN, TIEN-CHIN LOPEZ, F.B. LOSS, S.P. LOUE, STEPHEN L. MAIER, N.A. MARLER, THOMAS E. MAULA, FAZAL KMCGUIGAN, PATRICK J. MILLER, DP. MOORE, PATRICK P. MORTENSEN, LEIV M. MUHAMMAD, SHER NAGARAJU, A.P. NESMITH, D. SCOTT NIVMI, YOSHIJI O'BRIEN, TARA A. ODEIGAH, P.G.C. PANDEY, LS.K. PARK, KWANG JUN PARK, S.J. PERCIVAL, GLYNN PIEZ, DAVID PODWYSZYNSKA, M. PRASAD, CHANDRESHWAR QIAN, Y.L. RA, SANG-WOOK RAM, M. RANALLI, P. REITZ, S.R. SAHANE,D.V.

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

103

181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8

SALAMA, G.M. SANDERSON, KEVIN R. SAXENA, K.K. SCHNEIDER, KRISTIN A. SHARMA, B.D. SHARMA, S.K. SHIBLI, R.A, SIDDIQUI, S. SINGH, D.N. SINGH, I.D. SINGH, J.P. SNOWBALL,ANGELA M.

STAMPS, R.H. STAUB, JACK E. SUH, JONG-TAEK TAGLIAVINI, M. TAMURA, FUMIO THERON, K.I. THOMPSON, T.E. THOMPSON, THOMAS L. TENG, W.L. TREHAN, S.P. TSAI, YI-FONG VAN DER MEULEN-MUISERS VERMA, M.M. VOS, J.G.M. WANG, M, WANKHADE, R.V, WATANAME, K.N. WUENSCHE, JENS N. XU, H.L. YAKUSHIJI; HIROSHI YOSHIDA, SATOSHI ZHANG, X.P. ZIMMERMAN, RICHARD H. ZUKER, AMIR ABDEL-WAHEB, A.M. AHMAD, MAQBOOL

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2

104

219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

AHMAD, NAZEER AHN, GWIYEON AL-BACHIR, M. ALEXANDER, JOHN H. AL-KARAKI, G.N. AMARANTHUS, MICHAEL ANDHALE, B.M. ANISKO, TOMASZ ARMITAGE, A.M. ARORA, RAJEEV ARSENAULT, W.J. ARYA, M.P.S. ASADU, CHARLES LA. ASHBURNER, G.R. ATANASSOVA,BISTRA AULT, JAMES R. AYAZ, FAIK AHMED BABOO, R. BADAWI, M.A. BAGAL, P.K. BANAFAR, R.N.S. BANGSANG-WOO BANNISTER, N.R. BAR, Y. BARROS, RAIMUNDA S. BATEN, M. ABDUL BATES, RICK M. BAY, A.P.M. BELAKABIR, A. BELLINDER, ROBIN R. BEN CHEKROUN, M. BENZ, J.S. BEYER, DAVID M. BHAT, K.L. BHATTACHARYA, M.K. BHOPLE,R.S. BICKNELL, R.A. BOGOMAZOU, N.P.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

105

257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

BONNIER, F.J.M. BORDELON, B.P. BOYDSTON, R.A. BOYLE, THOMAS H. BRAMLAGE, WILLIAM J. BRAR, M.S. BURGOS, L. BURGOS, NILDA R. BUSSI, C. BYARI, S.H. CAMPBELL, JAMES A. CAO, WEIXING CARDENAS, C.A. CASTELLANOS, J.Z. CHAND, POORAN CHANDLER, C.K. CHARLE, R. BRUCE CHAUDHARI, VINOD KUMAJ CHANG, HYUN-YOU CHART ZOULAKIS, K. CHAUHAN, Y S. CHEN, JUN CHO, JA YONG CHOI, DONG-JIN CHOI, IN-HU CHOI, JONG MYUN CHOI, SANG TAI CHOI, YE. CHUNG, HEE-DON CHUNG, JIN-HWAN CLEMENT, CHARLES R. COLON-GUASP, WILFREDO CORLEY, W.L. CORTRELL, JESSICA M. CONICELLA, C. COSTELLA, L.R. COWLING, W.A. CROSSAN, L.K.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

106

295 296 297 298 299 300

301 302 303 304

305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318

319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332

8 8

8 8 8 8 8 8

8 8

8

8

8

8 8 8 8 8 8 8

CSIZINSZKY, A, A. DAMKE, M.M. DAPOIGNY, L. DAR, M.A. DAS, S.N. DECOSTA, W.A.J.M. DEMAGANTE, A.L. DENIS, FRANK G. JR. DERUITER, HA. DESWAL,D.P. DE, VRIES I.M. DIAS, LUIZ ANTONIO DIXIT, J.P. DODDS, GEORGE T. DOIJOIDE, S.D. DOKOOZLIAN, N.K. DORCUS, D. DRAGAVTSEVA, I.A. DRORY, AMIR DUBOUZET, J.G. DUKES, PHILIP D. DUNN, DIANA E. DUSSERT, STEPHANE EGUCHI, T. EDSON, C.E. EHLENFELDT, M.K. EHLERS, J.D. EKEBERG, EGIL EL-GHANDOUS, lA. EL-HABBASHA, K.M. ERIESSON, N.A. ESHED, YUVAL ETIENNE, H. EVANS, J. FERNANDEZ, G.E. FERY, R.L. FUPSE, E. PONTES, P.C.R

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

107

333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352. 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

FRANCIS, P.B, FRANCO, J.A. FRIETAS, B.M. FRY, JACK D. FUCKS, MARCEL FUTANE, D.N. GABRYSZEWSKA, ELEOMORA GAIT AN HERNANDEZ, R. GALYUON, IK.A, GARBER, M.P. GARNER, LAUREN C. GEORGE, A.P. GERA, HITENDRA K. GELL, J.S. GILMAN, EDWARD F, GIOVANNINI, ANNALISA GOH, K.M. GOLDSCHMIDT-REISCHEL, ERICH GOPAL, J. GORA, DR. GRAFTON, K.F. GRAHAM, HEATHER A. HATT GRAHAM, J. GRAIFENBERG, A. GRANGER, RAYMOND L. GRANT, R. STANLEY GRAVES, WILLIAM R. GROCHOWSKA, MARIA J. GULDAN, LSTEVEN J. GUNES, AYDIN GUPTA, V.P. GUPTON, CREIGHTON L. GWOZDECKI, JOZEF HAGGAG, LAILA, F. HAK-KI, SHIN HALEPYATl, A.S. HALL, F.R, HANNA,W.

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

108

371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

HARBAGE, J.F. HARUKI, KAZUHISA HAVEY, MICHAEL J, HAWLADES, M.S.H. HAYASHI, TORU HEIBERG, NINA HERFNANDEZ, L.E. HELMY, Y.H. HEV\/ELINK, E. HIDE, G.A. HINESLEY, L. ERIW HIRATSUKA, SHIN HO, JUNG-HSIANG HONG, JIO HENN HONG, SE JIN HONG, TUN-HI HOPANSON, STAN C. HORN, LC.P. HSIEH, CHING-FANG HUH, KUM YANG IGOUNET, 0, ILBAY, LM. ERTUGRUL IMANISm, HIDEO INAGAKI, NOBORU INAMOTO, KATSUHIKO INGALE, B.V. INOMATA, YUJI TRIAWATI, HIROSHIMIYAK ISHIZAKA, HIROSHI ISLAM, A.F.M. SAIFUL ISLAM, MD. SHAHIDUL ISOBE, KATSUNORI ISRAELI, Y. ITO, DAIYU ITOH, MATSUO JADHAV, V.T. JANG, SUK-WOO JAMES, DAVID J.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

109

409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446

...

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

JEONG, LBYEONG-CHOON JEONG, LYEON K. JETT, LEWIS W. JEUFFROY, MARIE-HELENE JHON, A.Q. JOHNSON, PAUL G. JOURDAN, CHRISTAPHE JOYAL, ELAINE JOYCE, DC, KADNER, R. KAGA, A. KAHARAGI, ESTHER M, KAHN, LBRIAN A. KALPANA, R. KAMIMURA, CHIKASHI KANEKO, KAZUHIKO KANWAR, J.S. KATAOKA, IKUO KATO, HIROYUKI KATO, LM. KAWAGISHI, KOJI KEPPEL, HERBERT KERRIGAN, RICHARD W. KHATTARI, SAYED K. KIM, DEOG-SU KM, HONG-YUL KM, JEAM-KUK KM, JIN-SOO KM, SUNG-EUN KM, TAE JOUNG KIMURA, PAULO H. KINTZIOS, SE. KJELGREN, ROGER KLEINHENZ, V. KLINAC, D.J. KODAIRA, EIICHI KOMAI, FUMINORI KONOKOU, P F.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

110

447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

KOOMAN, P L . KOPSELL, DEAN A. ROSTOV, 0. KOSTYUKK, V.I. KOTUR, S.C. KOUL, AJAY KOZAI, TOYOKI KRASOVA,N.G. KRYUCHKOU, A.V. KSHIRASAGAR, C.R. KU, CATHERINE S.M. KUBOTA, AKI KUBOTA, CHIERI KUDOU, AJAY KUDOU, RIKA KUMAR DHARMENDER KUMAR, KAMINl KUMAR, NARENDRA KUMAR, RAMESH KURASHASHI, TAKAO KURDALI, F. KURODA, HASUYUKI KWACK, BEYOUNG HWA KWOK, CHAN-YTNG LAKSHMANAN, P. LAL, GOPAL LAMRANI, Z. LANCASTER, I.E. LANE, RONALD LARSEN, FENTON E. LARSSON, LISBETH LASHERMES, P. LASSEIGNE, F. TODD LATUSHKIN, V.V. LAURI, PEIRRE-ERIC LI, Y.C. LI, LONGYUN LIN, HSIN-SHAN

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

111

485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

LIN, JINN-TSAIR LINDGREN, DALE T, LINDSAY, G.C. LING, JING-TIAN LIU, HAIBO LIU, YOUNQING MA, YAN MAAROE, MUHAMED GHAWAS

MACKAY, WAYNE A, MACTAVISH, HAZEL S. MAGDALITA, PABLITO M. MALIK, R.S. MAMOUN, MICHELE MANLEY, RESSER C. MARSAL, JORDI MARSH, K.B. MARTIN, P.J. MARTINEZ, M.C. MATAA, MEBELO MAYNARD, BRIAN K. MCARTNEY, STEVEN J. MCCARTY, LAMBERT B. MCDONALD, RE. MCLAREN, G.E. MCMOHAN, M.J. MCPHARLIN, I.R. MEGLIC, ULADDVUR MENARD, C. MERWIN, IAN A. MIA, M. WAHIDUZZAMAN MIAH, M. GIASHUDDIN MICHAEL, N.N. MDCA, AUGUSTYN MILLER, GRADY L. MILLS, T.M. MISENER, G.C. MIYAJIMA, DAIICHIRO MOHAMED, MAHASEN A.H.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

112

523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

MOON, DOO-YOUNG MOOT, DERRICK JAN MORAGHAN, JOHN T. MORENO-CASELLES, J. MUJTB, A, MUNI RAM MURAGE, EPHRAIM N. NAGARTA, KENJI NAIK, L.B. NAIK, PRAKASH S. NAKAMURA, MITSUO NAM, SANG YOUN NANDAL, T.R. NANDEKAR, D.N. NAOR, A. NARAGUMA, JOSEPH NEWMAN, STEVEN E. NIJENSOHN, LEON NJOROGE, J.M. NOBLE, R. NOBOUOKA, TAKASHI NORCINI, JEFFREY G. NOVY, RICHARD G. NYEKI,J. ODA, MASAYUKI OGALE, V.K. OGASAWARA, NOBUYOSHI OGATA, TATSUSHT OGATA, TSUNEO OHLER, TRACY A. OKASHA, K.A. OKIE, W.R. OKPARA,D.A. OKUBO, MASATAKA OLADIRON, J.A. OLASANTON, F.O. OLIVIERA, PATRICIA D.D. OSWALD, A.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

113

561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

PASSAN, H.C. PASTERNAK, D. PATAKAS, A, PAXIL, B.N. PAVAN, M.A. PERRY, LP. PHILIP, TOMY PILL, WALLACE G. PODESTA, LIDIA POLISETTY, REGHUVEER POMMER, CELSO VALDEVINO POOLER, MR. PRAKASH, O.M. PRIVE, JEAN PIERRE PROHENS, J. PROIETTI, P. QASEM, J.R. RAO, A.R. RAO, S.K. RAMGIRY, S.R. RAMANA, B.S. RANA, G.S. REDDY, G. SUBBI REDDY, L.J. REDDY, Y.T.N. REEVES, A.F. REID, J.B. REISCH, B.I. REPELLIN, ANNE REYES, TRINIDAD ROITMAN, G. GERMAN ROTHENBURGER, W. ROTTENBERG, AARON ROBERTS-NKRUMAH, LB. ROE, NANCY E. ROBINSON, DARREN K. ROKKA, VELI-MATTI ROMERO, ARANDA R.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

114

599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 •

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

ROSA, EDVARDOA.S. RICHERF-LECLERC, C. RIVANO, F. RUIZ, DIONISIO RUIZ, JUAN J. RUTER, JOHN M. SAAYMAN, D, SAINDON, G, SAINI, J,P. SAITI, YAOKO SAKAI, KOZO SAMUDIO, SUSAN H. SANDORD, L.L. SANGAKKARA, U.R. SANKHLA, DAKSHA SANSAVINI, S. SANTAMARIA, PIETRO S ANT AMOUR, FRANK S. JR. SAUNDERS, P.J. SAP ATE, A.R. SARKAR, R.K. SATTI, S.M.E. scHUPP, J:R. SCHOPKE, CHRISTAIN SCHUCH, URSULA SEAGER, NICKY G. SELLMANN, MARK J. SEN, JAYANTI SERNA, M.D. SEXTON, P.J. SHARMA, A.B. SHARMA, RAJIV K. SHER REHMAN SHERMAN, W.B. SHIN, HAK-KI SHIMADA, YUKDCO SHRESTHA, YOGESH HARI SIDHU, A.S.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

115

637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

SIMON PHILLIP W. SINGH, ANUPA SINGH, AZAD SINGH, B.B. SINGH, GAVENDRA PAL SINGH, GYANENDRA SINGH, J.V. SINGH, K.P, SINGH, M.V. SINGH, SAJJAN SINGH, VN. SINGH, ZILE SMITH, A.L, SOLANO, X. SONG, JEONG-SEOB SPARNAAIJJ, L.D, STUBBS, HUNTER L. STALIN, P. STELLING, D. STEPHENSON, R.A, STEVENSON, E.G. STINO, R.G. STIRZAI^ER, R.J. STORLIC, CRAIG A. SUBHANULLAH, MOHD. ISHTIAQ SUD, K.C. SURYAVANSHI, Y.B. SUZUKI, AKIRA SYVERTSEN, J.P. TACHIBANE, S. TAGLIAVINI, N. TAHIR, M. TAI, CHEN-YANG TAKAGAKI, MICHIKO TAKEDKA, TADASHI TAMBOLI,B.D. TAN, S.L, TANI, AKIRA

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

116

675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

TARUMOTO, ISAO TAYA, J S. TAYADE, G.S. UENO, KEI-ICHIRO UGURU, N.I. UGWU, B.O. UMAHARAN, P. UNRUH, J.B. UPADYSHEV, M.T. URRESTARAZU, M. VALIA, R.Z. VAN DEN BERG, J.H. VANDER WALT, DAVID I. VAN DOORN, W.G. VAN lEPEREN, W. VANNIARAJAN, C. VAN PIJLEN, J.C. VERAMENDI, J. VLASAAK, KATRIEN VODENICHAROVA, MARGARITA VOLZ, RICHARD K. VUYLSTEKE, DIRK R. WALSH, LB.D. WALTON, E.F. WANG, SHIPING WANN, F.V. WARKENTIN, T.D. WARRINTON, I.J. WATAD, ABED A. WATERER, DOUG WEIR, B.J. WERNETT, HEIDI C. WHILEY, A.W. WHITE, JEFFREY W. WHITMAN, CATHERINE M. WIDDERS, IRVIN E. WILLIAMS, C.M.J. WILLIAMS, KIMBERLY A.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

• 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

117

713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740

..-

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

WILLIAMSON, J.G. WOLPERT, JAMES A, WOO, YOUNG- HOE WOOD, BRUCE W. WORLEY, RAY E. XIA, M.Z. XIAO, XING-GUO YADAV, JANARDAN YAHATA, DAIJIROU YAMADA, RYOZU YAMAGUCHI, TAKASHI YAMAMOTO, I. YAMAMOTO, MASASHI YAM.AZAKI, HIROKO YAN, GUIJUIN YANG, WEI-QIANG YAZOOB, MOHD. YOOM, HAE-SOON YONEMORI, KEIZO YOO, KILSUN YOO, YONGKWEON YOSHIDA, YUICHI YULIAN, Y. FUJIME ZAKRA, N. ZEBROWSKA, J. ZERCHE, S. ZHOU, ZAIZHI ZORNOZA, P.

- : . . , . .

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

118

CHAPTER-V

1. APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS:

After the analysis and interpretation of data, the next step is application of

Bibliometric laws, which will be applied on the analyzed data to check their validity,

LI BRADFORD'S LAW OF SCATTERING:

This law states that "If a group of journals are arranged in an order of

decreasing productivity, i.e. the journals that yield the most relevant article coming first and

the most unproductive last, then the journals will be grouped into a number of zones, each

producing a similar number of relevant articles". However, the number of journals in each

zone will be increasing very rapidly and show a geometric progression.

The relationship between the zones is to be given by the following equations:

1 : n : n

Where, 1 is number of journals and n is a multiplier.

On the basis of this law, I have chosen 432 periodicals and divided them

according to their frequency of occurrence.

In the first zone, 13 periodicals contained 1738 items, in the second zone 68

periodicals contained 1705 items and remaining 351 periodicals contained 1695 items in the

third zone.

120

In other words, we can say that first 13 periodicals have covered 1/3 of the total

items, next 68 periodicals have covered 1/3 items and 351 periodicals also covered yet

another 1/3 items. This data has been taken from Table 1 Ranking of Periodicals. This

analysis very closely shows the phenomenon of scattering of items in different zones of

journals.

As the nucleus zone contains 13 journals, followed by 68 journals in second

zone and 351 journals in third zone, the zone thus identified will form an approximately

geometric series:

13 : 68 : 351

Here 68 = 13 x 5 (Approx.)

351 = 1 3 x 5 x 5 (Approx.)

therefore, 13 = 1 3 x 5 : 1 3 x 5 x 5

substituting 5 - n

we get 13 : 13n : 13n

i.e. 1 : n : n (where 1 is number of journals in the nucleus and n is a multiplier).

Thus Bradford Law is proved.

The number of journals in the nucleus can be obtained by plotting f ( r ) and log n on semi

logarithmic graph paper (a bibliograph), where f ( r ) is cumulative frequency and log n is

log of rank of journals as shown in the graph. This graph is drawn with the help of data

analyzed and computed in Table 1.

The log value of 13 journals in the first zone is 1.113943352. The log value of

68 journals in the second zone is 1.832508913. The log value of 351 journals in the third

zone is 2.545307116.

121

TABLE - 8

BRADFORD'S TABLE

S.No. No. of Journals Cumm. Of Journals Number of Items Cumm of Items

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

344

194

155

154

141

134

114

96

90

84

80

77

75

344

538

693

847

988

1122

1236

1332

1422

1506

1586

1663

1738

1738

122

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

2

3

3

3

6

6

7

8

8

10

12

15

18

21

24

30

36

43

51

59

69

81

150

105

200

100

150

160

250

150

140

200

100

1888

1993

2193

2293

2443

2603

2853

3003

3143

3343

3443

1705

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

15

16

16

17

17

20

25

45

50

60

70

96

112

128

145

162

182

207

252

302

362

432

60

72

70

70

150

155

197

300

121

160

340

3503

3575

3645

3715

3865

4020

4217

4517

4638

4798

5138

1695

123

CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF SOURCE ITEMS

O c

<

m

DO

m

O O c

> r-C/)

g >

>

m

•

D •n O a

Taking log n on x-axis and taking number of items in each zone on y-axis, a graph

was plotted. The bibliograph thus obtained was found to be by and large, similar to

Bradford's bibliograph, as the graph begins as a rising curve API and continues as a straight

line. The rising part of the graph represent the nucleus of highly productive journals. The

points PI, P2 and P3 on bibliograph are the boundaries of the three equiproductive zones in

which almost the same number of articles as the nucleus (represented by 1= yly2 = y2y3)

derived from an increasingly larger number of journals (represented by oxl, xlx2 and x2x3).

The Bradford's law is proved thus.

1.2 LOTKA S INVERSE SQUARE LAW:

This law states that, the number of scientists who contribute n papers will be l/n2

of those who contribute only one paper.

During the present analysis it was observed that 17,845 authors have contributed

5138 items. Out of 17,845 authors only 740 authors have contributed more than one paper

and rest 17,105 authors contributed one paper each i.e. single contribution.

However, according to Lotka's law, single contributors should account for 60% of

the total.

Lotka's law was applied to know the number of scientists contributing 2 papers; 3

papers and 4 papers respectively, as given below:

125

1.2.1 Scientists Contributing 2 Papers:

As we know that the number of authors contributing one paper is 17,105.

Therefore, number of scientists contributing 2 papers may be calculated by the

formula:

No. of Scientists publishinR 1 paper n

= 17,105 x'/2^

= 17,105/4 = 4276.25

Thus, number of scientists publishing 2 papers is 4276.25. However an analysis of the data

shows that only 524 authors have contributed 2 papers, which is far less than the 4276,25

figure, obtained by applying Lotka' s law.

1.2.2 Scientists Contributing Three Papers:

Apply the formula:

= 1/n^

= 17,105x1/3^

= 17,105/9 =1900.55

During the analysis it was found that only 139 authors contributed 3 papers each, which is

far less than 1900.55,

126

1.2.3 Scientists Contributing Four Papers:

Apply the formula = 1/n

= 17,105 x'/4^

= 17,105/16= 1069.06

Number of authors publication 4 papers = 1069.06

The analysis of the actual data shows that only 48 authors contributed 4 papers which is

again far less than calculated figure 1069.66.

It may therefore be concluded that the trends of research now a days have changed

as compared to the period when Lotka's law was formulated. That is why on the basis of

analysis of the present data it is different to testify the Lotka's law.

13 ZIPF S LAW OF WORD OCCURRENCE:

This law states that "In a long textual matter if words are arranged in their

decreasing order of frequency, then the rank of any given word of the text will be inversely

proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the word",

r 1/f

Where, r is rank.

f is frequency of word occurrence

fr (constant)

127

For the application of this law I have collected those words, whose frequency of occurrence

is more. 1 have collected the words from the title of the articles and represented them in

Table - 9 according to their frequency of occurrence in decreasing order.

The Table - 9 shows distribution of words are inversely proportional to the

frequency occurrence of the word. The law represents only approximation of occurrence

which is hyperbolic.

Zipf s Law:

F ( r) =c/n where C is constant

log F ( r ) + log n = C

On application of this law we found that the log of frequency of occurrence of words when

added to log of their rank, the results are almost same for each word as:

I. Word-Effect Frequency-596 time Rank-1

Log of frequency + log of Rank

Log 596 + Log 1

= 2.7752 + 0

= 2.7752

II. Word - Application Frequency - 548 time Rank - 2

= Log 548 + Log 2

= 2,7387 + 0.3010

= 3.0397

III. Word - In Vitro Frequency - 497 time Rank - 3

Log 497 + Log 3

= 2,6963+0.4771

= 3.1734

128

RANKING OF WORDS

S.No.

01

02

03

04 05

06

07

08

09

10

11 12 13

14

15 16

17

18

19 20

21

22 23

24

25

Rank

1 2

3 3

4

4

5

6

7

7

8

9

9

10

11 11

12

13

13 14

15

16 17

17

18

Words

Effect Application

In Vitro

Registration Influence

Cultivation

Evaluation

Response

Identification

Nitrogen

Genetic Fertilization

Phosphorus

Production

Seed

Crop

Performance

Growth

Yield Suitability

Disease

Biology

Ornamental

Embryos Plant

Frequency

596

548

497

497 448

448

387 369

311

311

299

278

278

249

220 220

201

196

196 187

180

177

160

158

150

Log C=Constant

2,7752 2.7387

2.6963

2.6963 2,6512

2.6512

2.5877

2,5670

2.4927

2.4927

2.4756

2.4440

2.4440

2.3961

2.3424 2.3424

2.3031

2.2922

2.2922 2.2718

2.2552

2.2479 2.2041

2,1986

2,1760

129

CHAPTER-VI

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Bibliometric analysis is now becoming an important research tool for the

understanding of science, scientists, scientific contributions and publications. Bibliometric

techniques are being applied for eliminating low quality literature and to select a small

portion of significant, reliable land relevant high quality publications. These are also applied

for the management of science, analyzing the utility of journals and fields and measuring the

performance of scientist.

The present study was conducted to identify the distinguished characteristics of the

literature on "Horticulture" with the help of well established method of bibliometrics. The

source document "Biological Abstract" has been selected for collecting data. The subject

area selected is "Horticulture" which deals with the production, utilization and

improvement of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. The main objective of this

bibliometric study is as following:

• To compile a ranked list of journals.

• To find out the individual contribution of significant authors and observe

authorship pattern.

• To distribute cited serials according to their country of origin and languages.

• To find out the form of the document used in the subject field.

130

• To observe chronological distribution and frequency of cited journals.

Table - 1 gives a ranking list of 188 journals. The most productive periodicals in

the field of Horticulture are:

1. Hortscience 344 (6,69%)

2. Jr. of the American Society for Horticultural Science 194 (3.77%)

3. Jr. of the Japanese Society

for Horticultural Science 155 (3.01%)

4. Sciential Horticulturae 154 (2.99%)

5. Euphytica 141 (2.74%)

This study will help the librarian in deciding as to which periodicals in Horticulture

may be subscribed in the library.

While studying the use pattern of research literature in a particular discipline like

Horticulture, it is important to determine the geographical scattering of cited journals.

It is clear from the Table - 2 that the literary output of U.S.A. is more as

compared to other countries, as it accounts for about 23.16% of the total data. The 2"'', 3''',

4* and 5" positions were held by India (17.12%), Japan (9.45%), S. Korea (5.04%), U.K.

(4.47%)) and Canada (2.58%) respectively. In this table 105 countries have been listed, this

also shows the wide range of the source document.

131

This study will help the librarian in deciding from which country he has to procure

the documents.

Chronological study in Table - 3 shows that maximum number of items have

originated during the year 1996 (50.56%). The other productive years are 1995 and 1997

accounting for 19.85% and 27.90% literature respectively. This study shows how currently

information is being published by Biological Abstracts.

Language wise analysis shows the most dominant language of scientific

communication in the field of Horticulture. Table - 4 shows that 81.02%) literature in the

field of Horticulture is published in English language. About 18.84% literature of

Horticulture is being published in other languages such as Korean (4.74%)), Japanese

(4.57%), Russian (1.81%), Portugese (1.71%) and so on. This analysis suggests that

scholars should know at least one foreign language other than English and librarian should

have adequate translation facilities.

Subject dispersion analysis in Table - 5 shows that 56.81% literature belongs to

Gardening and Horticulture. 43.04% literature is scattered in other disciplines like

Agriculture, Biology, Botany and so on.

This study may help the librarian in the provision of abstracting, indexing, CAS

and SDI Services.

132

The fore nost conclusion drawn from tables is that world output is dominated by

the periodical articles, as 95.17% of the total data was found to be in form of articles.

Ranking vif authors has been done to know the eminent personalities in the field of

Horticulture. From this analysis it was found that 638 items (12.41%) were contributed by

single author, ]52i items (29.68%)) by two authors and 2975 items (57.90%)) by more than

two authors. Ficrn Table - 7 the eminent personalities in the subject under study were

found to be:

1. Simoiine, Eric (25 items)

2. John: on, B.J. (9 items)

3. Singl , K.B. (9 items)

The rail ing of authors shows the recent trends of research in the subject

'Horticulture'.

At last tlie bibhometric laws such as, Bradford's law, Lotka's law land Zipf s law

have been applied Among them Bradford and Zipf s laws have been testified as they are

still valid today Bibliometric studies are of much significance for the designers of

catalogue codes, or the compilers of bibliographies and for the organizers of scientific

information. Fur her research is required to establish its impact on the organization of

research and comnmnication pattern of scientists in the field of Horticulture.

Tenability of the Hypothesis:

The hypothesis which I had set for the present study have been examined in the

light of above fmd ags.

According to the result of the study. All the hypothesis which I have sot are fully

substantiated.

133

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Cole, E.J. and Eales, N.B. - The history of comparative anatomy,

Part 1: a statistical analysis of literature. Science Progress. 11,

1917;578-89.

2. Devarajan, G. Bibliometric studies - New Delhi: Ess Ess Publication ,

1997.

3. Egghe, L. - Methodological aspects of Bibhometrics, Library Science

and Slant to Documentation and Information Studies, 25:3; 1988; 179-

91.

4. Fairthor ne, R. A. - Empirical hyperbolic distribution for bibUometric

description and prediction, Jr. Doc, 25: 1969; 319-343.

5. Guha, B. - Documentation and information.- Calcutta: World Press,

1978.

6. Pritchard, A. - Statistical bibliography on Bibhometrics. Jr. of Doc.

25, 1969; 348-349,

7. Adams, C.R. - Principles of Horticulture, - 2nd ed,- New Delhi: CBS

Publishers, 1993,

8. Denisen, Erwin L. - 2nd ed - New York: MACMILLAN, 1979,

9. McGraw Hill - Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. - New York:

McGrawHill. 8; 580-581.

10. Talbert, Thomas J. - General Horticulture. - Philadelphia: Lea and

Febiger , 1946,